Funeral Pathology FINAL Study Guide (FSE2160)
Primary difference between Hodgkin and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma:
*Hodgkin lymphoma*is marked by the presence of *Reed-Sternberg cells*. In non-Hodgkin lymphoma, these cells are not present.
Valvular Defects of the heart:
*Insufficiency* (incompetence) - incomplete closure of valves *Stenosis* - narrowing or constriction *Prolapse* - falling or dropping of an organ/part
Process of Inflammation (both vascular and cellular)
*Vasodilation* - greater blood flow to the area = redness and heat. *Vascular permeability* - endothelial cells spread apart *Exudation* - fluids escape from the intravascular space *Vascular stasis* - slowing of the blood allows chemical mediators and inflammatory cells to collect and respond to the stimulus.
Characteristics of Acute and Chronic bronchitis:
-*Acute* bronchitis usually follows a respiratory infection -*Chronic* bronchitis is a long-term disorder of the bronchi -Both acute and chronic forms are accompanied by excessive mucus production
Inflammatory/degenerative diseases related to the integumentary system
-Acne -Abscess -Syphilis -Superficial fungal infections -Seborrheic dermatitis -Eczema
Types of acute inflammation of the respiratory tract:
-Acute Coryza -Rhinitis -Sinusitis -Hay fever -Pharyngitis -Laryngitis -Influenza
Diseases related to the adrenal gland:
-Addison's Disease -Cushing's Disease -Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome
Benign neoplasms of Epithelial tissue
-Adenoma -Papilloma -Polyp -Nevus (pigmented mole)
Predisposing conditions for disease
-Age -Race -Nutrition -Gender -Occupation -Environment -Emotional -Economic status -Heredity
Generalized Hyperemia may result in:
-Anoxemia - insufficient blood oxygen -Dyspnea - labored breathing (result of anoxemia) -Cyanosis - Bluish skin due to low oxygen
The importance of autopsy as a tool in the advancement of medical science to:
-Confirm medical diagnosis -Advance medical knowledge and research -Assist in medico-legal cases
Embalming complications associated with edema
-Diminished circulation -abscesses -hemorrhage -edema -rapid decomp -discolorations -emaciation/dehydration
Postmortem conditions related to the integumentary system:
-Discolorations -Dehydration/dryness/scales -Burns -Lesions -Pigmented or depigmented spots -Edema
Postmortem conditions related to diseases of the endocrine system:
-Edema -Discoloration -Deformities -Interference of Circulation
Postmortem conditions related to the lymphatic system:
-Edema -Emaciation -Dehydration -Metastasis -Swelling
Embalming complications associated with Neoplasms:
-Emaciation -Dehydration -Cachexia -Discoloration -Hemorrhage -Tissue deformation -Extravascular obstruction
Hyperplastic/Neoplastic disorders of the female reproductive system:
-Endometriosis -Polycystic Ovaries -Dermoid Cysts -Cervical Cancer -Breast Cancer
Defensive barriers: Extrinsic
-Environmental Conditions -General Health of the host (exercise, nutrition, etc)
Localized Causes of Hyperemia
-Formation of blood clots -Thickening of vessel walls -Pressure from lesion
Causes of Embolism
-Fragments of thrombi -Bacteria -Tumor cells -Animal parasites -Fat -Gas -Foreign bodies
Defensive barriers: Chemical
-Gastric juices -Antibodies -Interferon (Antiviral protein) -Lysozyme (Enzyme that destroys invading microbes)
Characteristics of *Benign* tumors
-Grow by expansion -Encapsulated -Do not migrate (do not metastasize) -Do not cause extensive tissue damage -Resemble tissue from which they originated -Generally do not return after surgical removal -Generally are not fatal
