General Biology Chap 18, 19, 31, 32
What is the order of evolution of hominins?
-Bipedal -Tool use -Brain size increase
Why is current human society unsustainable?
-a considerable proportion of land, and therefore natural ecosystems, is being used for human purposes. -Agriculture requires large inputs of nonrenewable fossil fuel energy, fertilizer, and pesticides, which creates pollution. More fresh water is used in agriculture than in homes. -At least half of the agricultural yield in the U.S. goes toward feeding animals. According to the 10-to-1 rule of thumb, it takes 10 lbs. of grain to grow 1 lb. of meat. Therefore, it is inefficient for citizens in MDCs to eat as much as they do. Also, animal sewage pollutes water. -Our society uses primarily nonrenewable fossil fuel energy, which leads to acid precipitation, smog, and various other pollutants entering the ecosystems. -Minerals are nonrenewable, and the mining, processing, and the use of minerals are responsible for much environmental pollution.
What are the characteristics of chordates?
-a dorsal supporting rod -a dorsal tubular nerve cord -pharyngeal pouches -a postanal tail
Give some examples of nonrenewable resources.
-amount of land -fossil fuels -minerals
Give some examples of crustaceans.
-barnacles -shrimp -lobster -crabs
What are the indirect benefits of biodiversity?
-biogeochemical cycles -waste disposal -provision of fresh fish -prevention of soil erosion -regulation of climate -ecotourism
What fields of applied biology support conservation biology?
-biopark management -forestry -veterinary science -fisheries biology -range management -agronomy -wildlife management
What are some activities that may help make urban societies more sustainable?
-design energy efficient transportation system -use solar and geothermal energy to heat buildings -utilize green roofs -plant native species -create greenbelts -revitalize old sections of a city
Identify the key events in the evolution of animals.
-differences in symmetry (bilateral and radial) -cephalization (location of the brain and specialized sensory organs) -segmentation (repetition of body parts along the length of the body
What animals fall into the lophotrochozoans group of protostome animals?
-flatworms -molluscs -annelids
What are some examples of amphibians?
-frogs -toads -newts -salamanders
What fields of basic biology support conservation biology?
-genetics -physiology -behavior -systematics -ecology -field biology -evolutionary biology
Give some examples of jawless fish.
-hagfishes -lampreys
What are the two chief characteristics of mammals?
-hair -mammary glands
What are the economic benefits to fungi?
-help us produce medicines and many types of food
What are the different types of fish?
-jawless -cartilaginous -bony
The success of arthropods can be attributed to what characteristics?
-jointed appendages -exoskeleton -segmentation -well developed nervous system -variety of respiratory organs -metamorphosis
Give some physical characteristics of amphibians.
-jointed limbs -eyelid -a sound-producing larynx -ears
types of prosimians
-lemurs -tarsiers -lorises
What are the direct benefits of biodiversity?
-medicinal value -agricultural value -consumptive use value
types of anthropoids
-monkeys -apes -humans
What is the correct sequence of plant evolution?
-multicellular embryo -vascular tissue -seed -flower
Give some examples of bony, ray-finned fish.
-perch -trout -salmon -haddock
What are some activities that may help make rural societies more sustainable?
-plant cover crops -practice multiuse, or polyuse, farming -replenish soil nutrients through composting, organic gardening, or other self-renewable methods -use low-flow trickle irrigation, retention ponds, and contour farming -increase the planting of cultivars -use precision farming -use integrated pest management -plant a variety of species, including native plants -plant multipurpose trees -maintain and restore wetlands -use renewable forms of energy -buy food products produced locally
What are the five significant events, in chronological order, in the evolution of land plants?
-protection of the embryo -evolution of vascular tissue -evolution of leaves (microphylls and megaphylls) -evolution of the seed -evolution of the flower
What are the ecological benefits of plants?
-reduce the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere
What are the ecological benefits of fungi?
-return inorganic nutrients to the soil
What animals are considered to be ecdysozoans?
-roundworms -arthropods
What are the common parts of a flower?
