General Psychology
Ashya wants to focus on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and other problematic patterns of behavior. What area of psychology should she work in? social psychology cognitive psychology clinical psychology organizational psychology
clinical psychology
The belief that strange behavior is linked to the occurrence of a full moon is an example of a(n) ________. fact illusory correlation opinion correlation
illusory correlation
A sample that ________ is most likely to yield generalizable results. has at least 200 participants has at least 20 participants is large and randomly selected is small and specifically selected
is large and randomly selected
________ is the differences between hemispheres in the areas underlying language function. synaptogenesis lateralization Wernicke's area brain organization
lateralization
The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron. resting potential intracellular fluid membrane potential extracellular fluid
membrane potential
According to Sigmund Freud, all of the following represent ways to access the unconscious mind except through ________. the use of reinforcement and punishment examination of the first words that come to someone's mind seemingly innocent slips of the tongue dream analysis
- the use of reinforcement and punishment b. examination of the first words that come to someone's mind c. seemingly innocent slips of the tongue d. dream analysis
Which of the following represents a strong negative correlation? +0.9 -0.9 -0.2 +0.2
-0.9
The following does influence perception previous experiences cultural background where we focus our attention Gestalt
-where we focus our attention -cultural background -previous experiences
Which of the following is not a disadvantage of PET scanning? It is unable to pinpoint events in time. There is radiation exposure. There is a low level of detail. An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.
An alternative diagnostic tool is fMRI.
Which of the following exemplifies the empirical method? Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates. Dr. Hysock-Witham decides to start her course later because so many students arrive late. A student in a psychology class writes his term paper on whether or not fish feel pain. A student writes a letter to his professor requesting a change in course policy.
Dr. Sarkeesian observes and records how watching cartoons influences heart rates.
Which aspect of the scientific method occurs first? observation data collection experiment hypothesis
Hypothesis
Which of the following is not a characteristic of a good hypothesis? It can be tested using empirical methods. It is an if-then statement. It is falsifiable. It is complex.
It is complex.
Why do scientists refer to Charles Darwin's ideas about evolution as the theory of evolution? Evolution only works theoretically. Contemporary scientists do not accept it as a viable way of looking at the world. It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world. After numerous hypotheses were developed by Charles Darwin, they were collected together into a theory.
It is the best understanding that we have of that part of the natural world.
Which of the following psychologists was a behaviorist? Sigmund Freud John Watson Wilhelm Wundt William James
Sigmund Freud -John Watson Wilhelm Wundt William James
Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism? The process was highly subjective. Structuralism was parsimonious. Scientific instruments were not sensitive enough to measure precise reaction times. Wilhelm Wundt falsified his results.
The process was highly subjective.
What do industrial and organizational psychology, health psychology, sport and exercise psychology, forensic psychology, and clinical psychology all have in common? Job growth is greatest in these fields. They all focus on groups instead of individuals. They are all areas of psychology that developed in the 19th century. They are all examples of applied psychology.
They are all examples of applied psychology.
Psychoanalytic theory focuses on ________ and early childhood experiences. a person's unconscious a person's consciousness sexual identity fetal development
a person's unconscious
On a graph of a correlation coefficient, points falling near to a straight sloped line indicate ________. a weak correlation a strong correlation it is unclear from the information given no correlation
a strong correlation
Many studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________. are possible to test with participants from prison populations are not possible to test with empirical methods are possible to test with animal studies are possible to form strong opinions that are logical and intuitive
are possible to test with animal studies
Which of the following senses is associated with the temporal lobe? touch audition pain vision
audition
The possible range for a correlation coefficient is ________. between -1 and 0 between -1 and +1 between 0 and +100 between 0 and +1
between -1 and +1
The brain contains ________ of interconnected neurons and glia. millions thousands tens of thousands billions
billions
membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential breathing memory reasoning emotion
breathing
The two major divisions of the nervous system are the ________ and ________. autonomic; somatic nervous systems autonomic; sympathetic nervous systems parasympathetic; sympathetic nervous systems central; peripheral nervous systems
central; peripheral nervous systems
Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse? reuptake drifting away from the synapse break down into inactive fragments collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release
collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release
A(n) ________ is a variable that affects both variables of interest and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship. dependent variable confounding variable control variable independent variable
confounding variable
Ethics need to be considered when ________ scientific research. reviewing and publishing conducting and reviewing designing, conducting, and reviewing designing and reviewing