Characteristics of *Malignant* tumors
-Grow by infiltration -Non-encapsulated -Metastasize, creating secondary foci -cause extensive tissue damage -Tumor does not resemble tissue surrounding it -Can reoccur when surgically removed -Lethal unless treated
Signs and Symptoms of Inflammation
-Heat -Redness -Swelling -Pain -Altered function -Pyrexia
Hemophilia
-Hereditary disorder caused by a defective x-chromosome -it can be passed on to female offspring by the mother or father -it can be passed on to male offspring by the mother. -males are more likely to have the disorder than females -victims have an abnormal tendency to bleed
Predisposing factors to heart disease
-Heredity -Obesity -Diabetes -Elevated cholesterol levels -Social factors (smoking, drugs, stress, diet)
Causes of Edema
-Increased permeability of capillary walls -Increased capillary pressure due to heart failure -Inflammatory conditions -Venous or lymphatic obstruction
Causes of Thrombosis
-Injuries to blood vessels -Reduced rate of blood flow -Blood diseases -Alterations in blood composition -Eddies (swirls) in blood
Defensive barriers: Mechanical
-Intact Skin -Intact mucous membranes -Bony encasements (i.e. skull, ribcage) -Stationary cilia (i.e. nose hairs) -Anastomosis (branching of blood vessels in case of blockage)
Consequences of an embolism
-Ischemia -Infarction or gangrene -Spread of infection -Spread of tumors -Necrosis
Hematopoietic Disorders
-Leukocytosis -Leukemia -Leukopenia -Polycythemia Vera -Erythrocytosis
Postmortem condition related to skeletal diseases:
-Malformations -Bone Procurement -Broken bones
Causes of Ischemia (reduction of blood supply)
-Obstruction by a thrombus or embolus -External pressure -Thickening of vessel walls -Drugs
Diseases associated with the male reproductive system:
-Orchitis -Cryptorchism -Testicular carcinoma -Epididymitis
Types of thrombi
-Parietal - adhering to one side of the vessel wall -Obstructive - obstructs the vessel -Septic - clot that is infected with bacteria
Types of Primary Anemia
-Pernicious anemia -Aplastic anemia -Chlorotic anemia
Defensive barriers: Physiological
-Phagocytosis (ingestion of bacteria by phagocytes) -Inflammation -Fever -Flowing body fluids -Oscillating cilia -Reflex actions (i.e. Sneezing; coughing, etc)
Causes of inflammation
-Physical irritants -Chemical irritants -Infectious agents -Immunological reactions
Postmortem conditions associated with the female reproductive system:
-Rapid Blood Coagulation -Ascites -Edema -Infection
Types of Secondary (hemolytic) Anemia
-Sickle-cell anemia -Erythroblastosis anemia
Inflammatory diseases of the lymphatic system:
-Tonsillitis -Lymphangitis -Splenomegaly -Lymphedema
Causes of Hemorrhage
-Trauma -Diseases of blood vessels -Hypertension -Disease of the blood
causes of necrosis
-Trauma -Interference with Blood supply -Extreme Temperatures -Chemical agents -Loss of nerve supply
Characteristics of Neoplasms (tumors)
-abnormal growth of tissue -serves no useful purpose in the body -sometimes characterized as malignant -sometimes characterized as benign
Postmortem conditions associated with trauma to the nervous system:
-brain purge -hemorrhage -atrophy -diminished circulation
Postmortem conditions associated with tuberculosis:
-cavitation -hemorrhage -dehydration -emaciation -cold abscess
Postmortem conditions associated with diseases of the urinary system:
-edema -uremia -icterus -odor -dehydration
Types of intracranial hemorrhage
-extradural hemorrhage -subdural hemorrhage -subarachnoid hemorrhage
Causes of tumors
-heredity -environmental factors/exposures -occupational exposure -prolonged irritation -viruses -hormones -Idiopathic (of unknown cause)
