Human Anatomy and physiology Final Exam

Photon

A ________ is a basic unit or packet of light energy.

hyperopia

A person suffering from ________ can see distant objects more clearly than those that are close.

myopia

A person suffering from ________ can see objects that are close, but distant objects appear blurred.

B. (cornea-aqueous humor-lens-vitreous body- retina- choroid)

A ray of light entering the eye will encounter these structures in which order? A. vitreous body - retina - choroids - aqueous humor - lens - cornea B. cornea - aqueous humor - lens - vitreous body - retina - choroid C. cornea - lens - aqueous humor - vitreous body - retina - choroid D. cornea - aqueous humor - vitreous body - lens - choroids - retina

C. contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles

A sudden rise of room brightness would cause A. an increase in the size of the pupil. B. contraction of the pupillary dilator muscles. C. contraction of the pupillary constrictor muscles. D.conversion of 11-trans to 11-cis retinal. E. All of the Above All of the answers are correct.

gene transcription is initiated

After a steroid hormone binds to its receptor to form an active complex,

E. are produced by the adrenal medulla

All of the following are true of steroid hormones except that they A. are lipids. B. bind to receptors within the cell. C.are produced by reproductive glands. D. are derived from cholesterol. E. are produced by the adrenal medulla

E. an increase in ATP production

An activated G protein can trigger all of the following except A.the opening of calcium ion channels in the membrane. B. a rise in cAMP levels. C. a fall in cAMP levels. D. the release of calcium ions from intracellular stores. E. an increase in ATP production.

Steroid hormones

binds to receptors in the nucleus of their target cells

E. Adjust the shape of the lens for close vision

The ciliary muscle contracts to A. control the production of aqueous humor. B. control the amount of light reaching the retina. C. adjust the shape of the cornea and vitreous. D. adjust the shape of the lens for distant vision. E. adjust the shape of the lens for close vision.

tympanic membrane

The external ear ends at the

Equilibrium

The formal term for the sense of gravity, rotation, and linear acceleration is the sense of

olfactory receptors

The function of gustatory receptors parallels that of_____

endocrine

The functional organization of the nervous system parallels that of the ________ system in many ways.

Organ of Corti

The hair cells of the cochlear duct are located in the

D. changing shape

The human lens focuses light on the photoreceptor cells by A. dilating and constricting. B. moving in and out. C. moving up and down. D. changing shape. E. opening and closing.

a G protein

The link between a first messenger and a second messenger in a cell that responds to peptide hormones is usually

internal ear

The senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors of the

chemicals

The sensory neurons within the olfactory organ are stimulated by______ in the air.

Umami

The taste sensation that triggered by the amino acids and small peptides is known as______.

photoreceptors

The visual receptors of the retina are called

conjunctiva

The____ covers most of the exposed surface of the eye

C. red, green, and blue

There are three different types of cones, each one sensitive to different light energies. These cones are designated A.red, yellow, and blue. B.red, green, and yellow. C.red, green, and blue. D.red, white, and blue.

rhodopsin

Visual pigments are derivatives of the compound

it is the term for normal vision

Define emmetropia. (Module 15.14A)

a. steroid hormones

Extracellular membrane receptors are used by all of the following types of hormones except A. steroid hormones. B. catecholamines. C. peptide hormones. D. leukotrienes. E. prostaglandins.

saccule and utricle

Gravity and linear acceleration are sensed in the

A. to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane

What is the function of the auditory tube? (Module 15.16B) A. to allow pressure equalization on both sides of the tympanic membrane B. to house the adenoids C. to drain excess perilymph if it builds up in the inner ear D. to amplify sounds before they enter the inner ear E. to resonate sounds

composed of amino acids

Peptide hormones are

B. The force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule

Perception of gravity and linear acceleration depends on A. the movement of endolymph within the semicircular canals. B. the force exerted by otoliths on hair cells of the maculae in the utricle or saccule. C. vibrations of the tectorial membrane striking hair cells. D. changes in the pressure exerted by the cupula on hair cells. E. All of the answers are correct.

constriction; dilation

Pupillary muscle groups are controlled by the ANS. Parasympathetic activation causes pupillary ________, and sympathetic activation causes ________.

ciliary body

What structure changes the shape of the lens for far and near vision?

Utricle and saccule

The ________ convey(s) information about head position with respect to gravity.

bony labyrinth

The ________ is a region of dense bone that surrounds and protects the membranous labyrinth.

tympanic membrane to the oval window

The auditory ossicles connect the

ATP is consumed and cAMP is formed

When a G protein becomes activated and causes an activation of enzymes,

white

When all three cone populations are stimulated equally, we perceive

At the sensory receptor

Where do the special senses originate? (Module 15.1A)

Peppery

Which of the following is NOT one of the six primary taste sensation? Sour Sweer Umami Peppery Salty

C. endocrine communication- target cells are directly adjacent to each other

Which of the following is mismatched? A. autocrine communication — limited to the cell that secretes the chemical signal B. synaptic communication — uses neurotransmitters that cross synapses C. endocrine communication — target cells are directly adjacent to each other D. direct communication — small solutes travel through gap junctions E. paracrine communication — molecules released in local area

Utricle

Which structure contain receptors sensitive to linear acceleration? A. cochlear duct B. utricle C. semicircular ducts D. tympanic membrane

Hormones

________ are chemical messengers that are released in one tissue and transported in the bloodstream to alter the activities of specific cells in other tissues

B. Rods

________ are photoreceptor cells that are most useful in dim light. A. Cones B. Rods

B. Cones

________ are photoreceptors that convey our ability to see color. A. Rods B. Cones

endolymph

________ fills the membranous labyrinth.

several

Cells can respond to ________ hormone(s) at a time

D. Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color

Compare rods with cones. (Module 15.10B) A. Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear in color. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in black and white. B. Rods require intense light, and objects appear black and white. Cones are active in dim light, and objects appear in color. C. Both rods and cones require intense light. Rods allow color vision and cones allow objects to appear black and white. D. Rods are active in dim light, and objects appear black and white. Cones require intense light, and objects appear in color. E. Rods require intense light, and objects appear in color. Cones are active in dim light, and objects appear in black and white.

A. the semicircular canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth

How do the semicircular canals and the semicircular ducts differ? (Module 15.17B) A. The semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth, and the canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth. B. The semicircular canals are part of the membranous labyrinth, and they are surrounded by the semicircular ducts, which are part of the bony labyrinth. C. The semicircular canals are part of the membranous labyrinth, and the canals surround the semicircular ducts, which are part of the bony labyrinth. D. The semicircular canals are part of the bony labyrinth, and they are surrounded by the semicircular ducts, which are part of the membranous labyrinth.

B. an object 10 inches away from your nose

In which of the following cases would the focal distance be greater? A. an object 20 feet away B. an object 10 inches away from your nose C. It doesn't matter, focal distance doesn't change with how far away an object is.

conductive

Interference with the transfer of vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the oval window is ________ deafness.