-sepal -petal -stamen -carpel
Give some examples of cartilaginous fish.
-sharks -rays -skates
Give some examples of renewable resources.
-solar energy -animals for food -harvest plants
What are the types of arachnids?
-spiders -scorpions -ticks
What groups of animals are considered to be the early animals?
-sponges -cnidarians
What are the economic benefits of plants?
-the use of their fruit as food -foods and commercial products made up from roots, stems, and leaves
All molluscs have a body that is composed of what 3 parts?
-the visceral mass -the foot -the mantle
What are the similarities between green algae and land plants?
-they both contain chlorophyll a and b, plus accessory pigments -they both store carbohydrates as starch -they both have cellulose in their cell walls -they both form structures that protect and nourish the zygote
Give some examples of chordates.
-tunicates -lancelets
If there are 10,000 calories of net primary productivity in a field, how much on average will be available to a primary consumer?
1,000 calories
As an overall average, about _______ of the energy at one trophic level is available to the next-highest rank in the food chain.
10%
When did modern humans migrate from Africa into Asia and Europe?
100,000 years ago
Observe Figure 2. All of the caterpillars in an area weight 2,000 kg. How much of this biomass will be converted into top carnivore tissue?
20 kg
In the replacement model, where did modern humans first evolve?
Africa
The closest living relatives of modern humans are ___________.
African apes
A fungal infection that covers an amphibian's skin can quickly kill the animal. Why can't the amphibians tolerate their skin being covered with a foreign substance?
Amphibians have small lungs and use their skin for gas exchange; they suffocate when the skin is covered with fungal growth
Explain how animals are different than other organisms.
Animals are chemoheterotrophs that digest their food with a digestive system. They reproduce sexually to produce a fertilized diploid egg that undergoes a complex order of developmental steps. Specialized tissues develop, such as muscles and nerves, which provide the ability to move. Plants can photosynthesize but cannot move and fungi digest their food externally and absorb the nutrients.
Give some examples of segmented animals.
Annelids, such as earthworms; arthropods, such as lobsters; chordates, such as humans
The first hominid to be considered Homo sapiens was ______________.
Cro-Magnon
Homo erectus
Early Homo who used fire and migrated out of Africa to Europe and Asia
Observe Figure 3. True or False: a fox is a primary consumer.
False
True of False: jaws are present in all fishes.
False
True or False: a cellular level of organization is present in cnidarians but not in sponges.
False
True or False: a conch is a bivalve.
False
True or False: a flower captures spores.
False
True or False: a flower increases photosynthesis.
False
True or False: a flower protects seeds.
False
True or False: a fluke is a coelom.
False
True or False: a four-chambered heart is a characteristic of a typical amphibian adult.
False
True or False: a group of walrus on a beach is a community.
False
True or False: a herd of elephants in the Namib desert is a community.
False
True or False: a hydra is a coelom
False
True or False: a mussel is a cephalopod.
False
True or False: a nudibranch is a cephalopod.
False
True or False: a planarian is a coelom.
False
True or False: a psuedocoelom lined with mesoderm is found in arthropods.
False
True or False: a roundworm is a coelom
False
True or False: a snail is a bivalve.
False
True or False: a snail is a cephalopod.
False
True or False: a squid is a bivalve.
False
True or False: all worms are segmented.
False
True or False: an annelid would not excrete via nephridia.
False
True or False: an annelid would not have a coelom.
False
True or False: an annelid would not have a complete digestive tract.
False
True or False: an annelid would not have segmentation.
False
True or False: an exoskeleton is not a feature of an insect.
False
True or False: an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is a benefit of plants.
False
True or False: an octopus is a bivalve.
False
True or False: an oyster is a cephalopod.
False
True or False: antennae is not a feature of an insect.
False
True or False: birds are not amniotes.
False
True or False: birds are not chordates.
False
True or False: birds are not deuterostomes.
False
True or False: birds are not reptiles.
False
True or False: cnidarians are classified as an animal while sponges are not.
False
True or False: compound eyes is not a feature of an insect.
False
True or False: ectothermic capability is a feature of mammals.