Embalming complications associated with blood diseases
-intravascular resistance -diseased vessels can rupture -blood clots -increased blood viscosity
Malignant neoplasms of Epithelial tissue
-melanoma -squamous cell carcinoma -adenocarcinoma. -transitional cell carcinoma -basal cell carcinoma
Benign Neoplasms of Connective tissue
-osteoma -chondroma -lipoma -angioma -fibroma
Malignant Neoplasms of Connective tissue
-osteosarcoma -chondrosarcoma -liposarcoma -angiosarcoma -fibrosarcoma -lymphoma (lymphosarcoma)
Functions of inflammation
-protection from foreign organisms -removal of dead and necrotic tissues -repair of tissue trauma
Postmortem conditions associated with pneumonia:
-rapid coagulation of blood -cyanosis -dehydration -edema
Thrombi can be found in these locations:
-veins -heart -coronary arteries
Three stages of pyrexia:
1. Invasion - when pyrexia first appears 2. Fastigium - the height of the pyrexia 3. Defervescence - the lessening of the pyrexia
Inflamed area of pus walled off by a membrane
Abscess
A genetic defect which causes a person to develop improperly in the formation at the epiphysis (middle, bone-forming center of bones) and produces a form of dwarfism
Achondroplasia
A disease, condition or abnormality that is not hereditary or innate
Acquired
Hyperfunction of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. Causes abnormal growth of bones of the extremities and certain head bones, due to overproduction of human growth hormone
Acromegaly
Increased arterial blood supply to an organ for physiologic reasons
Active hyperemia (physiological)
A disease with rapid onset and short duration
Acute
Condition in which the adrenal glands fail to produce enough cortisol or aldosterone.
Addison's Disease
Having a hypersensitive immune response to a foreign substance
Allergies
Progressively destructive neurologic disorder that causes dementia and changes in the brain over 10-15 years
Alzheimer's Disease
Congenital absence of one or more limbs
Amelia
Generalized edema in subcutaneous tissue
Anasarca
Severe generalized edema
Anasarca
A decrease in the number of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin in the blood
Anemia
Localized dilation or ballooning of an artery
Aneurysm
Failure of a tissue or an organ to develop normally
Aplasia
The middle layer of the meninges
Arachnoid mater
Artery walls become thickened and less flexible. Loss of elasticity may occur in Tunica Media and/or Tunica Intima
Arteriosclerosis
Inflammation of an artery
Arteritis
A condition caused by inhalation of asbestos
Asbestosis
Accumulation of fluid in the abdomen
Ascites
Plaque buildup on vessel lining, which reduces lumen and blood supply. Most common form of arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Tinea pedis is also known as:
Athlete's foot
A wasting; decrease in size of an organ or tissue
Atrophy
Restriction of the bronchial tubes:
Bronchial asthma
Inflammation of the mucus membrane of bronchi
Bronchitis
Pneumonia that causes inflammation in the alveoli
Bronchopneumonia
Inflammation of the bursa, usually caused by overuse of the joint
Bursitis
A condition caused by inhalation of cotton dust; also called brown lung disease:
Byssinosis
Boils of the skin and subcutaneous tissues with production and discharge of pus
Carbuncle
Disease of the heart muscle
Cardiomyopathy
Inflammation of the heart, involving at least two of the following: endocardium, pericardium, myocardium
Carditis
Form of cell death in which the tissue appears as a soft and white proteinaceous dead cell mass. Often caused by Tuberculosis.
