Fundamentals of Nutrition

Which of the following minerals is associated with a reduced risk of dental caries?

Flouride

Which of the following topics is one of the five overarching guidelines of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

Follow a healthy eating pattern across the lifespan

Paul is a vegetarian and has been complaining lately from a loss of appetite, diarrhea, hair loss, and skin rush. Based on your knowledge, what mineral is he most likely lacking in his diet?

zinc

Anisah follows a vegetarian diet that includes milk and milk products and eggs, but no other animal foods. What type of vegetarian diet is Anisah following?

lactoovovegetarian

Which of the following foods is the most nutrient-dense per serving?

leafy greens

A diet that supplies adequate amounts of nutrients prevents ______.

nutrient-deficiency disorders

______ is the study of how nutrients affect the expression of a person's genome.

nutrigenomics

Which of the following hormones acts to increase calcium absorption and decrease urinary calcium excretion?

parathyroid hormone

What food is both energy and nutrient dense?

peanut butter

Magnesium is involved in all of the following body functions except?

regulation of blood glucose levels formation of red blood cells contraction and relaxation of muscles synthesis of DNA and protein

Which of the following statements is true?

Edema is a major sign of protein energy malnutrition

Which of the following statements is false

Energy metabolism is an important function of fat-soluble vitamins

A deamination reaction is the reaction is one in which the nitrogen-containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as Kreb's Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid. True or False

False

After absorption, amino acids travel to the kidneys via the hepatic portal vein. True or False

False

Lipids include phospholipids, sterols, and amino acids. True or False

False

Phytic acid and oxalic acid are substances in certain animal foods that interfere with mineral absorption in the human intestinal tract. True or False

False

Plant sterols and stanols are structurally similar to bile and asa result plant sterols and stanols can interfere with cholesterol absorption. True or False

False

Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid that is polyunsaturated with two double bonds in the structure?

Linoleic acid

Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as alcohol and acetone

Which of the following minerals may have a physiological role, but more research is necessary to determine whether it is essential?

Lithium

You are planning a party for a group of college students. Some of the students follow the dietary practices of the Jewish, Islamic, and Mormon religions. Which of the following menu items would be acceptable to everyone at the party?

Meatless bean dip

The ________ cells of the gastric glands are important to protect the lining of the stomach from damage.

Mucous

_________ is an iron-containing protein in muscle that is responsible for oxygen uptake from red blood cells.

Myoglobin

_________, as part of NAD and NADP, is important for energy metabolism

Niacin

Which of the following is NOT a common marketing tactic to encourage consumers to purchase manufactured foods?

Nutrition information posted next to fresh fruits and vegetables

Which of the following kinds of studies would be best to use when designing a scientific investigation to determine whether there is an association between consuming diets low in calcium during adolescence and developing osteoporosis (bone disease) in older adulthood?

Observational study

Lucia has been experiencing glossitis and cheilosis over the past several weeks. As well, her tongue has a slight reddish-purple color. Based on this information, Lucia may have a _______ deficiency.

Riboflavin

A ____________ reaction is one in which the nitrogen containing group of one amino acid is transferred to another substance (such as a Kreb's Cycle intermediate) to make a nonessential amino acid.

transamination

The human body can absorb some _____ that is synthesized by intestinal bacteria.

biotin

R-proteins and intrinsic factor are needed to absorb _________

vitamin b12

April wants to add _____ to her salad, because the food is a naturally rich source of omega-3 fats.

walnuts

Antdiuretic hormone act to increase urinary

water conservation

Which of the following is not true about water?

water is necessary for immune function

Cuproenzymes are group of enzymes that contain _____.

copper

Lily is 22 years of age. She usually consumes about 1800 kcal per day. According to AMDR guidelines, protein should comprise ____% of her total energy intake.

10 to 35

Derek wants to eat enough salad greens in one meal to equal 1 cup of vegetables. How much of the greens should he eat?

