General Biology I - 4.7: The Energy-Related Organelles

When a cell needs energy, ____ supplies it. The energy of ____ is used to drive *synthetic reactions,* *active transport,* and all *energy-requiring processes* in cells

ATP

_______ are generally *colorless* plastids that *synthesize* and *store* starches and oils

Leucoplasts

The inner membrane encloses a semifluid _____, which contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

Matrix

Mitochondria has two membranes. What are they?

Outer and inner

__________, __________, and _________ are capable of conducting photosynthesis.

Plants, algae, cyanobacteria

Plant organelles that are surrounded by a double membrane and have varied functions

Plastids

*The endosymbiotic theory* holds that chloroplasts are derived from a photosynthetic ________ that was engulfed by a _______ cell.

bacterium, eukaryotic

Mitochondria are packed between the ______ cells and wrapped around the interior of a sperm's ________

cardiac, flagellum

During *photosynthesis*, _____ use *solar energy* to synthesize carbohydrates, which serve as organic nutrient molecules for plants and all life on Earth.

chloroplasts

Some *algal* cell shave only *one* ________ while some *plant* cells have as many as *hundred*

chloroplasts

*The endosymbiotic theory* also supports the finding that *chloroplasts* have their own prokaryotic-type _______ and ______, and they produce some of their own _____

chromosomes, ribosomes, enzymes

The *number* of mitochondria can *vary* depending on the _____________ activities and _________ needed within a cell

metabolic activities, energy

In *cellular respiration*, ________ break down carbohydrate-derived products to *produce ATP*

mitochondria

Essentially, cellular respiration is when _____ is *used* and _____ is *given off*

oxygen, carbon dioxide

Only _____ and ____ have chloroplasts, because they are *eukaryotic*

plants, algae

A chloroplast is a type of _____

plastid

Mitochondria are often called the _____ of the cell because they produce most of the ______ utilized by the cell

powerhouses, ATP

Mitochondria can often change ________ to be longer and thinner or shorter and braoder

shape

Photosynthesis can be presented by what equation?

solar energy + carbon dioxide + water ------> carbohydrate + oxygen

The *enzymes* that *synthesize carbohydrates* are located *outside* the thylakoid in the fluid of ______

stroma

Chlorophyll and the other pigments that capture solar energy are located in the _________

thylakoid membrane

The *lumens of the thylakoids* are believed to form a large, internal compartment called the ________

thylakoid space

*The endosymbiotic theory* explains why chloroplasts have a double membrane--one membrane is derived from the ______ that brought the *prokaryote* into the cell, while the inner membrane is derived from the ______ itself

vesicle, prokaryote

The mitochondria's *inner membrane* is a highly convoluted into folds called _______ that project into the matrix. They also increase the surface area of the inner membrane.

Cristae

_____ cells contain *few* mitochondria because they function in ____ storage, which DOES NOT require energy

Fat

*Stack of thylakoids* in a chloroplast

Granum

Mitochondrial diseases are often caused when mitochondria are unable to completely metabolize *organic molecules* to produce ________. As a result, the toxins accumulate inside the ________ and the body. These toxins can be *free radicals* and damage mitochondria over time.

ATP, mitochondria

Cellular respiration can be represented by what equation?

Carbohydrate + oxygen -----> carbon dioxide + water + energy

Metabolic reactions that use the energy from carbohydrate, fatty acid, or amino acid breakdown to produce ATP molecules

Cellular Respiration

_______ and _______ are the two *eukaryotic* membranous organelle that specialize in *converting energy* to a form that can be used by the cell

Chloroplasts and mitochondria

Why do plant cells have mitochondria AND chloroplasts?

Chloroplasts use sunlight to produce carbohydrates, which in turn are used by the mitochondria. The mitochondria then produce carbon dioxide and water, which is in turn used by the chloroplasts.

______ contain pigments that result in a *yellow, orange, or red color*

Chromoplasts

Semifluid region within a chloroplast that surrounds the grana

Stroma

The presence of a *double membrane* and *mitochondrial genes* is consistent with ________

The Endosymbiotic Theory

Chloroplasts have a three-membrane system. What are the three membranes?

The outer, inner, and intermembrane (containing *enzymes* and *thylakoids* in *stroma*)

*Flattened sac* within a granum of a chloroplast; membrane contains chlorophyll; location where the *light reactions of photosynthesis occur*

Thylakoids

What is the process of cellular respiration?

Within the *matrix* of the *mitochondria* is a highly concentrated mixture of *enzymes* that break down *carbohydrates* and other nutrient molecules. These reactions supply the *chemical energy* needed for a *chain of proteins* on the *inner membrane* to create the conditions that allow *ATP synthesis* to take place.

Do nearly all eukaryotic cells, and *all* plant and algal cells *in addition* to animal cells contain mitochondria?

Yes

Although ______ cells contain *only* mitochondria, ______ cells contain *both* mitochondria and chloropasts

animal, plant