General Psychology: Final Exam
Cattell's personality test identified ____ personality traits that were scored on a continuum from high to low.
16
Which of the following best fits the acceptance stage of Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stages of grief model?
After battling cancer for 4 years, Steve has come to the realization that he will most likely not survive the illness. He spends time organizing his financial papers, & he meets w/ friends for the last time/
Which study supports Schacter & Singer's idea that emotion is the interpretation of the interaction of physiological arousal & the cognitive label we apply to explain the arousal.
Participants were injected w/ epinephrine. Some were told about its arousal effects & some were not, then they observed other angry or euphoric behavior. While everyone that received an injection of epinephrine experienced the same psychological arousal, only those who were not expecting the arousal used context to interpret the arousal as a change in emotional state.
____ is the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication.
Persuasion
In order for ____ to occur, it is best if the interval between the conditioned stimulus & the unconditioned stimulus is small, sometimes just a matter of seconds.
acquisition
Kieran is attempting to condition a parrot to greet him when he enters the room. He repeatedly pairs his entry to the room w/ a treat for the parrot. Kieran can say that ___ has occurred as soon as the parrot greets him in response to his entry.
acquisition
Physical changes that occur during puberty include the maturing of the ____ & the ___ glands
adrenal sex
How we feel about various topics (EX: Jarious gets mad at people who use profanity) reflects the ____ component of an attitude.
affective
If someone cuts Stevie off on her drive to work, she gets angry & has a hard time getting over it. This is an EX of the ___ component of an attitude.
affective
Intense fear, anxiety, & avoidance of public places & spaces is known as
agoraphobia
Changes in ____ structure & function have been demonstrated in adolescents who are either at-risk or have been diagnosed w/ various mood &/or anxiety disorders.
amygdala
In a study by Raineki, Cortés, Belnoue, & Sullivan (2012), rat pups who experienced abuse early in their lives showed structural changes in the ______, which were linked w/ depressive behaviors.
amygdala
There is a connection between changes in _____ w/ carious mood & anxiety disorders.
amygdala
Alysha believes that she is good at basketball b/c she has put forth countless hours of practice & effort. Julian Rotter would say that Alysha has _____.
an internal locus of control
According to Jung, the "memories" & stories that are shared in the collective unconscious of all people are known as
archetypes
If Jeremy has social anxiety disorder, which is a safety behavior he might adopt in order to reduce anxiety in social situations?
ask other people lots of questions
In classical conditioning, organisms learn to
associate events that repeatedly happen together
When a person or animal makes connections between stimuli or events that occur together, they are exemplifying ____ learning.
associational
If Samaria demonstrates behavioral inhabitation early on in life by crying or not speaking when in new situations or around unfamiliar people, she will be ___
at a greater risk for developing social anxiety disorder
Dominic doesn't want to contribute to polluting his city, so he rides his bike to school each day instead of taking his car. This is an EX. of the ____ component of an attitude.
behavioral
The ____ component of an attitude compels us to act a certain way to align our behavior with our belief.
behavioral
Which is an EX of classical conditioning?
being afraid of thunder & lightening b/c the last 2 times you were in a thunderstorm, there were also tornadoes
As Gary gets older, his ____ intelligence increases, while his ___ intelligence decreases.
Crystallized fluid
_____ intelligence tends to increase w/ age, whereas _____ intelligence decreases w/ age.
Crystallized fluid
According to ____, personality traits can be categorized into 3 categories: cardinal traits, central traits, & secondary traits.
Gordon Allport
Darkness will naturally cause your pupils to dilate, since they are opening up to let in more light of the surroundings. Light causes the pupil to contract. Knowing this, how could you design a classical conditioning experiment forcing the pupils to dilate?
Ring a bell directly before turning the lights off, 20 times in a row. Then ring the bell.
Who would be statistically more likely to develop PTSD: Tanya, who experience sexual assault, or Miguel, who lost his house during a devastating tornado.
Tanya
According to the ____, the source, content, & audience will all influence the persuasiveness of a message.
Yale attitude change
_____ believed that physiological arousal is very similar across the diff. types of emotions that we experience. For EX, our body might respond similarly to getting a new job or getting fired from a job. Theses researchers claim that the cognitive appraisal of the situation is critical to the actual emotion experienced.
a Schachter-Singer
Which of the following is an Ex of a reflex?
a newborn baby knowing how to nurse
Martin, age 66, is an avid reader & can easily quote some of his favorite books & describe impressive details from his life. He might, however, not preform as well as his younger self on
a test of information-processing speed
Sharonda realized that her health was declining rapidly, so she decided to spend a few weeks w/ each of her children & spend quality time w/ those she loves. Her behavior best fits which stage of Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stages of grief model?
acceptance
Levi is worried that everyone who looks at him notices his chin dimple. In fact, he's so concerned about it, that he doesn't leave the house for days at a time, tries to wear heavy scares to hide it, & can think of little else. Levi likely has
body dysmorphic disorder
According to the reading, we use facial expressions, tone, & _____, including motions & movements, to express emotion.