2 cups

Sarah consumes approximately 2000kcal/day. According to recommendations of the 2015-2020 version of the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, she should limit her saturated fat intake to fewer than _____ kcal/day.

200

According to the 2015 Dietary guidelines for americans, most healthy people should limit their daily sodium intake to less than ________ mg/day

2300

Vitamin D is often referred to as the sunshine vitamin. This is because exposure to UV light can convert a substance in skin, _________, into vitamin D3.

7-dehydrocholesterol

Which of the following statements is true?

A fatty acid has a chain of carbon bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms

Which of the following statements is false?

According to scientific research, most dietary supplements provide considerable health benefits.

Which of the following compounds enter the citric acid cycle?

Acetyl CoA

Which of the following amino acids can be made by the human body?

Alanine

Which of the following statements about kwashiorkor is true

All of the choices are correct

Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?

Alpha-linolenic acid

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of monounsaturated fatty acids?

Canola oil

Which of the following statements is true?

Certain proteins transport nutrients and oxygen in the bloodstream

Which of the following conditions is characterized by inflammation and swelling of the intestinal tract?

Crohn's Disease

Instructions for making proteins are coded in a cell's

DNA

A nutrition scientist wants to develop a nutritionally complete formula diet for adults who are healthy but need to avoid solid food for some time. Based on this information, she is likely to refer to ________ when developing the new formula.

DRIs

Which of the following statements is true?

Daily values are dietary standards developed for food labeling purposes.

Which of the following statements about Dumping Syndrome is false

Dumping syndrome results in chyme staying in the stomach too long, rather than moving into the small intestine.

For maximum benefit, pancreatic enzyme pills, prescribed to improve digestion and absorption of fat-soluble vitamins in cystic fibrosis patients should be taken between meals. True or False

False

Iron is the only mineral added to processed grain products during enrichment.

False

Lecithin is a type of phospholipids. True or False

False

Lecithin is an example of vitamin like substance. True or False

False

Which of the following foods is naturally a good source of high-quality protein?

Fat-free milk

Which of the following topics is one of the five overarching guidelines of the 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans?

Follow healthy eating pattern across the lifespan

Which of the following compounds is secreted by the human stomach?

Gastric juice

Which of the following microbes is associated with the development of most stomach ulcers?

H. pylori

Which of the following is a micronutrient

Iron

Cholesterol

Is essential to health

Adrian's diet supplies only about 5%of his daily energy needs from carbohydrates. Therefore, most of his energy intake is provided by proteins and fats. As a result of

Ketosis

Which of the following lipoproteins contains the highest percentage of cholesterol?

LDL

________ acid is an omega 6 fatty acid?

Linoleic

Which of the following is considered an essential amino acid?

Methionine

Which of the following statements is true?

Oxidized LDL contributes to arterial plaque buildup

Which of the following menu items does not contain complementary protein

Salad made with apples, pears, and grapes

Which of the following statements is true?

Scientific studies to investigate the same question can have different findings.

Major functions of lipids include all of the following except?

Stimulate the production of vitamins and minerals

Due to a respiratory bacterial infection, Amanda had to take a large spectrum antibiotic for a period of 7 days. At the end of the regiment, her respiratory problem was gone; however she informed her doctor that she now has diarrhea and other digestive problems. What do you think the doctor will recommend to Amanda to relieve her diarrhea and digestive problems?

Take probiotics to restore the population of beneficial bacteria she lost due to the antibiotic she was taking.

Which of the following statements is true?

The adult AMDR for carbohydrates is 45 to 65% of total energy intake.

________ is added to refined grain products as part of the enrichment process.

Thiamin

Which of the following organs is not directly involved in maintaining the body's fluid balance?

