FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING - LECTURE

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Tellurometer

Introduces by Dr. T.L. Wadley of South Africa which is the world's second EDM instrument. It uses microwaves to measure distance.

Vernier

a short auxillary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument. Invented by Pierre Vernier.

Forestry Surveys

a survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration.

Chorobates

Instrument was designed for levelling work.

Direct Measurements

comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit employed for measuring the quantity of that kind.

Centisimal Units

grad is the angular unit.

Tape Clamping Handles

with its scissor type handle, it is used to apply tensions with a quick grip on any part of the steel tape without causing damage to the tape or hands of the tapeman.

Telescope

A device built to observe distant objects by making them appear closer. Developed by Galileo

Tabulations

A series of numerical values observed in the field. This format prevents mistakes, allows easy checking, saves a lot of time, and makes the calculations legible to others.

Invar Tape

A special tape made of alloy nickel and steel with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion. Derived form the word "invariable".

Computations

Calculations or one kind or another form a large part of surveying

Accidental Errors

Errors that are purely accidental in characters.

Indirect Measurement

Not possible to apply a measuring instrument directly to a quantity to be measured.

Tape Thermometer

These are tape accessories that used to determine the temperature of the tape during measurement.

Natural Errors

These errors are caused by variations in phenomena of nature such as changes in magnetic declination, temperature, etc.

Personal Errors

These errors arise principally from limitations of the senses of sight, touch and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate.

Instrumental Errors

This errors are due to imperfections used, either from faults in their construction or from improper adjustments between the different parts prior to their use.

Stadia Method

This method provides a rapid means of determining horizontal distances

Compass

Used for determining location of lines and in calculating angles between lines. First introduced for used in navigation.

Plumb Bob

Used for projecting the tape ends to the ground when the tape must be suspended above the measured line.

Optical Rangefinder

a device which is usually handheld or mounted on a small tripod can be used to determine distances approximately simply by focusing.

Tape Repair Kit

a kit that allows emergency repairs to be made on damage or broken tapes.

Lovar Tape

a measuring tape which has properties and cost somewhere between those of conventional steel tapes and the invar tape.

Phosphor-bronze Tape

a rust-proof tape designed for use in the vicinity of salt water.

Route Surveys

a survey that involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, construction of highways, railroad, etc.

Photogrammetric Surveys

a survey which make use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras.

Plane Surveying

a surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface.

Construction Surveys

a surveys which are undertaken at construction site to provide data.

Fiberglass Tape

a tape made up of weaving fiber glass in a longitudinal and transverse pattern. it is best to used in the vicinity of electrical instrument.

Tachymetry

another procedure of obtaining horizontal distances. It is based on the optical geometry of the instruments employed and it is an indirect measurement.

Geodetic Surveying

are surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.

Builder's Tape

are tape having smaller cross sections and are lighter in weight than the engineers tape. It is suited commonly used dimensions in building constructions.

Leather Thongs

attached to a ring located near the zero meter mark of the tape to provide a comfortable grip of the tape when measuring.

Crayons

chalk used for marking points corners or stations by indicating cross marks on paved roads, sidewalks, or wall.

Astrolabe

considered to be one of the best known measuring instrument. Originally designed for determining the altitude of the stars. Developed by Hipparchus.

Pacing

consist of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance. The length of the step in walking.

Hand Level and Clinometer

consists of a metal sighting tube with a level bubble. At one end, the tube has a pipe sight opening for viewing a sighted object.

Radian

defined as an angle subtended by an arc of circle having a length equal to the radius of the circle

Merchet

device for measuring time and meridian

3 Elements of Space

distance, direction, and elevation

Rear Tapeman

duty is to assist the head tapeman during the taping operations.

Systematic Errors

errors that occur due to instrumental factors, natural causes, and human limitation of their observer.

James Watt

he introduced stadia method.

Mistakes

inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with carelessness.

Roman groma

instrument for aligning or sighting points.

Odometer

is a simple device that can be attached to wheel for purposes of roughly measuring surface distances.

Geodimeter

is an acronym for geodetic distance meter, an electro optical device which was developed in 1948 by Eric Bergstrand It helps to improve method for measuring the velocity of lights.

Errors

is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.

Probable Error

is expressed by a fraction having the magnitude of the error in the numerator and the magnitude of a measured quantity in the denominator.

Measuring Wheel

is very similar in an operation to odometer except that it is more portable and self-contained measuring device.

Transit

known as the universal surveying instrument. Credited to Young and Draper.

