General Psychology
instinctive drift
(goes against instinct) the tendency of animals to revert to instinctive behavior that interferes with learning
Ablert Bandura
-indicating children/individuals learn through imitating others who receive rewards/punishment Bobo Doll
4 main processes of observational learning
1. Attention 2. Retention 3. Motor Reproduction 4. Reinforcement
Applied Behavior Analysis
Biofeedback, operant conditioning principles to change human behavior
Preparedness
The species-specific biological predisposition to learn in certain ways but not others. (biologically perpared)
acquisition
US and CS when these two stimuli are paired (bell and food)
aversive conditioning
a form of treatment that consists of repeated pairings of a stimulus with a very unpleasant stimulus
partial reinforcement
a reinforcer follows a behavior only a portion of the time
Expectancies
acquired from people's experiences with their environment (play a role in the placebo effect)
Advertising
association between a product and pleasant feeling
operant
behavior and consequences
Reinforcement
behavior increases, behavior will happen again
E.C. Tolman
behavior is goal-directed
Extinction (operant conditioning)
behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency
continuous reinforcement
behavior is reinforced every time it occurs
Wolfgang Kohler
believed that cognitive factors play a significate role in learning
growth mindset
can change and improve
fixed mindset
carved in stone and cannot change
counterconditioning
changing the relationship between a conditioned stimulus and its conditioned response
John B. Watson and Rosalie Rayner
classical conditioning, he coined the term behaviorism, development of fears with an infant named Albert
Immediate versus delayed reinforcement
classical conditioning, in operant conditioning learning is more efficient when the interval between a behavior and its reinforcer is a few seconds rather than minutes or hours, especially in nonhuman animals
3 kinds of learning
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
contiguity
close together in time
associative learning
connection or association between two events
schedules of reinforcement
continuous; partial
drug habituation
decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations (need to increase amounts over time)
Purnishment
decreases behavior
positve reinforcement
desirable stimulus
2. Variable interval
don't know when
placebo effect
effects of a substance or procedure, a control to identify the actual effects of a treatment
generalization (classical conditioning)
elicit a response
Conditional Stimulus (CS)
eventually elicits a conditioned response (bell)
Stress and Control
feeling in control may be a key to avoiding feelings of stress over difficulties
1. Fixed interval
fixed amount of time
latent learning
hidden learning that exists without behavioral signs
Principles of Reinforcement
increases behavior
primary reinforcer
innately satisfying
classical
learn the association between two stimuli (natural response to things)
secondary reinforcer
learned or conditioned
conditioned response (CR)
learned response (salivation)
classical conditioning
learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response
endocrine system
loosely organized set of glands that produce and circulate hormones
generalization (operant conditioning)
means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation
B.F. Skinner
mechanisms of learning are the same for all species, conditioning chamber called "skinner box"
Ivan Pavlov
neutral aspects of the environment can attain the capacity to evoke responses through pairing with other stimuli, bodily processes can be influenced by the environment
taste aversion
one pairing, a learned avoidance of a particular food (taste and nausea)
stress and predictability
one very powerful aspect of potentially stressful experiences is their predictability
Insight Learning (Kohler)
organism develops a sudden insight into or understanding of a problem's solution
stress and improvement
perception of improvement, even in a situation that is objectively worse than another, is related to lower stress
E.L. Thorndike's Law of Effect
positive outcomes are strengthened and negative outcomes are weakened
spontaneous recovery (classical conditioning)
recur after a time delay (remembering)
contingency
reliable indicator (food put down bell needs to ring)
negative reinforcement
removal of something undesirable
discrimination (operant conditioning)
responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced
discrimination (classical conditioning)
response to certain stimuli and not others (blow whistle no food)
Unconditional Stimulus (US)
response without prior learning (born with it)
ratio
responses
3. Fixed ratio
set number
shaping
successive approximations
immune system
the body's system of defense against disease
positive punishment
the presentation of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
Conditioning
the process of learning associations, two types: classical and operant
negative punishment
the removal of a stimulus following a given behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior
learned helplessness
the tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures in the past
Interval
time
operant conditioning
two events are connected
Unconditional Response (UR)
unlearned reaction (salivation)
4. Variable Ratio
unpredictable (gambling disorder)
Extinction (classical conditioning)
weakening of the conditional response (dog will not salivate with bell)
observational
when a person observes and imitates another's behavior
outlets of frustration
when things are not going well for us, it often feels good to find an outlet, such as going for a run or taking a kickboxing class