Caseous necrosis
Disorder which results from developmental anomalies or brain injury during late pregnancy or early childhood
Cerebral Palsy
Rupture or blockage of a vessel in the brain
Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)
A condition caused by exposure to copper dust
Chalcosis
A condition caused by inhalation of marble or limestone dust
Chalicosis
Addition of chemical into the body to treat a generalized cancer (cancer that may be throughout the entire body)
Chemotherapy
Inflammation of the biliary duct
Cholangitis
Inflammation of the gall bladder
Cholecystitis
A disease with a slow onset and long duration
Chronic
A scar left by a healed wound
Cicatrix (repaired tissue)
A fissure in the palate and of the upper lip
Clef Palate and Lip
Study of disease performed in a laboratory by means of examining body fluids, secretions, and excretions
Clinical pathology
Inflammation of the colon
Colonitis
Type of fracture in which the bone breaks into small pieces
Comminuted fracture
Type of fracture in which the line of fracture is all the way across the width of the bone
Complete fracture
An unfavorable condition arising during the course of disease
Complication
Type of fracture where the skin is broken, bone protrudes from wound
Compound fracture
The immediate and temporary disturbance of brain function as a result of trauma
Concussion
Existing at the time of birth or shortly thereafter
Congenital
A problem with heart structure/function, present at birth
Congenital Heart Disease
*Chronic* cardiac failure - a weakness of the heart that leads to a buildup of fluid in the lungs and surrounding body tissues
Congestive Heart Failure
Disease that may be transmitted directly or indirectly between individuals by an infectious agent
Contagious (communicable)
A bruise, often accompanied by swelling.
Contusion
A narrowing of the coronary arteries
Coronary Artery Disease
A condition that is similar to dwarfism, except it also includes a decrease in the mental capacity of the individual.
Cretinism
Spongiform encephalopathy characterized by holes in the brain. Caused by a prion; can be contracted through contact with spinal fluid of the deceased
Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease
An iatrogenic disorder of the adrenal glands due to chronic glucocorticoid hormone therapy
Cushing's Disease
Inflammation of the urinary bladder
Cystitis
A condition due to lack of dietary or metabolic substance
Deficiency
The deterioration of tissues with corresponding functional impairment as a result of disease or injury
Degeneration
Condition caused by a disorder between the pituitary gland and kidneys, resulting in kidneys unable to conserve water. Leads to excessive thirst and urination.
Diabetes Insipidus
Denotes the identification of a disease or syndrome; to recognize the nature of a disease
Diagnosis
Abnormal increase in size of cavities of the heart
Dilation
A rupture in the intima, the innermost coat of an artery, that permits blood to enter between the wall of the the artery and causes separation of the layers of the wall.
Dissecting Aneurism
A condition in which small, bulging pouches develop in the digestive tract.
Diverticulosis
A congenital disorder arising from a chromosome defect, causing intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities
Downs Syndrome
A form of necrosis that occurs when tissues become dehydrated due to reduction in blood supply.
Dry gangrene (ischemic necrosis)
The outermost layer of the meninges
Dura mater
Condition in which the pituitary gland fails to secrete enough growth hormone in childhood.
Dwarfism
A discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by bruising
Ecchymosis
Abnormal accumulation of fluids in tissue or body cavities
Edema
The sudden obstruction of a blood vessel by debris
Embolism
Inflammation of the brain
Encephalitis
A disease that is continuously present in a given population
Endemic
Inflammation of the lining of the heart, or heart valves
Endocarditis
Inflammation of the inner lining of the uterus
Endometritis
A hyperemic condition in the lungs is known as:
Engorgement
Higher than normal appearance of an infectious disease/condition in a given population
Epidemic
Bleeding from the nose:
Epistaxis
The Study of the Cause of Disease
Etiology
Increase in severity of a disease
Exacerbation
Blood pools outside the meninges; between the dura mater and the skull
Extradural hemmorhage
Any fluid released from the body with a high concentration of protein, cells, or solid debris
Exudates
Pertaining to or characterized by fever
Febrile
An abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tubular organ.
Fistula
Having rapid and severe onset, usually fatal
Fulminating
A disease which has no recognizable change in anatomy
Functional disease
Abscess due to a pyogenic infection of a sweat gland or hair follicle
Furuncle
A form of aneurism that bulges on all sides of the affected vessel.
Fusiform
Deals with the study of general processes of disease such as inflammation, degeneration, necrosis or cellular death, repair, etc., without reference to particular organs or organ systems.