body language
Using cold, hard facts to sell a computer is an Ex of the ___ to persuasion.
central route
If Emily is terrified of elevators b/c she was once stuck inside of one at the age of 5, then ___ might explain how she developed her phobia.
classical conditioning
Modeling, verbal transmission of info., & ____ are all ways that someone might come to develop a specific phobia.
classical conditioning
When Justin's dog hears the sound of a car door slam outside, she excitedly runs to the door & barks. This is an Ex of
classical conditioning
Beliefs & knowledge about certain things (Dustin believes baseball is better than football, for ex.) represents the _____ component of an attitude.
cognitive
JoJo believes firmly that abortion is wrong & that life begins at conception. This is an EX of the ____ component of an attitude.
cognitive
The Schachter-Singer theory of emotion consists of a _____ along w/ the physiological component of an experience.
cognitive appraisal
Giselle understands the harmful effects of smoking, & yells at her parents for smoking, but smokes anyway. she feels some psychological discomfort from her hypocritical behavior. this discomfort is called ___
cognitive dissonance
Mandy grew up believing that everyone from California was "weird." but at school, Mandy's new roommate & best friend is from Cali, so she reasons that maybe Californians aren't all that bad. What best accounts for her attitude shift?
cognitive dissonance theory
According to Carl Rogers, we find ____ when our thoughts about our real self & ideal self are very similar.
congruence
____ are culturally specific standards that govern the types & frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable.
cultural display rules
What are cultural display rules?
culturally specific standards that govern the types & frequencies of displays of emotions that are acceptable
When Jack heard others talking about terrorists attacking NYC, his first reaction was, "No way, that can't be happening." Where does Jack's response fit in Elizabeth Kübler-Ross's stages of grief model?
denial
Ivan Pavlov
established the principles of classical conditioning through his experiments with dogs
When a previously learned behavior disappears b/c the conditioned stimulus is no longer paired w/ the unconditioned stimulus, we call it___.
extinction
Which type of persuasion may account for the fact the Jane is willing to drive her friend an hour to the airport after her friend first agreed to only drive her to the store?
foot-in-the-door
Constant worry is a key feature of
generalized anxiety disorder
Leini is constantly worried about nearly everything in her life. She worries she will perform poorly in school, she worries about her health, & she worries about her family & friends. All of the worry makes it hard for her to focus & concentrate. She could possibly be diagnosed with ___
generalized anxiety disorder
Pharrell feels like he is continuously worried about trivial things, so much so, that he feels restless, tense, & irritable. he could possibly be diagnosed with __
generalized anxiety disorder
____ is characterized by a continuous state of excessive, uncontrollable, & pointless worry & apprehension.
generalized anxiety disorder
What is Erikson's primary developmental conflict of middle adulthood?
generatively vs. stagnation
Traumatic events that involve harm by others (combat, rape, & sexual molestation) carry ___ than do other traumas for developing post traumatic stress disorder.
greater risk
The 7 universal emotions are
happiness, surprise, sadness, fright, disgust, contempt, & anger
Individuals suffering from post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) show marked reductions in volume of several parts of the ___.
hippocampus
Smaller structures & reduced volume in the ____ is linked w/ PTSD.
hippocampus
According to the Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart, ____ twins have very similar personalities when ___.
identical together or apart
According to Erik Erikson, the primary developmental dilemma of adolescence is
identity vs. confusion
LaToya's friends drop by her house & insist she join them while they go prank some of the kids at their rival school. She knows she shouldn't go, but hops in the car anyway. Her ____ behavior is better understood if you know about the developing adolescent brain.
impulsive
According to a study by Raineki, Cortés, Belnoue, & Sullivan (2012), rat pups who experience abuse early in their lives were likely to show depressive behaviors &
increased activation in the amygdala
Aarush is a psychologists from Sri Lanka who developed a personality test that he believes fairly represents & measures the types of traits important to the pole in his country. This follows the ___ approach to the study of personality.
indigenous
Based on changes in the weather, bears hibernate. This is an EX of an innate behavior, known as a ___.
instinct
Sea turtles moving toward the ocean immediately after birth, & joeys moving to the mother's pouch immediately after birth are EX's of ___.
instincts
People in early adulthood (20s through early 40s) are ready to est. emotional closeness & maintain relationships w/ others. What is the primary developmental task of this stage?
intimacy vs. isolation
What is Erikson's primary developmental conflict of early adulthood?
intimacy vs. isolation
Acquiring knowledge & skills through experience is called _____.
learning
Mary Claire watches her father bake bread every Sunday afternoon. Eventually, she starts to join him in the kitchen & he shows her the ropes of how it's done. After years of doing this together, Mary Claire decides she wants to open a bakery. This exemplifies
learning
What was the most important takeaway from Ivan Pavlov's experiment w/ dogs?
