FUNDAMENTALS OF SURVEYING - LECTURE
Tellurometer
Introduces by Dr. T.L. Wadley of South Africa which is the world's second EDM instrument. It uses microwaves to measure distance.
Vernier
a short auxillary scale placed alongside the graduated scale of an instrument. Invented by Pierre Vernier.
Forestry Surveys
a survey executed in connection with forest management and mensuration.
Chorobates
Instrument was designed for levelling work.
Direct Measurements
comparison of the measured quantity with a standard measuring unit employed for measuring the quantity of that kind.
Centisimal Units
grad is the angular unit.
Tape Clamping Handles
with its scissor type handle, it is used to apply tensions with a quick grip on any part of the steel tape without causing damage to the tape or hands of the tapeman.
Telescope
A device built to observe distant objects by making them appear closer. Developed by Galileo
Tabulations
A series of numerical values observed in the field. This format prevents mistakes, allows easy checking, saves a lot of time, and makes the calculations legible to others.
Invar Tape
A special tape made of alloy nickel and steel with a very low coefficient of thermal expansion. Derived form the word "invariable".
Computations
Calculations or one kind or another form a large part of surveying
Accidental Errors
Errors that are purely accidental in characters.
Indirect Measurement
Not possible to apply a measuring instrument directly to a quantity to be measured.
Tape Thermometer
These are tape accessories that used to determine the temperature of the tape during measurement.
Natural Errors
These errors are caused by variations in phenomena of nature such as changes in magnetic declination, temperature, etc.
Personal Errors
These errors arise principally from limitations of the senses of sight, touch and hearing of the human observer which are likely to be erroneous or inaccurate.
Instrumental Errors
This errors are due to imperfections used, either from faults in their construction or from improper adjustments between the different parts prior to their use.
Stadia Method
This method provides a rapid means of determining horizontal distances
Compass
Used for determining location of lines and in calculating angles between lines. First introduced for used in navigation.
Plumb Bob
Used for projecting the tape ends to the ground when the tape must be suspended above the measured line.
Optical Rangefinder
a device which is usually handheld or mounted on a small tripod can be used to determine distances approximately simply by focusing.
Tape Repair Kit
a kit that allows emergency repairs to be made on damage or broken tapes.
Lovar Tape
a measuring tape which has properties and cost somewhere between those of conventional steel tapes and the invar tape.
Phosphor-bronze Tape
a rust-proof tape designed for use in the vicinity of salt water.
Route Surveys
a survey that involves the determination of alignment, grades, earthwork quantities, construction of highways, railroad, etc.
Photogrammetric Surveys
a survey which make use of photographs taken with specially designed cameras.
Plane Surveying
a surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat surface.
Construction Surveys
a surveys which are undertaken at construction site to provide data.
Fiberglass Tape
a tape made up of weaving fiber glass in a longitudinal and transverse pattern. it is best to used in the vicinity of electrical instrument.
Tachymetry
another procedure of obtaining horizontal distances. It is based on the optical geometry of the instruments employed and it is an indirect measurement.
Geodetic Surveying
are surveys of wide extent which take into account the spheroidal shape of the earth.
Builder's Tape
are tape having smaller cross sections and are lighter in weight than the engineers tape. It is suited commonly used dimensions in building constructions.
Leather Thongs
attached to a ring located near the zero meter mark of the tape to provide a comfortable grip of the tape when measuring.
Crayons
chalk used for marking points corners or stations by indicating cross marks on paved roads, sidewalks, or wall.
Astrolabe
considered to be one of the best known measuring instrument. Originally designed for determining the altitude of the stars. Developed by Hipparchus.
Pacing
consist of counting the number of steps or paces in a required distance. The length of the step in walking.
Hand Level and Clinometer
consists of a metal sighting tube with a level bubble. At one end, the tube has a pipe sight opening for viewing a sighted object.
Radian
defined as an angle subtended by an arc of circle having a length equal to the radius of the circle
Merchet
device for measuring time and meridian
3 Elements of Space
distance, direction, and elevation
Rear Tapeman
duty is to assist the head tapeman during the taping operations.
Systematic Errors
errors that occur due to instrumental factors, natural causes, and human limitation of their observer.
James Watt
he introduced stadia method.
Mistakes
inaccuracies in measurements which occur because some aspect of a surveying operation is performed by the surveyor with carelessness.
Roman groma
instrument for aligning or sighting points.
Odometer
is a simple device that can be attached to wheel for purposes of roughly measuring surface distances.
Geodimeter
is an acronym for geodetic distance meter, an electro optical device which was developed in 1948 by Eric Bergstrand It helps to improve method for measuring the velocity of lights.
Errors
is defined as the difference between the true value and the measured value of a quantity.
Probable Error
is expressed by a fraction having the magnitude of the error in the numerator and the magnitude of a measured quantity in the denominator.
Measuring Wheel
is very similar in an operation to odometer except that it is more portable and self-contained measuring device.
Transit
known as the universal surveying instrument. Credited to Young and Draper.
Wooden Stake or Hub
made of wood to mark points, corners, or station in the ground.