False
True or False: ferns have microphylls.
False
True or False: filter feeding is present in cnidarians but not in sponges.
False
True or False: fins supported by bony spikes are present in all fishes.
False
True or False: fleshy, bone-containing appendages are present in all fishes.
False
True or False: flukes are segmented.
False
True or False: fungal cell walls are composed of cellulose.
False
True or False: gibbons are anthropoids and hominins.
False
True or False: growing livestock is more sustainable than growing crop plants.
False
True or False: hummingbirds at a feeder is a community.
False
True or False: in an ecosystem, energy is constantly recycled.
False
True or False: invertebrates lack a nervous system.
False
True or False: jointed legs is not a feature of an insect.
False
True or False: lungs are present in all fishes.
False
True or False: lycophytes have megaphylls
False
True or False: multicellularity is present in cnidarians but not in sponges.
False
True or False: planarians are segmented.
False
True or False: radial symmetry is a feature of coelomate.
False
True or False: roundworms are segmented.
False
True or False: the ability to undergo photosynthesis is a plant adaptation to land.
False
True or False: trout and the lake they inhabit is a community.
False
True or False: zoo plankton are secondary consumers.
False
True or False: zooplankton are decomposers.
False
True or False: zooplankton are producers.
False
True or False: zooplankton are tertiary consumers.
False
With this renewable energy resource, elements in the soil can be used to heat buildings.
Geothermal
What is the main difference between lycophytes and ferns?
Lycophytes have microphylls; ferns have megaphylls
This renewable energy resource uses photovoltaic cells to convert photons to electricity.
Solar
Observe Figure 3. True or False: a chipmunk is a primary consumer.
True
Observe Figure 3. True or False: a deer is a primary consumer.
True
Observe Figure 3. True or False: a rabbit is a primary consumer.
True
Observe Figure 3. True or False: mice are primary consumers.
True
True or False: a clam is a bivalve.
True
True or False: a complete digestive tract body plan is a feature of coelomate.
True
True or False: a diaphragm to help expand lungs is a feature of mammals.
True
True or False: a flower attracts pollinators.
True
True or False: a four-chambered heart is a feature of mammals.
True
True or False: a sea star is a coelom.
True
True or False: a squid is a cephalopod.
True
True or False: a well developed nervous system is found in arthropods.
True
True or False: all major invertebrate groups arose from protistan ancestors.
True
True or False: an annelid would not undergo metamorphosis.
True
True or False: annelids are segmented.
True
True or False: birds are not ectothermic.
True
True or False: carbon returns to the atmosphere as carbon dioxide.
True
True or False: carbon returns to the atmosphere by the burning of fossil fuels.
True
True or False: carbon returns to the atmosphere from respiration of animals.
True
True or False: carbon returns to the atmosphere from respiration of plants.
True
True or False: cassava and sweet potatoes are edible roots.
True
True or False: charophytes are freshwater green algae.
True
True or False: charophytes are the closest living relatives of land plants.
True
True or False: charophytes enclose their zygotes within protective structures.
True
True or False: charophytes lack vascular tissue.
True
True or False: chimpanzees are anthropoids and hominins.
True
True or False: eight legs is not a feature of an insect.
True
True or False: exoskeleton is found in arthropods.
True
True or False: eyelids is a characteristic of a typical amphibian adult.
True
True or False: ferns have megaphylls.
True
True or False: food is a benefit of plants.
True
True or False: fungi digest their food before ingesting it.
True
True or False: gorillas are anthropoids and hominins.
True
True or False: hair is a feature of mammals.
True
True or False: humans are anthropoids and hominins.
True
True or False: in an ecosystem, chemicals are constantly recycled and reused.
True
True or False: in an ecosystem, chemicals are converted from one form to another.
True
True or False: in an ecosystem, energy is required continuously because some energy is lost.
True
True or False: in an ecosystem, the ultimate source of energy is the sun.
True
True or False: jaws is a characteristic of a typical amphibian adult
True
True or False: jointed appendages are found in arthropods.
True
True or False: jointed limbs is a characteristic of a typical amphibian adult.
