GCD Quiz 7/8 Practice Q's
Which of the following is an example of a palindromic DNA sequence? a.5' - ATCGAC - 3' b.5' - ATCATC - 3' c.5' - GCCGCC - 3' d.5' - CTGCAG - 3'
?
A collection of recombinant vectors that carry fragments of chromosomal DNA is called a.a genomic library. b.a cDNA library. c.a Northern blot. d.either a or b.
a
A gene knockout is a gene a.whose function has been inactivated. b.that has been transferred to a different species. c.that has been moved to a new location in the genome. d.that has been eliminated from a species during evolution.
a
Shotgun sequencing is a method of DNA sequencing in which a.the DNA fragments to be sequenced are randomly generated from larger DNA fragments. b.the sequencing reactions are carried out in rapid succession. c.the samples to be sequenced are rapidly generated by PCR. d.all of the above occur.
a
The function of reverse transcriptase is to a.copy RNA into DNA. b.copy DNA into RNA. c.translate RNA into protein. d.translate DNA into protein.
a
The identification of a stop codon for a particular gene is an example of a.sequence recognition. b.pattern recognition. c.both a and b. d.none of the above.
a
The technique of tandem mass spectrometry is used to determine a.the amino acid sequence of a peptide fragment. b.the nucleotide sequence of a segment of RNA. c.the nucleotide sequence of a segment of DNA. d.the number of genes in a species' genome.
a
To map the distance between molecular markers via testcrosses, the markers must be a.polymorphic. b.monomorphic. c.fluorescently labeled. d.on different chromosomes.
a
What type of chromosome mapping relies on microscopy? a.Cytogenetic mapping b.Linkage mapping c.Physical mapping d.All of the above rely on microscopy.
a
When a cloned gene is inserted into a noncritical site in the mouse genome by homologous recombination the result is? a.Gene addition b.Gene modification c.Gene knockout d.Both a and b
a
When a cloned gene is inserted into a noncritical site in the mouse genome by homologous recombination, the result is a.gene addition. b.gene modification. c.gene knockout. d.both a and b.
a
Which of the following is not a method used in genetic testing? a.Chromosome walking b.DNA sequencing c.In situ hybridization d.DNA microarrays
a
A prokaryotic genome is about 4 million bp in length. About how many genes would you expect it to contain? a.400 b.4000 c.40,000 d.400,000
b
An oncogene is produced from a ________that has acquired a ________. a.proto-oncogene, loss-of-function mutation b.proto-oncogene, gain-of-function mutation c.tumor-suppressor gene, loss-of-function mutation d.tumor-suppressor gene, gain-of-function mutation
b
Chromosomal walking is a method of _____in which a researcher begins at a specific site on a chromosome and analyzes _____until the gene of interest is reached. a.DNA sequencing, a series of subclones b.positional cloning, a series of subclones c.DNA sequencing, bands on a gel d.positional cloning, bands on a gel
b
During Western blotting, the primary antibody recognizes a.the secondary antibody. b.the protein of interest. c.an mRNA of interest. d.a specific fragment of chromosomal DNA.
b
In an EMSA, the binding of a protein to DNA a.prevents the DNA from being digested with a restriction enzyme. b.causes the DNA to migrate more slowly through a gel. c.causes the DNA to migrate more quickly through a gel. d.inhibits the expression of any genes within the DNA.
b
In reverse transcriptase PCR, the starting biological material is a.chromosomal DNA. b.mRNA. c.proteins. d.all of the above.
b
Locus heterogeneity refers to a genetic disorder that a.has a heterogeneous phenotype. b.is caused by mutations in two or more different genes. c.involves a structural change in multiple chromosomes. d.is inherited from both parents.
b
One strategy for producing a protein in the milk of a cow is to place the coding sequence of the gene of interest next to a __________ and then inject the gene into a _________. a.lac operon promoter, cow oocyte b.β-lactoglobulin promoter, cow oocyte c.lac operon promoter, cow mammary cell d.β-lactoglobulin promoter, cow mammary cell
b
The purpose of a ChIP-chip assay is to determine a.the expression levels of particular genes in the genome. b.the sites in a genome where a particular protein binds. c.the amount of a specific protein that is made in a given cell type. d.any of the above.
b
The restriction enzymes used in gene-cloning experiments _______, which generates sticky ends that can _______. a.cut the DNA, enter bacterial cells b.cut the DNA, hydrogen bond with complementary sticky ends c.methylate DNA, enter bacterial cells d.methylate DNA, hydrogen bond with complementary sticky ends
b
What is a contig? a.A fragment of DNA that has been inserted into a vector b.A series of vectors that contain inserts that have overlapping regions of chromosomal DNA c.A method of identifying a disease-causing allele d.A method of sequencing DNA
b
What is the key reason why the A and B chains of insulin are made as fusion proteins with β-galactosidase? a.To make purification easier b.To prevent their degradation c.To be secreted from the cell d.All of the above are reasons for making the chains as fusion proteins.