General pathology
Condition in which the pituitary gland produces an excess amount of growth hormone beginning in childhood
Gigantism
Neoplasm of Nervous tissue
Glioma
Microbial inflammation of the glomerulus and nephron
Glomerulonephritis
Excessive growth of the thyroid gland due to a lack of iodine in the diet
Goiter
Condition resulting from the buildup of uric acid in the blood and leading to the formation of urate crystals in and around joints; a hereditary metabolic disorder.
Gouty arthritis
Usually caused by epilepsy, this type of seizure causes a loss of consciousness and violent muscle contractions:
Grand mal seizure
Type of hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune attack on the thyroid gland. Leading cause of an overactive thyroid gland; effects women 7 times more often than men.
Grave's Disease
Type of fracture in which the line of fracture does not include the whole bone
Greenstick fracture
Study of changes in the structure of the body as a result of disease that are readily seen with the naked eye
Gross pathology
An autoimmune disease that damages the thyroid gland. Affects more women than men; it's the most common cause of hypothyroidism
Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
Vomiting blood
Hematemesis
Swelling of blood confined to one area, caused by ruptured vessel.
Hematoma
Red blood cells in urine
Hematuria
Coughing up red frothy blood in the sputum from respiratory tract:
Hemoptysis
Seepage of blood through intact capillaries
Hemorrhage per diapedesis
Rupture of the heart or wall of a vessel
Hemorrhage per rhexis
Exudates which contain blood
Hemorrhagic
Blood between the chest cavity and lungs
Hemothorax
Genetic characteristics transmitted from parent to offspring
Hereditary
The increase in the quantity of plasma in the body, therefore resulting in an increase in the total quantity of blood.
Hydremic plethora
Edema of the scrotum
Hydrocele
A condition in which cerebrospinal fluid fails to drain, causing the brain ventricles to fill with fluid:
Hydrocephalus
Excessive cerebrospinal fluid in ventricles of the brain
Hydrocephalus
Distention of the renal pelvis with urine as a result of obstruction
Hydronephrosis
Edema of the pericardial sac around the heart
Hydropericardium
Accumulation of fluid in the pleural (thoracic) cavity
Hydrothorax
An increased flow of blood to an area of the body
Hyperemia (a.k.a. Congestion)
Condition in which the parathyroid glands overproduce hormones
Hyperparathyroidism
Overdevelopment of a body part
Hyperplasia
Disease in which the heart must work harder in people with high blood pressure
Hypertensive Heart Disease
The enlargement of an organ or structure due to the increase in size of cells composing it
Hypertrophy
Condition in which the parathyroid glands underproduce hormones
Hypoparathyroidism
Incomplete development of a body part
Hypoplasia
Underdevelopment of a tissue, organ or the body
Hypoplasia
Any injury or illness that occurs as a result of medical care
Iatrogenic
A patient treated for an infection developing a severe allergic reaction to the antibiotics administered would be an example of which of the following?
Iatrogenic disorder
Of unknown cause
Idiopathic
A body with empyema (pus in the pleural cavity) will require____________during embalming.
Increased cavity care
Likely to be transmitted to people, organisms, etc., through the environment.