True
True or False: lungs is a characteristic of a typical amphibian adult.
True
True or False: lycophytes have microphylls.
True
True or False: many invertebrate species live in a marine environment.
True
True or False: milk-producing glands is a feature of mammals.
True
True or False: most animal phyla are invertebrates.
True
True or False: most fungi are multicellular.
True
True or False: most fungi are nonmotile.
True
True or False: most furniture, paper, and rope is made of the wood of a tree trunk or fibers from woody stems.
True
True or False: most garden plants are angiosperms.
True
True or False: orangutans are anthropoids and hominins.
True
True or False: organ level of organization is a feature of coelomate.
True
True or False: radial symmetry is present in cnidarians but not in sponges.
True
True or False: segmentation is found in arthropods.
True
True or False: squirrels and the oak trees they live in is a community.
True
True or False: the development of flowers is a plant adaptation to land.
True
True or False: the many chemicals produced by plants make up 50% of all pharmaceuticals and various types of products we can use.
True
True or False: the presence of vascular tissue is a plant adaptation to land.
True
True or False: the production of clothing is a benefit of plants.
True
True or False: the production of drugs is a benefit of plants.
True
True or False: the production of furniture is a benefit of plants.
True
True or False: the production of seeds is a plant adaptation to land.
True
True or False: the protection of the embryo in maternal tissue is a plant adaptation to land.
True
True or False: the vast majority of animal species are invertebrates.
True
True or False: three germ layers is a feature of coelomate.
True
True or False: vertebrae is present in all fishes.
True
True or False: zooplankton are primary consumers.
True
This renewable resource provides a constant source of power for communities such that its energy can be sold when in excess and bought when in need.
Wind
While walking in the woods, you come across some low-growing plants clustered at the base of a tree. You collect one as a specimen for biology class. Upon examination in the lab, you find that the leaf-, stem-, and root-like structures contain no vascular tissue. The plant is ___________________.
a bryophyte
What protest is hypothesized to be ancestral to animals?
a choanoflagellate
food web
a diagram that illustrates the interconnecting pathways of energy flow between the components of the ecosystem
conservation biology
a field of science that focuses on conserving natural resources for this and future generations; concerned with developing new scientific concepts and applying them to our lives, along with sustainably managing the Earth's biodiversity for human use
pollen
a fine powdery substance, typically yellow, consisting of microscopic grains discharged from the male part of a flower or from a male cone. Each grain contains a male gamete that can fertilize the female ovule, to which pollen is transported by the wind, insects, or other animals.
arachnid
a group of arthropods that includes spiders, scorpions, and ticks
charophyte
a group of freshwater green algae thought to be the closest relatives of land plants
trophic level
a level of nourishment within a food web or chain
species richness
a listing of the various species found in the community
mycelium
a mass of hyphae that make up the main body of a fungus
What is the mantle of a mollusk?
a membranous or sometimes muscular covering that envelops, but does not completely enclose, the visceral mass
lichen
a mutualistic association between a particular fungus and cyanobacteria or green algae
Which feature is necessary in order to classify an organism as an ecdysozoan?
a nonliving exoskeleton
A feature of annelids is _______________.
a segmented body
moss
a small flowerless green plant that lacks true roots, growing in low carpets or rounded cushions in damp habitats and reproducing by means of spores released from stalked capsules.
insect
a very diverse group of arthropods
Forests help to regulate the global climate by ____________.
absorbing carbon dioxide
What characteristic is common to the flatworms, molluscs, and annelids?
all have bilateral symmetry
angiosperm
also called "flowering plants"; the seeds of these plants are borne within the fruit
diversity
amount of each specific species in a community; includes species richness and species distribution
community
an assemblage of populations of multiple species, interacting with one another within a single environment
coevolution
an evolutionary change in one species results in an evolutionary change in another species
Some scientists estimate that over half of the world's rainforest has already been lost, mostly due to human activities. What would you predict as a consequence of the massive loss of plant life?