learning can occur when a conditioned stimulus is paired w/ an unconditioned stimulus
A person w/ low self-efficacy would likely
less confidence in the face of opposition
Monkeys were _____ to develop a fear of fear-relevant stimuli, like toy snakes or a toy crocodile, as they were to fear-irrelevant stimuli, like flowers or a toy rabbit.
more likely
Susan is undergoing chemotherapy, which makers her feel nauseous. Now she feels nauseous the moment she walks into the doctor's office. What is the unconditioned response in this situation?
nausea
When Rosalie falls asleep at a park next to an elementary school, the ringing bell wakes her up. She immediately jumps to her feet & starts to pack up her bag b/c she has been conditioned to think the ringing bell signifies the end of class & the need to go somewhere else. When Rosalie was little, before ever attending school, the sound of a bell was a
neutral stimulus
Mahdi locks the door before she goes to bed at night, then checks it exactly 10 more times before she can actually fall asleep. This may be a sign that Mahdi suffers from
obsessive-compulsive disorder
The ____ is an area of the frontal lobe involved in learning & decision-making & the perceived emotional value of things. it plays a critical role in OCD.
orbitofrontal cortex
A ____ is a short period of extreme worry sometimes manifested by an accelerated heart rate, sweating, trembling, choking sensations, hot flashes or chills, dizziness or lightheadedness, fears of losing control or going crazy, & fears of dying.
panic attack
While nearly 1/4 of Americans may experience a panic attack at some point during their lives, in order to be diagnosed w/ a ____ , a person should have attacks along w/ at least 1 month of anxiety & worry about the attacks.
panic disorder
Celebrity endorsements of produces utilize the ____ to persuasion.
peripheral route
The process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication is called
persuasion
The James-LAnge theory holds that we experience an emotion first after.
physiological arousal
Brian, an officer in the Air Force, was injured while serving in Iraq. He was involved in a roadside ambush & although he sustained only minor injuries to his arm, one of his soldiers was killed during the gunfire. He has had a hard time sleeping ever since & often has nightmares of the event. He often blames himself for what happened & feels terribly guilty about it all. Brian has symptoms of
post traumatic stress disorder
If cognitive theories of panic disorder are correct, how can you treat panic disorder?
reducing thoughts about catastrophes caused by sensations
If conditioning theories about panic disorder are correct, how might it be treated?
reducing thoughts about catastrophes caused by sensations
OCD (Obsessive Compulsive Disorder) is characterized by obsessions, which are ____ &/or compulsions, which are ___.
repetitive, distressing thoughts repetitive behaviors
In Pavlov's classical experiment with dogs, the unconditioned response is ____ & the conditioned response is ___.
salivation; salivation
Confidence in our own abilities is something Albert Bandura called ____
self-efficacy
A person w/ high self-efficacy would likely
set attainable goals
Jonte has such an extreme fear of flying that she almost never gets home to see family in Georgia, ever sine she took a job in New Jersey. Her excessive, distressing, & persistent fear is considered a/an
specific phobia
Darnell was the subject for his in-class demonstrations on classical conditioning. His teacher read through a list of random words, but each time she said the word, "pizza," she squirted him in the face with a water bottle, which caused him to flinch. When talking about pizza later outside of class, he didn't flinch, but then 2 days later, his friend from class said, "Hey Darnell, pizza!" & he flinched with fear. This is an EX of ___.
spontaneous recovery
Sierra & her family are on vacation at the beach. They eat lasagna for dinner & then head out to the waves. Sierra tries boogie boarding & ends up swallowing a mouthful of salt water, which makes her sick to her stomach. The next time someone offers her lasagna, the thoughts of it makes Sierra feel sick. This is an Ex of a/an ____
taste aversion
When participants in study were forced to smile while watching cartoons, they labeled them as even funnier & happier than participants who were frowning. this supports ____
the facial feedback hypothesis
Joe Banks is running for mayor. 1st, he has a team walk through neighborhoods to handout buttons & small fliers. A week later, another team goes by to ask if people would be willing to put small signs in their yards. 2 weeks after that, he goes through the neighborhood to ask for help on voting day. He is using methods of ____.
the foot-in-the-door phenomenon
In the study w/ Little Albert, he was conditioned to fear a rabbit b/c it was paired w/ a frightening sound. In this EX, what was the unconditioned stimulus?
the loud sound
Emotional information is often conveyed through
tone, facial expressions, & body language
The peripheral route to persuasion ___
typically results in less permanent behavior change.
Which component of a classically conditioned behavior automatically elicits a reaction? for Ex, dimming the lights will cause the eyes to dilate.
unconditioned stimulus
Happiness, sadness, fright, & surprise are
universal emotions
Sven eats popcorn every time he goes to the movies. He goes to a new theatre w/ no concessions & finds that his mouth is watering for popcorn the entire time. In this EX, what is the conditioned stimulus?
watching a movie