Infectious
The presence in or on the body of macroscopic organisms
Infestation
The passage and accumulation of a substance into cells, tissues, or organ
Infiltration
A tissue reaction to irritation, infection, or injury marked by localized heat, swelling, redness, pain and sometimes loss of function
Inflammation
Meningitis is caused by:
Inflammation of the membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord
A projection of the intestine through the inguinal area:
Inguinal hernia
The state of being poisoned by a drug or toxic substance
Intoxication
An obstruction of the hepatic duct can cause:
Jaundice
Tinea Crura is also known as:
Jock itch
Abnormal outward curve of the spine
Kyphosis
A circumscribed area of pathologically altered tissue; an injury or wound
Lesion
An increase in white blood cells, usually as an inflammatory response:
Leukocytosis
A decrease in white blood cells
Leukopenia
Abnormal anterior curvature of the spine
Lordosis
Swelling in an arm or leg caused by a lymphatic system blockage
Lymphedema
Study of disease to ascertain cause and manner of death, as related to a criminal investigation
Medico-legal Pathology (Forensic Pathology)
Black tarry feces usually from stomach bleeding
Melena
The change of tissue from one form to another (i.e. a scar forming)
Metaplasia
Study of microscopic changes that cells, tissues and organs undergo as a result of disease
Microscopic pathology (a.k.a. histopathology/cellular pathology/histology)
A form of tuberculosis that spreads throughout the body
Miliary Tuberculosis
The rate of *illness* in a given population
Morbidity rate
The rate of *death* in a given population
Mortality rate
Autoimmune disease which causes the myelin sheaths of the nerve cells to be damaged
Multiple sclerosis
*Acute* cardiac failure - one or both coronary arteries become occuluded
Myocardial Infarction
Inflammation of the heart muscle
Myocarditis
Benign Neoplasms of Muscle tissue
Myoma (includes rhabdomyoma and Leiomyoma)
Malignant Neoplasms of Muscle tissue
Myosarcoma (includes Rhabdomyosarcoma and leiomyosarcoma)
Form of severe hypothyroidism; gives the skin a waxy or coarsened appearance
Myxedema
Pathological death of cells, tissues and organs while still a part of the living organism
Necrosis
A degenerative disease of the kidneys
Nephrosis
Any non-inflammatory degenerative condition of the kidney
Nephrosis
Benign Neoplasm of Nervous tissue
Neuroma
Infection acquired in a healthcare setting
Nosocomial
A disease related to one's working conditions
Occupational
Inflammation of the ovary
Oophoritis
A disease which creates any structural/anatomical change for the normal human body
Organic disease
Degenerative joint disease; caused by deterioration of joint cartilage
Osteoarthritis
Softening of bones, caused by insufficient vitamin D consumption/production
Osteomalacia (Rickets)
Inflammation of the bone marrow
Osteomyelitis
Loss of bone density, resulting in bone weakness
Osteoporosis
Malignant neoplasm of bone
Osteosarcoma
A chronic, degenerative nervous system disorder, characterized by tremors, muscle weakness, and a peculiar gait:
Parkinson's Disease
A blocked vein, or engorgement of an organ/tissue with blood due to inadequate venous drainage
Passive hyperemia (pathological)
The origin and development of a disease
Pathogenesis
Study of *structural* changes in the body caused by disease
Pathological Anatomy (a.k.a. Morbid Anatomy)
Hyperemia that is related to inflammatory processes
Pathological hyperemia
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the heart
Pericarditis
A decrease in red blood cells, due to vitamin B deficiency
Pernicious anemia
Small pinpoint hemorrhages visible on the skin
Petechia
Rapidly spreading destructive ulceration of soft tissue.
Phagedena
Inflammation of a vein
Phlebitis
Inflammation of soft tissue that spreads under the skin or inside the body
Phlegmon
Congenital condition in which the proximal portions of the limbs are poorly developed or absent
Phocomelia
When Ernest returns home late after an evening of smoking cigars, drinking beer, and playing poker with the boys, his wife clobbers him over the head with a frying pan, causing a bump to form on his scalp. The bump on Earnest's head is an example of inflammation caused by:
Physical irritants
Study of *functional* changes in the body caused by disease
Physiological Pathology
Hyperemia that occurs due to increased blood demand during exercise, etc
Physiological hyperemia
The innermost layer of the meninges
Pia mater
Edema usually in the skin of the extremities. When pressed with a finger, the fingerprint leaves a depression.