Wooden Stake or Hub

made of wood to mark points, corners, or station in the ground.

Plane Table

one of the oldest types of surveying instrument used in field mapping. It consist of a board attached to a tripod in such a way that it can be leveled or rotated to any desired direction.

Hydrographic Surveys

refer to surveying of streams, lakes, reservoir, and other bodies of water.

Tension Handle

referred to as spring scale, is used at one end of a tape for insuring the application of the correct amount of pull in the tape during measurements.

Photgrammetry

refers to the measurement of images on a photograph

Field Notebook

should be of good quality rag paper, with stiff board or leather covered made to withstand hard usage and of pocket size.

Chaining Pins

sometimes called as surveyor's arrow or taping pins. Stuck in the ground to mark the ends of measured tape lengths or partial tape lengths and may also be used in placed of wooden hubs or stakes.

Metallic Tape

sometimes called woven tape. These are made of waterproof linen into which are woven longitudinally small brass, copper, or bronze wires to increase its strength and reduce stretching.

Industrial Surveys

sometimes known as optical tooling. Refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction, and assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy machinery.

Residual

sometimes referred to as deviation. The difference between any measured value of a quantity and its most probable value.

Topographic Surveys

surveys made for determining the shape of the ground and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.

City Surveys

surveys of the areas in and near the city for the purpose of expansion.

Mine Surveys

surveys which are perform to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures.

Surveying

the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent and relative position of the points, lines, and other areas on or near the surface of the earth.

Libella

the instrument had an A-frame with a plumb line suspended form its apex also used for determining the horizontal.

Meter

the international unit of linear measure

Diopter

the most famous surveying instrument. Used for leveling , laying off right angles and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.

Surveying Field Notes

the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field.

Head Tapeman

the person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape. He determines and directs the marking of stations to be occupied by the surveying instruments and directs the clearing out of obstruction along the line of sight.

Technician

the person who is responsible for use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work operation.

Assistant Chief of Party

the person who's duty is to assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task.

Pacer

the person whose duty is to check all linear measurements made by tapeman.

Flagman

the person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or rangepole at selected points

Recorder

the person whose duty is to keep all the records of all sketches, drawings, measurements, and observation taken.

Computer

the person whose duty is to perform all the computations of survey data and works out necessary computational checks required in a field work operation.

Instrumentman

the person whose duty to set up, level, and operate all the surveying instruments.

Rodman

the persons whose duty is to hold the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it.

Utilitymen

the persons whose duty is to render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party g

Aidman

the persons whose duty is to rendered first aid treatment to members of the survey party.

Measurement

the process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard.

Combination of the Above

the surveyor should be able to determine for himself which type of combination would be most logical to use in portraying the type of data gathered in the field.

Microwave Instruments

this type of EDM instruments transmits microwaves corresponding to wavelengths of about 1.0 to 8.6mm.

International System of Units

to standardize and simplify units of measurement throughout the world.

Electro-optical Instrument

type of instrument which transmit wavelengths within or slightly beyond visible region of the spectrum.

Sexagesimal Units

units of angular measurement are the degree, minute, and second.

Dioptra

used in leveling and measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Perfected by Heron of Alexandria.

Cadastral Surveys

usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations.

Nylon-coated Steel Tape

Is a flexible-crack resistant steel core tape with a coating of permanently bonded non-conducting nylon

Non-Metallic Tape

Is a type of tape woven from selected synthetic materials with strong dimensional stability and coated with plastic material.

Distance by Taping

It consist of stretching a calibrated tape between two points and reading the distance indicated on the tape.

Gunter's Chain

It is 66 ft. long and contains 100 links so that distances may be recorded in chains and in decimal parts of chain. Invented by Sir Edmund Gunter.

Wires

It is used before thin steel flat tapes were produced and this is utilized in measuring lengths.

Sketches

It will help to convey a correct impression. They are drawn freehand and of liberal size.

Range pole

also know as flags or lining rods are used as temporary signals to indicate the location or direction of points, lines, and to mark alignment.

Steel Tape

also known as surveyor's or engineers tape, is made up of ribbon steel that is designed for most conventional measurements in surveying.

Semicircumferentor

an early surveying instrument which was used to measure and lay off angles, and establish line of sight by employing peep sights.

Chief of Party

person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision and operational control of the survey party.

Axeman

person whose duty is to clear the line of sight of trees, brush and other obstruction in wooded country.

Explanatory Notes

provides a written description of what has been done in the field.


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