an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide
A fruit is derived from ___________________
an ovary
cnidarian
ancient group of invertebrates that are radially symmetrical; as adults, they have a tissue level of organization; classified as the first of the eumetazoans
Apples, oranges, peanuts, and rice grains are produced by _______________________.
angiosperms
These plants contain seeds enclosed in a fruit.
angiosperms
amphibian
animal that can live on land and in water
chordate
animal that has a dorsal tubular nerve cord, a notochord, pharyngeal pouches, and a postanal tail at some point in its life cycle
flatworm
animals that are bilaterally symmetric; have 3 germ layers; considered to be acoelomates, meaning that they lack a body cavity, coelom
carnivore
animals that eat other animals
omnivore
animals that eat plants and animals
herbivore
animals that graze directly on algae or plants
invertebrate
animals that lack an internal skeleton, or endoskeleton, of bone or cartilage; majority of the animal kingdom
crustacean
animals with a hard, crusty exoskeleton; a group of largely marine arthropods
vertebrate
animals with an endoskeleton; minority of the animal kingdom
Observe Figure 1. "A" represents the ________________.
anther
pollution
any alteration of the environment in an undesirable way
In an aquatic ecosystem, the aquatic plants are eaten by small invertebrates that in turn are eaten by crayfish. The crayfish are eaten by fish, and the fish are eaten by ducks. In this system, the greatest amount of biomass would be found in the ________________.
aquatic plants
An organism that can use energy and inorganic substances to produce all the organic material it requires is a(n) ______________.
autotroph and producer
The first humanlike feature to evolve in the hominins was _____________.
bipedal locomotion
What characteristic separates birds from other reptiles?
birds are endothermic, while other reptiles are exothermic
What are the most numerous and diverse vertebrates?
bony fishes
These are short plants in which the gametophyte generation is the most dominant generation.
bryophytes
___________ is responsible for the generation of fossil fuels.
carbon
____________ involves the elaborate exchange of gaseous products of consumer respiration / breathing with a producer converting these components from the atmosphere into compounds it can use for itself.
carbon
Scientists have shown that as atmospheric carbon dioxide levels increase, the pH of the oceans decrease, thereby threatening aquatic organisms such as coral and organisms with shells. What is the best explanation for this?
carbon dioxide combines with water to form an acid
The evolution of bilateral symmetry allowed for ____________.
cephalization
What are the first of the eumetazoans?
cnidarians
Ferns and other seedless vascular plants are sometimes called ___________________.
coal age plants
The world today derives the majority of its energy from what sources?
coal and oil
fossil fuels
coal, oil, natural gas; most were formed during the Carboniferous period; results from the decomposition of plants and animals coupled with exposure to heat and pressure for millions of years
mollusc
coelomate organisms with a complete digestive tract
What do the sepals do?
collectively called "the calyx", they protect the flower bud before it opens
What do the petals do?
collectively called "the corolla", they often attract a particular pollinator
An orchid plant lives in the treetops, gaining access to sun and pollinators but not harming the trees. What type of interaction is this?
commensalism
mushroom
common term used to describe the part of a fungi called the fruiting body
Both foxes and coyotes in an area feed primarily on a limited supply of rabbits. What type of interaction is this?
competition
ecosystem
consists of species of a community interacting with one another and with the environment
consumer
consume food
heterotrophs
consume preformed organic nutrients and release CO2 in the atmosphere; aka. "Consumers"; broken into three categories: herbivore, carnivore, and omnivore
sponges
contain saclike bodies perforated by many pores; they are aquatic, largely marine animals that vary greatly in size, shape, and color; many are asymmetrical; multicellular, but lack organized tissues; have a cellular level of organization
Homo habilis
dated between 2.0 and 1.9 MYA, who is believed to have been the first tool user
What has the greatest influence in creating a more sustainable urban society?
decreasing the amount of land that is altered in order to accommodate human desires
food chain
diagram that shows a single path of energy flow in an ecosystem
sporophyte
diploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle of a plant; produces haploid spores that develop into the haploid generation
Unlike bony fishes, amphibians have __________________.