b
When A. tumefaciens is used to make a transgenic plant, a gene of interest is inserted into a _________, which is first transformed into __________. The __________ is then transferred to a plant. a.viral vector, E. coli, gene of interest b.T-DNA vector, A. tumefaciens, T DNA carrying the gene of interest c.T-DNA vector, A. tumefaciens, gene of interest alone d.T-DNA vector, E. coli, gene of interest alone
b
When a dideoxyribonucleotide is incorporated into a growing DNA strand, a.the strand elongates faster. b.the strand cannot elongate. c.the strand becomes more susceptible to DNase I cleavage. d.none of the above occurs.
b
Which of the following is not a common explanation for a dominant disorder? a.Haploinsufficiency b.A change in chromosome number c.A gain-of-function mutation d.A dominant-negative mutation
b
Which of the following methods is used to detect a specific RNA within a mixture of many different RNAs? a.Site-directed mutagenesis b.Northern blotting c.Western blotting d.None of the above
b
Which of the following terms represents a cell that can form any other cell of the organism? a.Pluripotent b.Totipotent c.Unipotent
b
Which of the following was not a goal of the Human Genome Project? a.To obtain the DNA sequence of the entire human genome b.To successfully clone a mammal c.To develop technology for the management of human genome information d.To analyze the genomes of model organisms
b
A DNA microarray is a slide that is dotted with a.mRNAs from a sample of cells. b.fluorescently labeled cDNA. c.known sequences of DNA. d.known cellular proteins.
c
A molecular marker is a _____found at a specific site on a chromosome that has properties that allow it to be_____. a.colored dye, visualized via microscopy b.colored dye, visualized on a gel c.segment of DNA, uniquely identified using molecular tools d.segment of DNA, visualized via microscopy
c
A prion is a disease-causing agent composed of a.cells. b.nucleic acid with a protein coat. c.protein alone. d.nucleic acid alone.
c
During mammalian reproductive cloning, _________ is fused with __________. a.a somatic cell, a stem cell b.a somatic cell, an egg cell c.a somatic cell, an enucleated egg cell d.an enucleated somatic cell, an egg cell
c
For the method of RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), which of the following is the correct order of steps? a.Isolate RNAs, synthesize cDNAs, fragment RNAs, sequence cDNAs, align cDNA sequences b.Synthesize cDNAs, sequence cDNAs, isolate RNAs, fragment RNAs, align cDNA sequences c.Isolate RNAs, fragment RNAs, synthesize cDNAs, sequence cDNAs, align cDNA sequences d.Synthesize cDNAs, isolate RNAs, fragment RNAs, sequence cDNAs, align cDNA sequences
c
Haplotype association studies are aimed at the identification of a particular ______based on ______. a.chromosome, an abnormality in its structure b.chromosome, the arrangement of molecular markers c.gene, its linkage to other genes or molecular markers d.gene, chromosomal rearrangements
c
In one PCR cycle, the correct order of steps is a.primer annealing, primer extension, denaturation. b.primer annealing, denaturation, primer extension. c.denaturation, primer annealing, primer extension. d.denaturation, primer extension, primer annealing.
c
Metagenomics is aimed at a.determining the complete genome sequence of newly identified microorganisms. b.mapping the genes along chromosomes of newly identified microorganisms. c.determining the sequence of DNA fragments in environmental samples. d.determining the functions of all of the genes in a given species' genome.
c
The BLAST program begins with a particular genetic sequence and a.translates it into an amino acid sequence. b.determines if it contains one or more genes. c.identifies homologs within a database. d.does all of the above.
c
The basis for DNase I footprinting is that the binding of a protein to DNA a.prevents the DNA from being digested with a restriction enzyme. b.enhances the ability of the DNA to be digested with a restriction enzyme. c.prevents the DNA from being digested with DNase I. d.enhances the ability of the DNA to be digested by DNase I.
c
The purpose of site-directed mutagenesis and CRISPR-Cas technology is to a.determine if a protein binds to a DNA segment. b.determine the sequence of a segment of DNA. c.alter the sequence of a segment of DNA. d.determine if a gene is expressed.
c
Tumor-suppressor genes promote cancer when a.they are overexpressed. b.they are expressed in the wrong cell type. c.their function is inactivated. d.they are expressed at the wrong stage of development.
c
What is a haplotype? a.A Page 621species with one set of chromosomes b.A cell with one set of chromosomes c.The linkage of alleles or molecular markers along a chromosome d.All of the above
c
Which is the proper order of the following steps in a gene-cloning experiment involving vectors? 1.Add DNA ligase. 2.Incubate the chromosomal DNA and the vector DNA with a restriction enzyme. 3.Introduce the DNA into living cells. 4.Mix the chromosomal DNA and vector DNA together. a.1, 2, 3, 4 c. 2, 4, 1, 3 b.2, 3, 1, 4 d. 1, 2, 4, 3
c
Which of the following best describes the approach that was used in the first gene therapy trial for treating SCID? a.The normal ADA gene was introduced by injecting liposomes directly into the patients' bodies. b.Lymphocytes were removed from a SCID patient, the normal ADA gene was transferred into the lymphocytes via liposomes, and then the lymphocytes were returned to the patient's body. c.Lymphocytes were removed from a SCID patient, the normal ADA gene was transferred into the lymphocytes via a retrovirus, and then the lymphocytes were returned to the patient's body. d.None of the above describe the approach used in the trial.
