GC3460 History of Paper

suspension, fibers

Since papyrus sheets were not formed from a __________of individual __________into a mat or a sheet, it is not considered paper.

recycling

The Japanese took the paper making process one step further by creating _________

efficient, expensive

Ts'ai Lun's process was more __________ and less __________ than the previous alternatives, also more durable.

japan

For a long time, paper remained in China. But around 610 A.D. paper making spread to __________ by Buddhist monks.

falling water

Germany has a production advantage of _______________ _____________ to power hammermill beaters.

cuniform

Mesopotamian precursor to writing. Impressions into clay tablets using wedge shaped tools. Emerged around 2900 BC.

7-9

Paper in America was extremely scarce. A 4-man crew produced _________-______ reams daily

diplomas

_______ are sometimes referred to as "sheepskins"

italian

____________ innovations included water power (which improved the stamping mill), the screw press, wire mesh (wove or laid) watermarks and guilds, drying sheets on ropes, and dip sizing

vellum

a product of calfskin. the follicles tended to produce an irregular surface.

germany 1320 AD

after france, paper moved to _________ in ________ in Cologne

france 1189 AD

after italy, paper moved to _________ in Herault in _________

morocco 1110 AD

after reaching baghdad and damascus, paper made its way to ____________ in ____________ __

spain 1095 AD

after reaching morocco, papermaking reached _______ around ______

italy

after reaching spain, paper moved to ________. This country became the primary producer of paper in all of europe.

baghdad 793 AD

after samarqand, papermaking migrated to __________ in __________

610 AD

around what year did paper reach japan?

1776

by _____________, paper making took place in each of the 13 colonies

modern paper machines

can produce paper at 1,400 m/min (over 4,000 ft/min.), with a paper wire 8-10 meters across.

papyrus

created in egypt before 2200 BC. Made by slicing plant's stalks in very thin blades and laminating them into a weave. NOT considered paper.

muslims

in 750 AD, a war between ______ and the Chinese broke out

750 AD

in ________ , paper began moving west because war broke out between Muslims and Chinese at Samarqand. the muslims won.

feathering

in europe, external sizing was developed to minimize __________________ of ink

1690s

in the _____________ paper making was introduced in america in Germantown, PA at the Rittenhouse Mill

1866

in this year the production of chemical woodpulp by alkaline/soda processes begain

1896

in this year, electricity was first used in papermaking

1882

in this year, the sulfite process began use

france

lascaux and niaux are in what country?

Parchment

made from splitting skin of sheep into two layers. The outside was tanned into leather. The inside was washed, treated with lime and scraped into parchment. Can be written on both sides. Doesn't soak up ink/paint. Use goose quill pen, be bound into books.

1454 AD

moveable type was invented in ____________and caused an enormous need for paper

stamping mill or hammer mill

muslims invented the ____________ __________

linen

muslims were the first to make paper from _________

st. leger didot

nicholas louis robert sold his mechanized paper making patent to this man after a legal battle

50 fpm

paper machine speeds increased until 1850 when it reached __________

china

paper's true origin is ________

105 AD

papermaking began 1900 years ago in ___________ (year)

dutch

the ________ developed the Hollander Beater, which uses gear-like paddlewheels to beat the fibers apart

muslims

the __________ took the area of papermaking to a higher level by three new breakthroughs: 1. reinvented recycling (repulping) 2. First to make paper from linen 3. Invented the stamping/hammer mill Greater efficiency allowed paper to be used for wrapping food and other non-writing applications

black death

the ___________ ___________ struck europe and provided a great deal of cloth and rags from the dead

germantown, PA

the first american papermill was in ________________ _____

1803

the first mechanized papermaking machine was established in frogmore, england in.......

1827

the first papermaking machine to operate in america was in ____________

Ts'ai Lun

the man that created paper

crusades

the spreading of paper was aided by the war called the ___________

Ulman Stomer

this man introduced paper to germany

nicholas louis robert

this man was granted a patent in 1799 to mechanize papermaking

98%

today ____ of the fiber for the world's paper comes from wood

colonial papermaking

vatman creats sheet in mold. couch transfers sheet onto a felt. sheets and felts are stacked into a post. The post is squeezed in a screw press. The sheets are removed from the felts and pressed overnight. The sheets are hung in "spurs" of 4-5 sheets

1900

By the ________'s, typical paper machines had a 100-inch width and a speed of 300 fpm.

fiber

even though there was a greater capacity for making paper, the result was a severe shortage of _________

handmade

gutenberg's press had to be designed to fit the specification of _____________ paper molds

13-15000 BC

what years were cave paintings made in Lascaux and Niaux?

2900 BC

when did cuniform emerge?