ears
Organisms that live in a marine environment, have skin gills, tube feet, a coelom, and a water vascular system are classified as a(n) __________________.
echinoderm
Why are developmental biologists so interested in studying echinoderm embryos?
echinoderms are the closest living relatives of chordates
Cnidarians are organized at the tissue level because they contain ___________________.
ectoderm and endoderm
A seed protects the ______________________.
embryo
mammal
endothermic vertebrate characterized especially by the presence of hair and mammary glands
eutrophication
enrichment of water by inorganic nutrients used by phytoplankton. Often, overenrichment caused by human activities leads to excessive bacterial growth and oxygen depletion
What feature is shared by both the roundworms and the arthropods?
exoskeleton
birds
feathered reptiles
These plants contain windblown spores, swimming sperm, and megaphylls.
ferns
Observe Figure 1. "B" represents the _________________.
filament
The preservation of ecosystems indirectly provides fresh water because ___________________.
forests soak up water and release it slowly
What is suspected of causing climate change?
fossil fuel usage, deforestation, and agriculture
planarians
free-living flatworms containing several body systems; they are hermaphrodites
What is the main difference between fungi and plants?
fungi do not contain chloroplasts and cannot conduct photosynthesis
Why are fungi not considered to be animals?
fungi have to grow into their own food, fungi are nonmotile and do not have flagella at any stage in their life cycle
What is the dominant generation for bryophytes?
gametophyte
greenhouse gases
gases in the atmosphere, such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, ozone, an nitrous oxide that allow the sun's rays to pass through but trap the heat
climate change
general term used to refer to any number of human-related events that are changing climate conditions in a given area
How are greenhouse gases suspected of causing climate change?
greenhouse gases prevent radiation of infrared energy back into space, trapping the heat near the Earth's surface and causing the climate to warm
population
group of interbreeding individuals of the same species occupying the same area at the same time
A disproportionately large percentage of resources in more developed countries (MDCs) goes to ______________.
growing livestock
What type of plant is the conifer?
gymnosperm
Conifers such as pine trees are ________________________.
gymnosperms
These plants contain cones with naked seeds.
gymnosperms
What types of plants are seeded vascular plants?
gymnosperms and angiosperms
The major cause of the loss in Earth's biodiversity is ________________.
habitat loss
gametophyte
haploid generation of the alternation of generations life cycle of a plant; produces gametes that unite to form a diploid zygote
A(n) _____________ is an individual animal that possesses both male and female sex organs.
hermaphrodite
decomposer
heterotrophic bacteria and fungi, such as molds and mushrooms, that break down dead organic matter
What can help to conserve fresh water?
high-responder wheat and rice varieties
A company that owns an office building decides to build a "green roof". What could be a result of this?
higher water bills because of the need to irrigate vegetation
Historically, this renewable energy resource accounts for the majority of the renewable energy power usage in the U.S.
hydropower
Human society in its current form is unsustainable because ___________________.
important natural resources are being consumed more quickly than they can be replenished
anther
in flowering plants, pollen-bearing portion of the stamen
stamen
in flowering plants, portion of the flower that consists of a filament and an anther containing pollen sacs where pollen is produced
What is the largest, most diverse group of arthropods?
insects
Ecosystems include what component that communities do not?
interaction with the environment
ecdysozoan
invertebrate protostomes; derived from the fact that these organisms secrete a nonliving exoskeleton that must be shed in order for the organism to grow
arthropod
invertebrate with an exoskeleton and jointed appendages, such as crustaceans and insects
Most of the fresh water in the world is used for ___________.
irrigating crops
Give an example of a grazing food chain.
leaves->leaf-eating insects->mice->snakes
A mutualistic association between a fungus and a cyanobacteria or green algae is a ___________________.
lichen
Give some examples of bryophytes.
liverworts, hornworts, mosses
What type of fish gave rise to amphibians?
lobe-finned fish
Amphibians are descendants of _____________________.
lobe-finned fishes
Flatworms, molluscs, and annelids belong to what group of protostome animals?