c
Which of the following prenatal genetic testing methods is done in conjunction with in vitro fertilization? a.Amniocentesis b.Chorionic villus sampling c.Preimplantation genetic diagnosis d.All of the above are usually performed with in vitro fertilization.
c
Which of the following was the first living organism to be patented? a.A strain of E. coli that makes somatostatin b.A strain of E. coli that makes insulin c.An oil-eating bacterium d.A strain of B. thuringiensis that makes an insecticide
c
Which of the following would not be consistent with the idea that a disorder has a genetic component? a.The disorder is more likely to occur among an affected person's b.relatives than in the general population. c.The disorder can spread to individuals sharing similar environments. d.The disorder tends to develop at a characteristic age. e.A correlation is observed between the disorder and a mutant gene.
c
A means of introducing a cloned gene into cells for gene therapy is via a.liposomes. b.retroviral vectors. c.T-DNA vectors. d.both a and b.
d
A vector that can carry a large fragment of chromosomal DNA is a a.YAC. b.BAC. c.PAC. d.any of the above.
d
During real-time PCR, the synthesis of PCR products is analyzed a.at the very end of the reaction by gel electrophoresis. b.at the very end of the reaction by fluorescence that is emitted within the thermocycler. c.during the PCR cycles by gel electrophoresis. d.during the PCR cycles by fluorescence that is emitted within the thermocycler.
d
During two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, proteins are separated based on a.their net charge at a given pH. b.their mass. c.their ability to bind to a specific resin. d.both a and b.
d
Homologous genes a.are derived from the same ancestral gene. b.are likely to carry out the same or similar functions. c.have similar DNA sequences. d.exhibit all of the above features.
d
In addition to the use of T-DNA vectors, other methods to produce transgenic plants include a.biolistic gene transfer. b.microinjection. c.electroporation. d.all of the above.
d
Most forms of cancer involve a.the activation of a single oncogene. b.the inactivation of a single tumor-suppressor gene. c.the activation of multiple oncogenes. d.the activation of multiple oncogenes and the inactivation of multiple tumor-suppressor genes.
d
Normal (nonmutant) tumor-suppressor genes often function a.as negative regulators of cell division. b.in the maintenance of genome integrity. c.in the stimulation of cell division. d.as both a and b.
d
Personalized medicine may be used a.to characterize types of tumors. b.to predict the outcome of certain types of cancers. c.to determine the proper dosage of drugs. d.in all of the above.
d
The technique of fluorescence in situ hybridization involves the use of a_____that hybridizes to a_____. a.radiolabeled probe, band on a gel b.radiolabeled probe, specific site on an intact chromosome c.fluorescent probe, band on a gel d.fluorescent probe, specific site on an intact chromosome
d
What function does a competent cell have that makes it useful in cloning experiments? a.Competent cells resist transfection by a viral vector. b.Competent cells repair DNA strands without the aid of DNA ligase. c.Competent cells utilize transposons as a vector. d.Competent cells take up DNA from the external environment.
d
Which of the following can be analyzed using a protein microarray? a.The amounts of particular proteins made by a sample of cells b.Protein function c.Protein-protein interactions d.All of the above
d
Which of the following is a key feature of stem cells? a.They have the ability to divide. b.They have the ability to differentiate. c.They are always pluripotent. d.Both a and b are true of stem cells.
d
Which of the following is a reason why the proteome of a eukaryotic cell is usually much larger than its genome? a.Alternative splicing b.RNA editing c.Posttranslational covalent modifications d.All of the above are reasons for the larger size of a proteome.
d
Which of the following is a type of genetic change that could produce an oncogene? a.Missense mutation b.Gene amplification c.Chromosomal translocation d.All of the above can produce an oncogene.
d
Which of the following is an example of a molecular marker? a.RFLP b.Microsatellite c.Single-nucleotide polymorphism d.All of the above are types of molecular markers.
d
Which of the following may be used as a vector in a gene-cloning experiment? a.mRNA b.Plasmid c.Virus d.Both b and c
d
Which of the following methods use(s) a labeled nucleic acid probe, such as a labeled fragment of DNA? a.Site-directed mutagenesis b.Northern blotting c.Western blotting d.Both a and b
d
Which of the following uses of microorganisms is/are important in biotechnology? a.Production of medicines b.Food fermentation c.Biological control d.All of the above
d
Although Dolly was only three years old, her chromosomes had the length of a 9-10 year old sheep. Which of the following best describes why this occurred? a.The cell lines that created Dolly were aged prematurely in the lab b.Nonhomologous recombination c.A mutation enhanced the rate of aging d.Dolly was not a clone e.The telomeres of the somatic cells that Dolly originated from were shortening
e
Bioremediation has been used to treat which of the following? a.Oil spills b.Sewage c.Pesticides d.Heavy metals e.All of the answers have been successfully remediated
e