General Psychology Ch. 6

Encoding failure occurs when the information was _____.

never entered into long-term memory

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____ .

there is no one memory center in the brain

Neuroscientists studying memory have benefited greatly from the use of MRI scans. They are able to see brain activation while a person is remembering. This has led them to conclude that _____.

there is no one memory center in the brain

The Atkinson-Shiffrin theory of memory proposed that there are _____ systems in memory.

three

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s _____ memory was impaired, but his_____ memory was less affected.

explicit; implicit

Dr. Quincy loves to have students in her Abnormal Psychology class work with case studies and reflect upon diagnostic questions, instead of reading and studying material. This is because Dr. Quincy is familiar with the research on memory and understands that _____.

memory of material is better when we think deeply and connect new information with information we already have

Dr. Wiley asks students to look at real-world problems related to political science, instead of reading and studying textbooks and note cards with definitions. This is because Dr. Wiley is familiar with the research on memory and understands that

memory we can connect to knowledge we already have is recalled better.

Allison lived in a foreign country for a year, and she didn't drive a car during that time. When she came back to the United States, she found it effortless to drive her car. Her ability to remember how to drive is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

Jon hasn't ridden a bicycle for five years; yet, when he hops on, he finds he can still ride. This is an example of _____ memory.

procedural

The frontal lobes of the brain play an important role in _____ memory.

prospective retrospective explicit memory

_________ attention involves focusing on a specific aspect of experience while ignoring other stimuli.

selective

The three stages of memory in the Atkinson-Shiffrin theory are _________ memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory.

sensory

_________ memory holds information from the world in its original form for only an instant, not much longer than the brief time it is exposed to the visual, auditory, and other senses.

sensory

__________ memory is when behavior is affected by prior experiences without conscious recollection of the experience.

Implicit

Select all of the following that are considered tips for organizing for memory processes.

Organize the material in a way that will allow you to memorize. Experiment with different organizational techniques. Review notes that you are preparing to memorize.

Which of the following is the memory process by which information held in memory is brought out of storage?

Retrieval

________is the memory process by which information retained in memory is brought out of storage, that is, when we recall or remember something.

Retrieval

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory?

Sharing personal experience creates social bonds. It allows us to learn from our experiences. It provides us with identity.

Which of the following are functions of autobiographical memory?

Sharing personal experience creates social bonds. It provides us with identity. It allows us to learn from our experiences.

You are driving down the highway and see a billboard with a phone number on it. You tell yourself to remember it, but after you drive a little farther, you find you've forgotten it. This describes the limitations of __________ -__________ memory.

Short-Term

__________failure occurs when the information has never entered into long-term memory.

Encoding

Which of the following are levels of autobiographical memory?

Event-specific knowledge General events Life time periods

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

False

True or false: Memories in the brain are stored in a specific location.

False

True or false: There are five levels of processing in the encoding process.

False

Explicit memory information, such as prospective and retrospective memories, is transmitted from the hippocampus to which lobes?

Frontal

Which of the following options are true of explicit memory?

It has two subtypes of memory: episodic and semantic It is sometimes referred to as declarative memory.

Alzheimer's disease involves deterioration of which of the following?

Language Reasoning Physical functioning Memory

A relatively permanent type of memory that stores huge amounts of information is _____ memory.

Long-Term

______ is a memory task in which the person has to retrieve previously learned information; ______ is a memory task in which the person has to identify learned items.

Recall; recognition

Which of the following holds information from the world in its original form for only a brief moment in time?

Sensory memory

_____ memory is a limited-capacity memory system in which information is usually retained for less than a minute unless strategies are used to retain it longer.

Short-Term

Which of the following concepts suggests that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them (and thus the memory) may be strengthened?

The concept of long-term potentiation

Which of the following best explains the concept of long-term potentiation?

This concept states that if two neurons are activated at the same time, the connection between them and thus the memory may be strengthened.

A special form of episodic memory is _________memory, which includes individuals' recollections of their life experiences, which generally include some memory and some myth.

autobiographical

Uncle Charlie loves to tell family stories. His nephews observe that these stories evolve over time, but they enjoy hearing them because Charlie is a great storyteller. This is an example of how _____ memory fosters intimacy and creates social bonds.

autobiographical

Explicit memory is the _____ recollection of information such as facts and events.

conscious

Alzheimer's

disease is a progressive, irreversible brain disorder that is characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning, language, and eventually physical functioning.

Dr. Marsh has her General Psychology class go through an exercise in which they look at a group of objects and attempt to remember them. Then she has the class look at another group of objects and create a story involving them. The class finds the second group easier to remember because of _____.

elaboration

When __________ is extensive, the person has attempted to make the to-be-remembered information meaningful and has engaged in detailed processing.

elaboration

According to levels of processing, the process of _____ involves three levels.

encoding

The initial recording of information into memory is called

encoding

Due to the neurosurgery that treated his severe form of epilepsy, H. M.'s _____ memory was impaired, but his _____ memory was less affected.

explicit; implicit

The two main components of long-term memory are _____ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and _____ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit; implicit

The two main components of long-term memory are ______ memory, which consists of our semantic and episodic memories, and ______ memory, which consists of our procedural memories, classical conditioning, and priming.

explicit; implicit

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on

forgetting

Hermann Ebbinghaus was the first person to conduct scientific research on _____.

forgetting

In order to remember the way to the library, Kareem created a mental picture of all of the things he sees on his usual route. Kareem used mental _________ , Correct Unavailable to remember the necessary route.

imagery

When Don was an undergraduate many years ago, his physics professor shot a flaming arrow across the lecture hall to illustrate a physics theory. Because Don vividly remembers the theory today, this is an example of _____.

imagery

You know how to tie your shoes, and when you do, the procedure can be carried out non-consciously. This is an example of _____ memory.

implicit

Memory

is defined as the retention of information or experience over time.

Before using memory processes, you must first________ the information you are about to study.

organize

Long-term memory is a _____ type of memory that stores huge amounts of information.

permanent

Alan had a list of items to buy at the hardware store, but when he arrived at the store, he found he had forgotten to bring his list. "Oh, well," he said, "I remember the first three, so I may as well get those." This illustrates the _____ effect.

primacy

In terms of the effects of serial position, the _________effect refers to better recall for items at the beginning.

primacy

Aaron has elaborate systems set up on his computer to remind him of all the things he has to do and when he has to do them. The computer is helping Aaron with _____ memory.

prospective

The type of memory that involves remembering information about doing something in the future is _____ memory.

prospective

Memory is defined as the _____.

retention of information or experience over time

Jason is actively trying to remember his teammates' names, so he writes down the numbers from their jerseys and the position they play on the team, along with the first letter of their names. He is using the numbers as __________ cues to help his memory for the names of his teammates.

retrieval

A _____is a general mental framework that helps people to organize and understand information.

schema

A(n) _____ is a general mental framework that helps us to understand and organize information.

schema

Marisol is reading her textbook while ignoring the argument her younger siblings are having in the same room. Marisol's situation is a good example of _____.

selective attention