Thyroid gland

Copper and magnesium are cofactors that certain enzymes need to function? True or False

True

Hyperphosphatemia contributes to the progression of cardiovascular disease due to the formation of calcium phosphate deposits in blood vessels. True or False

True

Patients with Kashan disease have a form of cardiomyopathy that is caused by selenium deficiency? True or False

True

The ability to metabolize alcohol is dependent on the activity of the aldehyde dehydrogenase. True or False

True

The higher the number of carbon atoms in a fatty acid, the higher the number of acetyl CoA produced via beta-oxidation. True or False

True

The liver is the primary site for nonessential amino acid production in humans. True or False

True

Your best friend eats plenty of meats and dairy products but avoids eating fruits and vegetables. She bruises easily, her sores take a long time to heal, and her gums bleed when she brushes her teeth. Based on this information, which of the following vitamins is most likely to be deficient in her diet?

Vitamin C

Which of the following statements about sphincters is false?

When a sphincter relaxes, the passageway closes to prevent movement of GI contents

To establish a nutrient's RDA, nutrition scientists add _____ of the nutrient to its EAR.

a "margin of safety" amount

Yolanda is eating a peanut better and jelly sandwich for lunch. She has taken a bite of the sandwich and begun chewing the sticky sandwich. Once the bite of sandwich has been chewed, moistened, and mixed with salvia, it is called

a bolus

Wilson's disease is characterized by the

accumulation of toxic amounts of copper in the liver, brain, kidneys, and eyes

Which of the following factors enhances calcium absorption

adequate amounts of calcitriol

The greatest storage site for potential energy in the average healthy adult is _______

adipose cell triglycerides

Carmen is an active child who is allergic to peanuts. While attending a classroom party, Carmen accidentally was exposed to trail mix that contained peanuts, and she rapidly developed _____ as a result.

anaphylaxis

Starch:

cannot be digested by humans enzymes

Generally, epidemiological studies

cannot determine cause and effect relationships

A ________ remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed

carbon skeleton

A __________ remains when the amino group of an amino acid is removed.

carbon skeleton

The breakdown of glycogen into individual glucose molecules is an example of _________ .

catabolism

Which of the following is an example of mechanical digestion in the GI tract

chewing food up into smaller pieces in the mouth

Which of the following plant oils contains the highest amount of saturated fat per tablespoon?

coconut oil

A dipeptide is formed when two amino acids bond through a _________ reaction

condensation

Potassium is involved in all of the following body functions except?

contraction and relaxation of muscles

Which of the following is not a function of cholecystokinin?

control the secretion of mucus by the mucus cells

________ acid is an omega 3 fatty acid

eicosapentaenoic

Parathyroid hormone

enhances the body's ability to retain calcium

The _______ is a flap-like piece of tissue responsible for keeping a swallowed piece of food from entering the trachea

epiglottis

Fructose is primarily absorbed from the small intestine via

facilitated diffusion

An amino acid does not contain a(an)

fatty acid group

Calcium is involved in all of the following important bodily functions EXCEPT

fluid balance

Strawberries are naturally a source of which monosacchride?

fructose

The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate precursors including glycerol, lactate, pyruvate, and most amino acids is called

gluconeogenesis

Which of the following cells of the large intestine secrete mucus?

goblet cells

Foods such as turnips, cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli contain _________ that inhibit iodide metabolism by the thyroid gland

goitrogens

Compared to a triglyceride molecule, an amino acid molecule

has nitrogen in its chemical structure

In-store food marketing efforts are primarily designed to accomplish all of the following EXCEPT

help shoppers make healthy food choices

Segmentation

helps mix chyme in the small intestine

The ________ is important for transporting absorbed nutrients from the GI tract to the liver.

hepatic portal vein

In the stomach, _____ participate in the chemical digestion of protein.