Pitting edema
The master gland of the body
Pituitary gland
A disease of the lungs due to inhalation of dust
Pneumoconiosis
Abnormally increased concentration of hemoglobin in the blood
Polycythemia
Birth defect in which one is born with extra fingers or toes
Polydactylism
Increased thirst
Polydipsia
Excessive or an abnormally large production or passage of urine
Polyuria
Number of cases of disease present in a specified population at a given time
Prevalence
Inflammation of the rectum
Proctitis
Prediction of the outcome of a disease
Prognosis
A form of tuberculosis in which only the lungs are affected:
Pulmonary tuberculosis
This disorder is characterized by the appearance of purple patches on the skin
Purpura
Exudates primarily composed of pus resulting from infections
Purulent
Small elevation of the skin containing pus
Pustule
Inflammation of the renal pelvis of the kidney
Pyelitis
Inflammation of the kidney and nephron
Pyelonephritis
An accumulation of pus in the fallopian tube:
Pyosalpinx
A rise in the temperature of the body; frequently a symptom of infection:
Pyrexia
The presence of pus in the urine
Pyuria
Neurotropic infectious disease of warm-blooded animals
Rabies
Treatment used for localized cancer. Since the use of this treatment results in the death of all tissue around the affected area, physicians seek to treat only small areas using this method:
Radiation
Reappearance of symptoms after a period of remission
Recurrent
A cessation of the symptoms of disease
Remission
Usually caused by rheumatic fever, valves of the heart becomes scarred and thickened, leading to stenosis and insufficiency:
Rheumatic Heart Disease
Inflammation of the lining of the joints; result of an autoimmune attack on the synovium
Rheumatoid Arthritis
A form of aneurism that bulges only to one side of a vessel
Saccular
Abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
Exudates which contain plasma, are rich in proteins and white blood cells
Serous
A condition caused by inhalation of iron dust
Siderosis
*Objective* indications of the presence of disease (can be observed by other people - i.e., swelling)
Signs
Deficiency of function of the pituitary gland, a form of hypopituitarism that leads to atrophy of many of the viscera, including the heart, liver, spleen, kidneys, thyroid, adrenals, and gonads
Simmonds' Disease
Type of fracture in which the skin is not broken
Simple fracture
Deals with the specific features of disease in relation to particular organs or organ systems.
Special pathology
Congenital defect in which part of the vertebral column is absent or there is incomplete closure
Spina bifida
Disease that occurs in a random or isolated manner
Sporadic
Inflammation of the mouth
Stomatitis
Study of tissue specimens excised surgically in an operation
Surgical Pathology
*Subjective* indications of the presence of disease (felt/experienced only by the patient - i.e., headache)
Symptoms
This reproductive disorder is characterized by hard chancres on the genitalia and very contagious
Syphilis
Belief that every disease in the body begins at the cellular level
The Doctrine of Cellular Pathology (Virchow)
The formation or presence of an attached blood clot (thrombus), most commonly found in *veins*
Thrombosis
A thrombus that has broken off and is moving throughout the vascular system.
Thrombotic Embolus
A fungal infection spread among people when the barber uses scissors or instruments that have been contaminated.
Tinea Capita
Inflammation of the trachea
Tracheitis
Temporary, insufficient oxygen supply to the brain
Transient Ischemic Attack
Syphilis is caused by
Treponema pallidum
The scientific term for swelling:
Tumor
Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Type 1
Non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus
Type 2
Open sore or lesion accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
Ulcer
Condition caused by retention in the blood of waste products normally excreted in the urine. Kidney failure leads to dangerous levels of urea in the blood.
Uremia
Enlarged veins in the lower extremities; a stagnation of blood.
Varicose veins
Birth mark, usually purplish in color
Vascular Nevus
Blister-like elevation of skin containing serous fluid
Vesicle
Any pneumonia which is caused by a virus.
Viral pneumonia
A form of liquefactive necrosis that results from bacterial or fungal infections developing in areas of dead tissue.
Wet gangrene
Pandemic
Widespread epidemic, possibly worldwide
Puerperal sepsis is also known as:
childbed fever, childbirth fever
An example of a Transient Ischemic Attack:
fainting
Down's Syndrome is a congenital condition caused by:
having three copies of chromosome 21
Inflammation of the ileum
ileitis
Inflammation of the gray matter in the spinal cord as a result of a viral infection
poliomyelitis