Plane Table
one of the oldest types of surveying instrument used in field mapping. It consist of a board attached to a tripod in such a way that it can be leveled or rotated to any desired direction.
Hydrographic Surveys
refer to surveying of streams, lakes, reservoir, and other bodies of water.
Tension Handle
referred to as spring scale, is used at one end of a tape for insuring the application of the correct amount of pull in the tape during measurements.
Photgrammetry
refers to the measurement of images on a photograph
Field Notebook
should be of good quality rag paper, with stiff board or leather covered made to withstand hard usage and of pocket size.
Chaining Pins
sometimes called as surveyor's arrow or taping pins. Stuck in the ground to mark the ends of measured tape lengths or partial tape lengths and may also be used in placed of wooden hubs or stakes.
Metallic Tape
sometimes called woven tape. These are made of waterproof linen into which are woven longitudinally small brass, copper, or bronze wires to increase its strength and reduce stretching.
Industrial Surveys
sometimes known as optical tooling. Refers to the use of surveying techniques in ship building, construction, and assembly of aircraft, layout and installation of heavy machinery.
Residual
sometimes referred to as deviation. The difference between any measured value of a quantity and its most probable value.
Topographic Surveys
surveys made for determining the shape of the ground and the location and elevation of natural and artificial features upon it.
City Surveys
surveys of the areas in and near the city for the purpose of expansion.
Mine Surveys
surveys which are perform to determine the position of all underground excavations and surface mine structures.
Surveying
the art and science of determining angular and linear measurements to establish the form, extent and relative position of the points, lines, and other areas on or near the surface of the earth.
Libella
the instrument had an A-frame with a plumb line suspended form its apex also used for determining the horizontal.
Meter
the international unit of linear measure
Diopter
the most famous surveying instrument. Used for leveling , laying off right angles and for measuring horizontal and vertical angles.
Surveying Field Notes
the only reliable and permanent record of actual work done in the field.
Head Tapeman
the person responsible for the accuracy and speed of all linear measurements with tape. He determines and directs the marking of stations to be occupied by the surveying instruments and directs the clearing out of obstruction along the line of sight.
Technician
the person who is responsible for use and operation of all electronic instruments required in a field work operation.
Assistant Chief of Party
the person who's duty is to assist the chief of party in the accomplishment of the task.
Pacer
the person whose duty is to check all linear measurements made by tapeman.
Flagman
the person whose duty is to hold the flagpole or rangepole at selected points
Recorder
the person whose duty is to keep all the records of all sketches, drawings, measurements, and observation taken.
Computer
the person whose duty is to perform all the computations of survey data and works out necessary computational checks required in a field work operation.
Instrumentman
the person whose duty to set up, level, and operate all the surveying instruments.
Rodman
the persons whose duty is to hold the stadia or leveling rod when sights are to be taken on it.
Utilitymen
the persons whose duty is to render other forms of assistance needed by the survey party g
Aidman
the persons whose duty is to rendered first aid treatment to members of the survey party.
Measurement
the process of determining the extent, size or dimensions of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard.
Combination of the Above
the surveyor should be able to determine for himself which type of combination would be most logical to use in portraying the type of data gathered in the field.
Microwave Instruments
this type of EDM instruments transmits microwaves corresponding to wavelengths of about 1.0 to 8.6mm.
International System of Units
to standardize and simplify units of measurement throughout the world.
Electro-optical Instrument
type of instrument which transmit wavelengths within or slightly beyond visible region of the spectrum.
Sexagesimal Units
units of angular measurement are the degree, minute, and second.
Dioptra
used in leveling and measuring horizontal and vertical angles. Perfected by Heron of Alexandria.
Cadastral Surveys
usually closed surveys which are undertaken in urban and rural locations.
Nylon-coated Steel Tape
Is a flexible-crack resistant steel core tape with a coating of permanently bonded non-conducting nylon
Non-Metallic Tape
Is a type of tape woven from selected synthetic materials with strong dimensional stability and coated with plastic material.
Distance by Taping
It consist of stretching a calibrated tape between two points and reading the distance indicated on the tape.
Gunter's Chain
It is 66 ft. long and contains 100 links so that distances may be recorded in chains and in decimal parts of chain. Invented by Sir Edmund Gunter.
Wires
It is used before thin steel flat tapes were produced and this is utilized in measuring lengths.
Sketches
It will help to convey a correct impression. They are drawn freehand and of liberal size.
Range pole
also know as flags or lining rods are used as temporary signals to indicate the location or direction of points, lines, and to mark alignment.
Steel Tape
also known as surveyor's or engineers tape, is made up of ribbon steel that is designed for most conventional measurements in surveying.
Semicircumferentor
an early surveying instrument which was used to measure and lay off angles, and establish line of sight by employing peep sights.
Chief of Party
person who is responsible for the overall direction, supervision and operational control of the survey party.
Axeman
person whose duty is to clear the line of sight of trees, brush and other obstruction in wooded country.
Explanatory Notes
provides a written description of what has been done in the field.
