General Psychology

Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? social psychology cognitive psychology clinical psychology organizational psychology

clinical psychology

The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. fact illusory correlation opinion correlation

illusory correlation

A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. has at least 200 participants has at least 20 participants is large and randomly selected is small and specifically selected

is large and randomly selected

________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. synaptogenesis lateralization Wernicke's area brain organization

lateralization

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron. resting potential intracellular fluid membrane potential extracellular fluid

membrane potential

According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. the use of reinforcement and punishment examination of the first words that come to someone's mind seemingly innocent slips of the tongue dream analysis

- the use of reinforcement and punishment b. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind c. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue d. dream analysis

Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation? +0.9 -0.9 -0.2 +0.2

-0.9

The following does influence perception previous experiences cultural background where we focus our attention Gestalt

-where we focus our attention -cultural background -previous experiences

Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning? It is unable to pinpoint events in time. There is radiation exposure. There is a low level of detail. An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.

An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.

Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy.

Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.

Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? observation data collection experiment hypothesis

Hypothesis

Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis? It can be tested using empirical methods. It is an if-then statement. It is falsifiable. It is complex.

It is complex.

Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? Evolution only works theoretically. Contemporary scientists do not accept it as a viable way of looking at the world. It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world. After numerous hypotheses were developed by Charles Darwin, they were collected together into a theory.

It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world.

Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? Sigmund Freud John Watson Wilhelm Wundt William James

Sigmund Freud -John Watson Wilhelm Wundt William James

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? The process was highly subjective. Structuralism was parsimonious. Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.

The process was highly subjective.

What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common? Job growth is greatest in these fields. They all focus on groups instead of individuals. They are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century. They are all examples of applied psychology.

They are all examples of applied psychology.

Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. a person's unconscious a person's consciousness sexual identity fetal development

a person's unconscious

On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate ________. a weak correlation a strong correlation it is unclear from the information given no correlation

a strong correlation

Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________. are possible to test with participants from prison populations are not possible to test with empirical methods are possible to test with animal studies are possible to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive

are possible to test with animal studies

Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? touch audition pain vision

audition

The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. between -1 and 0 between -1 and +1 between 0 and +100 between 0 and +1

between -1 and +1

The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia. millions thousands tens of thousands billions

billions

membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential breathing memory reasoning emotion

breathing

The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. autonomic; somatic nervous systems autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems central; peripheral nervous systems

central; peripheral nervous systems

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? reuptake drifting away from the synapse break down into inactive fragments collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. dependent variable confounding variable control variable independent variable

confounding variable

Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research. reviewing and publishing conducting and reviewing designing, conducting, and reviewing designing and reviewing

designing, conducting, and reviewing

Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. developmental social cognitive personality

developmental

Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? sensation and perception biopsychology personality psychology developmental psychology

developmental psychology

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. behavioral genetics survivalism genetic mutation evolution by natural selection

evolution by natural selection

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. behavioral geneticists behavioral psychologists historical psychologists evolutionary psychologists

evolutionary psychologists

A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. evolution genetics behavior nurture

genetics

An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. low; low high; high low; high high; low

high; low

Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________. animal; a full debriefing human; obtaining informed consent animal; obtaining informed consent human; a full debriefing

human; obtaining informed consent

________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. behaviorism structuralism humanism gestalt

humanism

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? Broca's area substantia nigra hypothalamus thalamus

hypothalamus

In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell. stay the same decrease increase only if potassium levels remain the same increase

increase

Hyper-polarization means that the ________. potassium gates open sodium gates open membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential membrane potential becomes slightly more positive than the resting potential

membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential

For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. conscious and unconscious perceivable and measurable hypothesized and theoretical experimental and provable

perceivable and measurable

The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord. medulla pons corpus callosum You Answered cerebellum

pons

What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? small sample size operational definitions random assignment control groups

small sample size

Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. autonomic somatic parasympathetic sympathetic

somatic

The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________. peripheral nerves spinal cord brainstem internal organs

spinal cord

A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study. correlation coefficient scatterplot validity assessment statistical analysis

statistical analysis

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism

structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism

Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. a. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests b. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior c. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes d. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious

studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes

The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses

the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior

Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions sensation and the effect of culture on perception genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior

thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions

A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s). three one two four

two

Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. active play; passive play type of play; no play food choice; no play no play; type of play

type of play; no play

A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. be twice as strong travel twice as fast down the axon undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration last twice as long

undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration

________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. validity reliability generalizability operational definition

validity