hydrochloric acid and pepsin

In the stomach, ___________ participate in the chemical digestion of protein

hydrocholoric acid and pepsin

Which of the following characteristics or conditions increases a person's risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

hypertension

All of the following hormones promote catabolic pathways except

insulin

All the following hormones promote catabolic pathways EXCEPT

insulin

Emma consumes dairy products, but she does not eat meat, fish, eggs or poultry. She eats some vegetables and fruits, but she avoids beans, breads and cereal products. Based on this information, her diet lacks adequate

iron

Which of the following is an example of a trace mineral

iron

Calcitonin

is secreted when blood levels of calcium are too high

A chylomicron is a type of

lipoprotein

renin is secreted from the kidneys in response to

low blood volume, falling blood pressure

________ are considered cancerous tumors

malignant tumors

Sulfur is a component of which two amino acids?

methionine and cysteine

After experiencing considerable pain and having blood in his urine, Solomon visited his physician and was diagnosed with kidney stones. Kidney stones occur as a result of

minerals and waste products collecting and forming a hard mass

Which of the following nutrients is a trace mineral?

molybdenum

Oleic acid is a fatty with one double bond in its structure. Oleic acid is therefore a ______ fatty acid.

monounsaturated

The innermost layer of the wall of the GI tract is the

mucosa

An essential nutrient

must be supplied by the diet

Which of the following statements is true?

nutrient deficiency diseases develop when diets lack essential nutrients

The movement of water through a selectively permeable membrane is called

osmosis

Maintenance of normal intracellular fluid volume depends largely of the intracellular concentration of _______ ions

potassium and phosphate

Chloride is involved in all of the following body functions except

production of stomach acid energy metabolism

Scientists enroll 500 healthy adults in a study and collect dietary and other lifestyle info about the group. After 6 years, the scientists determine that study participants who ate at least 5 servings of fruits and vegetables daily were less likely to develop high blood pressure than those who ate fewer than 5 servings of fruits daily. This study is an example of a ____ study

prospective

The ________ is the most commonly used tool to measure protein quality. Protein quality is determined based on both the amino acid composition score and digestibility of the protein in the food source.

protein digestibility corrected amino acid score (PDCAAS)

In the body, lipids

provide insulation against cold temperatures

Hemoglobin is an example of a protein that exists in the _______ form.

quarternary

A group of scientists suspects that certain dietary practices are partially responsible for different rates of hypertension among adults of different ethnic/racial groups. To test their hypothesis, the researchers examine data concerning the different population groups' hypertension rates and their past dietary practices. This research is a _________ study.

retrospective

Consuming a diet that supplies a large amounts of certain types of fat increase one's risk of developing heart disease. Thus, a diet that supplies an excessive amount of such fats is a ________ for heart disease.

risk factor

Studying nutrition is important to

select the appropriate mix of nutrients for proper body functioning

Christine loves to eat Brazil nuts and canned oysters. These food items are rich sources of _____.

selenium

Maintenance of normal extracellular fluid volume depends largely on the extracellular concentration of __________ ions

sodium and chloride

Salivary glands secrete amylase, an enzyme that enables a minor amount of _______ to be digested in the mouth

starch

The liver needs vitamin K to

synthesize prothrombin

Which of the following statements is false?

the internet is generally a reliable source of nutrition information, because information posted at websites has peer-reviewed

Wernicke-Korsakoff is a degenerative brain disorder that most often occurs in alcoholics. The condition is a result of a deficiency in

thiamin

A team of food scientists wants to develop a formula diet for newborns that is a nutritionally complete food that replaces human milk. To support normal infant development, the formula must have _____ as an ingredient.

tryptophan

Ron's diet lacks niacin. He hasn't developed pellagra, because he consumes a high-protein diet that contains plenty of _____, the precursor for niacin.

tryptophan

Which of the following substances is a nutrient that does not supply any energy for the human body?

vitamin D

If niacin is not available for the coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), which of the following would occur to the reaction that requires NAD? Check all that apply

-The enzymatic reaction cannot proceed -NAD would use another B vitamin -It is not possible to predict what will happen

Obtaining energy from fat depends on the ________. Check all that apply

-availability of hormone sensitive lipase -quantity of triglycerides stored in the adipocytes -activation of fatty acids by binding to coenzyme A -action of the carnitine

