General Psychology: Chapter 7

when a US no longer follows the CS and the CR becomes weakened this is called

Exstinction

cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's enviorment for example after exploring a maze rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it

conditioned reinforcer

a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer

The first step of classical conditioning is called

acquisition

punishment

an event that tends to decrease the behavior that it follows

principle 2

behavior is usually controlled by events in the here and now and within about 10 yards of us

Respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as an automatic response to some stimulus

evidence that cognitive processes play an important role in learning comes in part from studies in which rats running a maze develop

cognitive maps

principle 4

continuous schedules are best when establishing new behavior or eliminating unwanted behavior

biological constraints

evolved biological tendencies that predispose animals behavior and learning thus certain behaviors are more easily learned than others

a restaurant is running a special deal after you buy four meals at full price your fifth meal will be free this is an example of

fixed-ratio

false

negative reinforcement is another term for punishment

false

psychologists agree that punishment regardless of its form has little effect on behavior

resinforcement schedule

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

salivating in response to a tone paired with food is an

respondent behavior

one way to reward behavior is to reward neutral behaviors in small steps as the organism gets closer and closer to a desired behavior this behavior is called

shaping behavior

Exstinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response occurs in classical conditioning when an US does not follow a CS occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

I'm operant conditioning the organism associates

a response and a consequence

primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stumulus such as one that satisfies a biological need

in pavlos experiments the tone started as a neutral stimulus and then became a

conditioned stimulus

dogs have been taught to salivate at a circle but not an square this is an example of

discrimination

negative reinforcement

increasing behavior by stopping or reducing negative stimuli a negative reinforcement is any stimulus that when removed after a response strengthens the respnse

observational learning

learning by observing others

a medival proverb notes that a burnt child dreads the fire in operant conditioning the burning would be an example of

punisher

Acquisition

the initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus begins triggering the CR in operant conditioning the strengthening of a reinforced response

fixed-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses

Classical conditioning

a type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events

How does operant conditioning differ from classical conditioning?

In operant conditioning and organism learns associations between its own behaviors and resulting events; this form of conditioning involves operant behavior. In classical conditioning the organism forms associations between stimuli; events it does it control; this from of conditioning involves respondent behavior.

what is operant conditioning?

In operant conditioning behaviors followed by reinforces increase; those followed by punishments often decrease

intrinsic motivation

a desire to peform a behavior effectively for its own sake

extrinsic motivation

a desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment

Conditioned response (CR)

a learned response to a previously neutral stimulus

Operant conditioning

a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforce or diminished if followed by a punisher

Associative learning

learning that certain events occur together the events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence

prosocial behavior

positive constructive helpful behavior the opposite of antisocial behavior

Unconditioned response (UR)

in classical conditioning an unlearned naturally occurring response to an unconditioned stimulus

positive reinforcement

increasing behavior by presenting positive reinforces a positive reinforce is any stimulus that when presented after a response strengthens the response

learning is defined as the process of acquiring though experience new and relatively enduring

information or experience

principle 6

intermittent consequences especially variable ratio schedules create persistence

mirror neurons

frontal lobes neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so the brains mirroring of another's actions may enable imitation and empathy

after Watson and Rayner classically conditioned little albert to fear a white rat the child later showed fear in response to a rabbit, dog, coat this is an example of

generalization

How do positive and negative reinforcement differ, and what are the basic type of reinforces?

Reinforcement is any consequence that strengthens behavior. Positive reinforcement adds a desirable stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior. Negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to increase the frequency of a behavior. Primary reinforces are innately satisfying no learning is required. Conditioned reinforces are satisfying because we have learned to associate them with more basic rewards. Immediate reinforces offer immediate payback; delayed reinforces require the ability to delay gratification.

Operant Chamber

a box containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain food or water reinforce attached devices recording the animals rate of bar pressing

false

animals can learn to make virtually any response if consistently rewarded for it

rats that explored a maze without any reward were later able to run the maze as well as other rats that had received food rewards for running the maze the rats that had learned without reinforcement demonstrated

latent learning

Discrimination

learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and stimuli that do not signal unconditioned stimulus

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

false

lowly animals like sea slugs behave by instinct and are incapable of learning

principle 7

manage your environment or it will manage you

some scientist believe that the brain has

mirror neurons that enable empathy and imitation

How do we learn

observing or modeling

How does punishment differ from negative reinforcement and how does punishment affect behavior?

punishment administers an underirable consequence or withdraws something desirable in an attempt to decrease frequency of a behavior. Negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus. This desired consequence increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated. Punishment can have undesirable side effects such as suppressing rather than changing unwanted behaviors; teaching aggression; creating fear; encouraging discrimination and fostering depression and feelings of helplessness.