lophotrochozoans
Beekeepers and scientists are puzzled and troubled by a decline in bee populations around the world. What would you predict as a likely consequence of the widespread lack of bees?
loss of crop productivity
Deforestation may contribute towards climate change because ____________.
loss of trees disrupts the carbon cycle, limiting the amount that is absorbed by plants, and increasing the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
A plant has vascular tissue and true roots, stems, and leaves, but it does not produce seeds. The plant has microphylls and bears sporangia in strobili. The plant is a __________________.
lycophyte
These plants contain true leaves in the form of microphylls.
lycophytes
What are the types of seedless vascular plants?
lycophytes and ferns
Pollen grains are most similar to ___________________.
male sperm
echinoderm
marine invertebrate, such as a sea star, sea urchin, and sand dollar; characterized by radial symmetry and a water vascular system
seed
mature ovule that contains an embryo, with stored food enclosed in a protective coat
gymnosperm
means "naked seed"; ovules and seeds are exposed on the surface of a cone scale
Mammals are distinguishable based on _________________.
mode of reproduction
Homo sapiens
modern humans
The mantle, foot, and visceral mass are all parts of a(n) ________________.
mollusc
Gastropods and cephalopods are examples of __________.
molluscs
Egg-laying mammals are known as __________________.
monotremes
An alfalfa plant gains fixed nitrogen from the bacterial species Rhizobium in its root system, while Rhizobium gains carbohydrates from the plant. What type of interaction is this?
mutualism
The body of a typical fungus is termed a(n) ___________.
mycelium
aquifer
natural reservoirs of water found below the surface of the Earth
___________ is a limiting inorganic nutrient made available to producers by converting it from a gaseous form into a chemical compound primarily by bacteria.
nitrogen
Eutrophication can be caused by excess accumulation of which of the following in a body of water?
nitrogen or phosphorus
roundworm
non-segmented worms; have a smooth outside body wall
Abiotic components of an ecosystem include ____________.
nonliving components only
bryophyte
nonvascular plants; generally do not have true roots, stems or leaves
Soils in tropical rainforests are typically nutrient-poor because ____________________.
nutrients are tied up in vegetation
pollination
occurs when the pollen lands on the female reproductive structure
australopithecine
one of several species of Australopithecus, a genus that contains the first generally recognized hominins
An ecological pyramid depicts the amount of ___________ in various trophic levels.
organisms and energy
What feature is lacking in sponges?
organized true tissues
By definition, a fruit is derived from the ___________.
ovary
Observe Figure 1. "E" represents the ____________________.
ovary
Desertification is primarily caused by what activity?
overgrazing of livestock
Observe Figure 1. "F" represents the ____________________.
ovule
carpel
ovule-bearing unit that is part of a pistil
A major negative effect of the dumping of raw sewage into lakes and rivers is ___________.
oxygen depletion
Roundworms live and reproduce within a cat's digestive tract. What type of interaction is this?
parasitism
Sponges are classified as __________________.
parazoans
Observe Figure 1. "H" represents the ____________________.
petals (corolla)
____________ is a limiting inorganic nutrient released into the environment by slow weathering of rocks with the help of fungi.
phosphate
When an animal respires, the carbon in the carbon dioxide that it breathes out comes indirectly from ________________.
photosynthesis
Give some examples of conifers.
pines, spruces, firs, cedars, hemlocks, redwoods, and cypresses
The alternation of generations life cycle shows that ____________________.
plants spend part of their lives as haploid and diploid
nonvascular plants
plants that do not have true roots, stems and leaves; receive water and nutrients through diffusion and osmosis directly into the body
What happens at the stamen?
pollen is produced in pollen sacs
The economic benefits of land plants is often dependent on _____________________.
pollinators
A fungus captures nematodes as a food source. What type of interaction is this?
predation
producer
produce food
What is the first step in energy flow through an ecosystem?
producers absorb solar energy
replacement model
proposal that modern humans originated only in Africa, then migrated and supplanted populations of Homo in Asia and Europe about 100,000 years ago; also called the out-of-Africa hypothesis
exoskeleton
protective external skeleton, as in arthropods
The main reason reptiles are so well-adapted to land environment is their method of _________________.