Which of the following minerals enhances the action of insulin

Chromium

Researchers are conducting a study to determine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on bone health in adults. The study involves providing pills that do not contain the vitamin or other active ingredients to another group of adults. The pills that do not contain vitamin D are

Placebos

Which of the following minerals is important as part of an antioxidant defense system

Selenium

Consuming excessive amounts of protein can lead to increased accumulation of body fat. True or False

True

Consuming high amounts of vitamin E and K in foods has not been associated with any negative effect on health. True or False

True

Gluten contains a peptide called gliadin that, in those with celiac disease, can enter the intestinal mucosa and activate the immune system. This then contributes to the destruction of villi and resultant inflammation. True or False

True

The chemical attraction between the acid group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid can form a

peptide bond

Small amounts of food move from the back of the mouth and through the esophagus by involuntary muscular movements called

peristalsis

___________ contribute to the flexibility, structure, and proper functioning of cell membranes

phospholipids

Vitamin D helps the body absorb

phosphorus and calcium

Five year old Javiette has been experiencing poor cognitive function over the past several weeks. Her pediatrician ordered a blood test which indicated Javiette's ferritin levels were low. Her transferrin receptor levels are elevated, but not significantly. Based on this information, Javiette is in __________ iron depletion.

stage 2

The body uses cholesterol to make

steroid hormones

Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that

stimulates the gallbladder to secrete bile into the small intestine

Yesterday, Jenny ran in a marathon race. While she ran, she drank several large cups of water at water stations along the race course. At the end of the race, she experienced difficulty making it to the finish line. She was confused, and she complained of having a headache and feeling dizzy. Based on this information, Jenny was probably suffering from

water intoxication

Ketoacidosis is a condition that occurs when the blood's pH drops due to ________ . Check all that apply

-excess of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate -uncontrolled blood glucose levels in patients with diabetes mellitus -excessive fat catabolism -absence of ketogenesis

According to the AMDR recommendations, alpha-linolenic acid should provide _________ of a person's total daily energy intake

0.6-1.2%

A serving of food contains 15 g carbohydrate, 3 g protein, 5 g fat, 5 mg vitamin C, and 100 ml water. Based on this information, a serving of this food supplies _____ kcal.

117kcals

_________ is the most biologically active form of Vitamin E in the body

Alpha-tocopherol

Leona is making lemon pudding from "scratch." Her ingredients include fat-free milk, cornstarch, lemon juice, egg yolks, salt, sugar, and butter. When she added some of the ingredients together, little clumps formed in the mixture before she could heat it. What happened to those ingredients?

The acid in the lemon juice denatured the milk proteins

Which of the following is NOT a key nutrition concept?

The best way for people to obtain all the essential nutrients is to consume dietary supplements.

Which of the following statements is true?

The cholesterol carried by oxidized LDL is taken up by certain arterial cells and deposited in plaque.

A scientist is creating a formula diet that supplies all essential nutrients. She knows the RDA/AI for each mineral, one of which has an AI of 30 mg/day. How should she classify this particular mineral?

Trace mineral

A carcinogen is any environment factor such as asbestos, tobacco smoke, radiation, or a virus that triggers cancer. True or False

True

A triglyceride has 3 fatty acids bonded to glycerol, which acts as a backbone for their attachment. True or False

True

Activation of vitamin D from food sources requires a healthy liver and kidneys. True or False

True

Consuming a high-protein diet may lead to high urine urea nitrogen. True or False

True

Legumes primary limiting methionine and tryptophan. True or False

True

What vitamin is necessary as part of the coenzyme that facilitates transamination and deamination reactions?

Vitamin B6

__________ is a component of pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)

Vitamin B6

As a result of ________ deficiencies, Christopher's cells have difficulty converting methionine to cysteine.

Vitamin B6, B12, Folate

Which of the following vitamins is not produced by the microflora in the large intestine?