variable-ratio schedule

reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses

true

research indicates that televised violence leads to aggressive behavior by children and teenagers who watch the programs

Cognitive learning

the acquisition of mental information whether by observing events by watching others or through language

Learning

the process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

modeling

the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior

Spontaneous recovery

the reappearance after a pause of an extinguished CR

false

the study of inner thoughts feelings and motives has always occupied a central place in psychology

Generalization

the tendency once a response has been conditioned for stimuli similar to the CS to elicit similar responses

behaviorism

the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes most research

parents are most effective in getting their children to imitate them if

their words and actions are consistent

the partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after unpredicatable time periods is a

variable-interval

in classical conditioning

we learn associations between events we don't know

thorndikes law of effect was the basis for

skinners work on operant conditioning and behavior control

How do different reinforcement schedules affect behavior?

A reinforcement schedule defines how often a response will be reinforced. IN continuous reinforcement learning is rapid, but so is extinction if rewards cease. In partial reinforcement initial learning is slower but the behavior is much more resistant to extinction. Variable-ratio schedules after an unpredictable number. Fixed-interval schedules reinforce behaviors after set time periods. Variable-interval schedules after unpredictable time periods.

Who was Skinner and how is operant behavior reinforced and shaped

B.F. Skinner was a college English major and aspiring writer who later entered psychology graduate school. He became modern behaviorism's most influential and controversial figure. Expanding on Edward Thorndike's law of effect, Skinner and others found than that the behavior of rats or pigeons placed in operant champers can be shaped by using reinforces to guide closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Why did skinners ideas provoke controversy and how might his operant conditioning principles be applied at school, in sports, at work, and at home?

Critics of skinners principles believed the approach dehumanized people by neglecting their personal freedom and seeking to control their actions. Skinner replied that peoples actions are already controlled by external consequences and that reinforcement is more humane than punishment as a means for controlling behavior. At school teachers can use shaping techniques to guide student's behaviors and they can use interactive software and websites to provide immediate feedback. in sports coaches can build players skills and self confidence by rewarding small improvements. At work managers can boost productivity and morale by rewarding well-defined and achievable behaviors. At home parents can reward desired behaviors but not undesirable ones. We can shape our own behavior by stating a realistic goal, and planning how we will achieve it, monitoring the frequency of the desired behavior reinforcing the desired behavior, and gradually reducing rewards as the behavior becomes habitual.

true

a person can be more readily conditioned to dislike a particular food than to dislike the place where the food was eaten

Why are habits so hard to break?

after repeating behavior we learn associations often without our awareness

Conditioned stimuli (CS)

an originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a CS

false

animals learn only when rewards are given

Stimulus

any event or situation that evokes a response

Garcia and koellings taste aversion show what

conditioning can occur even when the unconditioned stimulus does not immediately follow the neutral stimulus

most experts agree that repeated viewing of media violence

dulls viewers sensitivity to violence

punishment created

emotional by products, aggression toward punisher or others, tell a person what not to do but no what to do, teach person to be sneaky, may replace undesirable behavior with another undesirable behavior, reinforces punishers tendency to use punishment again, justifies inflicting pain, lead to learned helplessness

false

humans are the only animals that can learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them

principle 3

immediate consequences are more powerful than giant but distant consequences

neutral stimulus (NS)

in classical conditioning a stimulus that elects no response before conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus (CS)

in classical conditioning a stimulus that unconditionally naturally and automatically triggers an unconditioned response

your dog barks loudly and you clap to make it stop and it does you think you'll have to do that again the dog stop barking is what kind of reinforcement for you

negative reinforcement

children learn many social behaviors by imitating parents and other models this type of learning is called

observational learning

pressing a bar to receive food is an

operant behavior

Shaping

operant conditioning procedure in which reinforces guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

reinforcing a desired response only some of the times it occurs is called

partial reinforcement

variable-interval schedule

reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals

fixed-interval schedule

reinforces a response only after a specified time bas elapsed

partial reinforcement schedule

reinforcing a response only part of the time results in a slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to exstinction

Law of effect

thorndike's principle that behvaiors followed by a favorable consequence become more likely and that behaviors followed by a unfavorable consequences become less likely

principle 1

to understand behavior see how it funtions

two forms of associative learning are classical conditioning in which the organism associates

two or more stimuli

according to bandura we learn by watching models because we experience

vicarious reinforcement or vicarious punishment

in operant conditioning

we learn associations between events we do know

true

with training pigeons can be taught to discriminate between bach's music and Stravinsky's