reproduction
flower
reproductive organ of a flowering plant, consisting of several kinds of modified leaves arranged in concentric rings and attached to a modified stem called a receptacle; found in angiosperms
greenhouse effect
reradiation of solar heat toward the Earth, caused by gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapor, ozone, and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere
nonrenewable resource
resources that are in limited supply and can be exhausted
renewable resources
resources that are unlimited in supply and cannot be fully exhausted
Elephantiasis and trichinosis are diseases caused by
roundworms
Fungi fulfill an ecological role by decaying mostly dead organic matter. Fungi are therefore called _________________.
saprotrophs
Most fungi in the environment function as ___________________.
saprotrophs / decomposers
If you were to examine chunks of coal for plant fossils, you would most likely find __________________________.
seedless vascular plants
The repetition of body parts along the length of an animal's body is termed __________________.
segmentation
annelid
segmented worms, such as the earthworm and the clam worm
Observe Figure 1. "G" represents the ____________________.
sepals (calyx)
fish
separated into 5 categories: jawless, cartilaginous, bony, ray-finned, and lobe-finned
conifer
signifies plants that bear cones containing the reproductive structures of the plant
As diversity increases, __________________.
species richness increases and the distribution of species becomes more even
The name "Echinodermata" literally means _______________.
spiny skin
What characteristic separates sponges and cnidarians?
sponges do not have organized tissues
A seed contains a(n) _________________________.
sporophyte embryo
Observe Figure 1. "C" represents the _________________.
stigma
Observe Figure 1. "D" represents the ___________________.
style
autotroph
take in only inorganic nutrients (CO2 and minerals) and an outside energy source to produce organic nutrients for their own use and for all the other members of the community; aka. "Producers"
reptile
terrestrial vertebrate with internal fertilization, scaly skin, and a shelled egg; includes snakes, lizards, turtles, crocodiles, and birds
bilateral symmetry
the animal has definite right and left halves; only a longitudinal cut down the center of the animal will produce mirror images; as seen in flatworms
radial symmetry
the animal is organized circularly, similar to a wheel; as seen in cnidarians
Where does the cancer drug taxol come from?
the bark of a Pacific yew tree
carbon cycle
the circular process that includes the intake of carbon dioxide by plants and the release of carbon dioxide by animals
desertification
the conversion of semiarid land to desert-like conditions
Echinoderms and chordates are known as _________________.
the deuterostomes
What aspect in the evolution of modern humans does the replacement model support?
the distribution of modern humans across the planet
biodiversity
the diversity of life on Earth, described in terms of the number of different species
saprotroph
the majority of fungi which decompose the remains of plants, animals, and microbes in the soil
You may hear some newscasters, politicians, TV show hosts, or friends and family members say that climate change is not real or that it is not caused by humans. What do the people who actually study how the natural world works (scientists including biologists, physicists, chemists, medical doctors, geologists, and meteorologists, etc.) think about climate change?
the overwhelming majority of scientists, about 97%, believe human-caused climate change is real
deforestation
the removal of trees
segmentation
the repetition of body parts along the length of the body
What is the visceral mass?
the soft-bodied portion that contains internal organs
What is the foot of a mollusk?
the strong, muscular portion used for locomotion
ovary
the swollen base of the carpel; contains from one to one hundred ovules
Give an example of a community.
the various species living in and on a fallen log, such as plants, fungi, worms, and insects
hyphae
thin filaments of cells which make up the composition of a typical fungus
What are the invertebrate chordates?
tunicates and lancelets, but not jawless fishes
vascular plants
usually have true roots, stems and leaves; contain vascular tissue (xylem and phloem); some are seedless; have internal "pipes" that facilitate the movement of water and nutrients throughout the body
fern
vascular plant that has feathery fronds and reproduces without seeds
Which feature possessed by most land plants is missing in mosses, which grow low to the ground in damp, shaded areas?
vascular tissue, so they must grow along the ground in damp areas to supply water to the cells
biomass
weight of one or more organisms