designing, conducting, and reviewing
Lucy wants to study changes in cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in ________ psychology. developmental social cognitive personality
developmental
Which kind of psychological area does the work of Jean Piaget exemplify? sensation and perception biopsychology personality psychology developmental psychology
developmental psychology
The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off. behavioral genetics survivalism genetic mutation evolution by natural selection
evolution by natural selection
Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________. behavioral geneticists behavioral psychologists historical psychologists evolutionary psychologists
evolutionary psychologists
A difference in ________ can explain why one person dies from a disease and another person survives. evolution genetics behavior nurture
genetics
An intelligence test yields the same results when administered on three separate occasions. However, the test's results are more strongly correlated with hours spent doing homework than they are with other standardized intelligence tests. This test has________ reliability and ________ validity. low; low high; high low; high high; low
high; low
Research on ________ subjects must always involve ________. animal; a full debriefing human; obtaining informed consent animal; obtaining informed consent human; a full debriefing
human; obtaining informed consent
________ is a perspective within psychology that emphasizes the potential for good that is innate to all humans. behaviorism structuralism humanism gestalt
humanism
Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting? Broca's area substantia nigra hypothalamus thalamus
hypothalamus
In a resting state, sodium (Na+) is at a higher concentration outside the cell and potassium (K+) is more concentrated inside the cell. During an action potential, the sodium levels ________ inside the cell. stay the same decrease increase only if potassium levels remain the same increase
increase
Hyper-polarization means that the ________. potassium gates open sodium gates open membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential membrane potential becomes slightly more positive than the resting potential
membrane potential becomes slightly more negative than the resting potential
For a scientific explanation to be testable, it must also be ________. conscious and unconscious perceivable and measurable hypothesized and theoretical experimental and provable
perceivable and measurable
The ________ connects the brain and the spinal cord. medulla pons corpus callosum You Answered cerebellum
pons
What is a limitation that affects the generalizability of research results? small sample size operational definitions random assignment control groups
small sample size
Sensory and motor neurons of the ________ nervous system are associated with activities traditionally thought of as conscious or voluntary. autonomic somatic parasympathetic sympathetic
somatic
The central nervous system consists of the brain and the ________. peripheral nerves spinal cord brainstem internal organs
spinal cord
A(n) ________ is conducted in order to determine whether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study. correlation coefficient scatterplot validity assessment statistical analysis
statistical analysis
Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first. structuralism, functionalism, humanism, behaviorism structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism humanism, behaviorism, structuralism, functionalism humanism, structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism
structuralism, functionalism, behaviorism, humanism
Behaviorism focuses on making psychology an objective science by ________. a. studying implicit motivations for behavior through the use of implicit association tests b. studying the genetic basis for behavior and theorizing how instincts influence behavior c. studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes d. studying how emotional responses influence behavior while deemphasizing the importance of the subconscious
studying overt behavior and deemphasizing the importance of unobservable mental processes
The cognitive revolution created an impetus for psychologists to focus their attention on better understanding ________. genetics and the evolutionary adaptations that underlie behavior stimulus-response and the instincts that underlie human reaction to pain the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior emotions and cultural norms that underlie emotional responses
the mind and mental processes that underlie behavior
Cognitive psychology focuses on studying ________. thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions sensation and the effect of culture on perception genetics and the effect of genetics on behavior the effect of gender, race, and class on behavior
thoughts and their relationship to our experiences and our actions
A basic experiment involves a minimum of ________ participant group(s). three one two four
two
Devine et al. are interested in assessing whether active versus passive play causes a preference for sweet or salty foods in toddlers. They assign groups of children to either an active play, passive play, or no play group and record their food choices when presented with a variety of sweet and salty foods. In this study, ________ is the independent variable and ________ is the control group. active play; passive play type of play; no play food choice; no play no play; type of play
type of play; no play
A particular electrical signal being transmitted to a neuron is sufficient to generate an action potential. If the magnitude of the incoming electrical signal is doubled, the action potential will ________. be twice as strong travel twice as fast down the axon undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration last twice as long
undergo no changes in strength, speed, or duration
________ refers to the ability of an instrument or tool to accurately measure what it is supposed to measure. validity reliability generalizability operational definition
validity