Vitamin C

Which of the following foods is naturally a rich source of polyunsaturated fatty acids?

corn oil

Marta is a pregnant woman suffering from severe iodine deficiency. As a result of the deficiency, she has a high risk of giving birth to a child with _____.

cretinism

Epinephrine is secreted in response to rise in blood glucose levels. True or False

False

Secondary structure refers to the structure of protein comprised of two or more polypeptide chains arranged together in a unique manner. True or False

False

Secondary structure refers to the structure of protein comprised of two or more polypeptide. True or False

False

Steatorrhea is a surgical procedure to remove a diseased gallbladder. True or False

False

The most biologically active form of vitamin D, calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D), is made in the liver. True or False

False

The synthesis of fatty acids is known as lipogenesis which uses the same enzymes and metabolic pathways as beta-oxidation. True or False

False

Thiamin is a component of flavin mononucleotide, which cells need to synthesize neurotransmitters. True or False

False

The ______ is responsible for ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medications.

FDA

An unpleasant physical reaction following consumption of sulfites is considered a food intolerance because it triggers the body's immune response. True or False

False

Creatinine is a nitrogen containing waste produced by kidneys. True or False

False

Enzyme within the pancrease breakdown di- and tripeptides into amino acids. True or False

False

A large quantity of ATP molecules is produced during

aerobic metabolism when adequate oxygen is present in the cell

Which of the following statements about calcium is false?

after bones are formed early in life, the body has no need for calcium.

The condition in which a person cannot taste any food is called

ageusia

Which of the following are functions of cuproenzymes

all of the following choices are correct

Which of the following fatty acids is an essential fatty acid?

alpha-linolenic acid

An Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) is the

amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of 50% of healthy people in a particular population

Antonio has severe chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). To reduce his likelihood of developing heartburn, his physician recommended that he _____.

avoid overeating during meals

A medical researcher is investigating the chemical and physical properties of a substance that she isolated from the surface of charcoal-grilled meat. When the scientist mixes a small amount of the substance with living human cells, the chemical causes the rapid breakdown of the cells' plasma membranes. She is able to prevent this reaction by adding vitamin C to the mixture of the substance chemical and cells. Based on this information, the scientist has _______

determine that the chemical isolated from charcoal grilled meat is an oxidant

Micelle formation is essential for the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins and complicated lipids within the human body. True or False

True

Which of the following statements about selenium is true? Check all that apply

-selenoproteins require selenium to function and serve as antioxidants -selenium is a major mineral -selenium is important for DNA synthesis -selenium is important for reproduction

Jeanette is a vegan concerned about her iron intake. Which of the following practices would your recommend to Jeanette to increase her iron intake from plant foods?

-taking zinc, calcium, and selenium supplements daily -cooking vegetables in a cast iron skillet with tomatoes or lemon juice

Which of the following statements about lipids is true?

Lipids dissolve in organic solvents, such as acetone and alcohol

Cameron was born with a condition that requires him to limit eating foods that contain phenylalanine. Based on this information, Cameron has

PKU

Which of the following statements describe pancreatic lipase?

Pacreatic lipase is secreted into the duodenum and is necessary for fat digestion.

Which of the following organs produces and secretes enzymes that are essential for proper digestion?

Pancreas

The ________ cells of the gastric glands synthesize and release intrinsic factor, which is necessary for vitamin B12 absorption.

Parietal

Which of the following foods is both energy and nutrient dense

Peanut butter

Which of the following statements regarding C reactive proteins is false?

People with low CRP are more likely to develop cardiovascular disease

Which of the following foods or beverages contains the most flouride?

brewed black tea

Jameela is an Iranian woman living in poverty. She is not seen in public places without being covered almost completely in heavy veils. Her usual diet is comprised of legumes, small amounts of yogurt, whole-grain breads and rice, fruits, and a few vegetables. Based on this information, Jameela is most at risk of

osteomalacia

Lecithin is a type of

phospholipid

Sulfur is a component of all of the following except

keratin and collagen the amino acids tryptophan and valine