Genetics Chap 21

Order the steps that were used to create Dolly, the sheep cloned from somatic cell DNA.

1. Mammary cells from an adult sheep were removed and grown in the lab; researchers extracted the nucleus from an egg cell from a different sheep. 2. Electrical pulses were used to fuse the diploid mammary cell with the enucleated egg cell 3. The zygote began embryonic development 4. The resulting embryo was implanted into the uterus of a surrogate mother sheep

Considering a diploid cell, how many copies of a gene already present in the genome would be present immediately following gene addition (assume the cell has not progressed through the cell cycle)?

3

Many countries have ban on ____ cloning, while others permit limited research in this area.

Human

The possibility of human cloning raises many ethical questions. Some people feel it could be a new way to offer _______ couples a chance at reproduction. Others are concerned that human cloning is _____ wrong.

Infertile ; Morally

A gene ___ is a gene ___ in which a gene of interest has been added to a particular site in the mouse genome.

Knockin ; addition

In a type of gene replacement called gene ____ . A cloned gene is rendered inactive and replace a normal gene at its chromosomal location.

Knockout

Transgenic plants have been modified to produce vaccines against many animal diseases in which part of the plant?

Leaves

In ______ _______ transfer, plant cells are bombarded with high velocity microprojectiles coated with DNA.

biolistic gene

The use of living organisms or their products to alleviate plant diseases is called

biological control

Stem cells could be implanted into the _____ to treat conditions such as Parkinson's disease.

brain

Gene knockins are used to study the effects of ______.

consistent gene expression

Scientists are mainly interested in stem cells to help them understand basic genetic mechanisms that underlie the process of _____, and for their potential to treat human ________ .

development, diseases

Prior to the cloning of _____ , it was believed that the chromosomes of somatic cells of mammals had incurred irreversible genetic changes that rendered them unsuitable for cloning.

dolly

The early mammalian embryo contains _____ _____ cells, which are pluripotent cells found in the inner cell mass of the blastocyst.

embryonic stem

A transgenic plant can be made by the introduction of cloned _____ into somatic tissue, such as a leaf. The leaf is then treated with plant ______ hormones, which can regenerate an entire transgenic plant.

genes ; growth

The Monsanto Company has produced transgenic plant strains tolerant of ______ , which is a herbicide. The herbicide then kills _____ but not the crop of interest.

glyphosate ; weeds

Gene knockout allows researchers to study

how the loss of normal gene function affects an organism.

Transgenic plants that express proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis are resistant to ______.

insects

A strain of mice engineered to carry a mutation that is analogous to a disease-causing mutation in a human gene is called a mouse ______

model

To study how the loss of normal gene function affects the phenotype of a mouse, CRISPR-Cas technology can be used to introduce a deletion into a specific mouse gene. This process is called gene ______.

modification

Mice have been developed with genetic modifications that make them develop symptoms of Alzheimer's Disease. These mice are an example of _____.

mouse model

Hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow supply cells that populate blood and lymphoid tissues and are ______.

multipotent

Stem cells that can differentiate into several cell types but far fewer than an embryonic stem cell are said to be

multipotent

Microinjection can be used to introduce DNA into ______.

plant and animal cells

A stem cell that can differentiate into almost every cell type in the body, but has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual is called ______.

pluripotent

Embryonic stem cells are ______ , which means that they can differentiate into almost every cell type of the body, but a single embryonic stem cell has lost the ability to produce an entire, intact individual.

pluripotent

A plant cell that has had its cell wall removed is called a ______.

protoplast

If one type of gene is inactivated and another gene with similar function compensates for the inactive gene, this is known as gene ______.

redundancy

The cells that construct our bodies from a fertilized egg are called _____ cells.

stem

With the exception of those in the blood, other types of adult ____ ______ are difficult to locate and to remove in sufficient numbers for transplantation.

stem cells

Embryonic stem cells are found in ______.

the blastocyst

Somatic plant cells are _____ , which means they are capable of developing into an entire organism.

totipotent

The type of stem cell that can give rise to all cell types in the adult organism is called ______

totipotent

Upon infection of plant cells, Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes ______.

tumor growth

Select products that are generated in transgenic plants.

Biodegradable plastics Antibodies Medicines Vaccines

What technique to introduce genes into plant cells involves a « gene gun » ?

Biolistic gene transfer

Using stem cells to repair joints damaged by injury or arthritis would be useful in what tissue type?

Cartilage

Biotechnology ´ethics that produce two or more genetically identical individuals are referred to as reproductive _______

Cloning

The figure depicts the process of ______ .

Cloning a sheep by fusing a mammary cell of one sheep with an enucleated egg from another sheep

A significant breakthrough in research in the use of stem cells for therapy was achieved in 1998 when two separate teams showed that

ES and EG cells can be propagated in the lab.

Reproductive cloning can only occur as a result of laboratory manipulation

False

The commercialization of some strains of recombinant microorganisms has proceeded slowly due to concerns in situations where they are used to produce _______ products or where they are released into the ______

Food ; environment

The larger fish at the back of the photo has grown faster and larger due to the incorporation of a _____ - factor regulating gene from another salmon species.

Growth

Using a microscopic- sized needles to introduce DNA into plant or animal cells is called

Microinjection

The process of gene _____ aims to alter the sequence of a gene.

Modification

To produce mouse models for human diseases a missense mutation can be introduced in a specific gene through CRISPR-Cas technology. This is an example of gene _____

Modification

Incorporation of a growth hormone-regulating gene and promoter from other species produced a genetically modified ______ that can grow year round instead of only during specific seasons.

Salmon

What component of bone marrow is useful to patients with certain types of cancers?

Stem cells

A portion of the plasmid DNA from Agrobacterium tumefaciens called _____ ______ becomes integrated into the chromosomal DNA of plants, and encodes plant growth hormones which cause a crown gall tumor to grow.

T DNA

A cloned gene becoming integrated into the genome by nonhomologous recombination is called gene

addition

To create a gene knockin mouse, a gene of interest is cloned and placed adjacent to sequences from the mouse genome. The purpose of this mouse DNA is to ______.

allow homologous recombination to place the gene in a noncritical region of the genome

Transgenic plants that express the pokeweed _______ protein are resistant to a variety of _______ pathogens.

antiviral ; viral

Altering the sequence of a gene, such as with the CRISPR-Cas system, is known as ______.

gene modification

Place the steps to create a knockin mouse in order

1. A gene interest is cloned and surrounded by DNA sequences from the mouse genome 2. The cloned DNA is injected into a fertilized mouse oocyte. 3. Homologous recombination introduces the gene into a noncritical region of the genome 4. The oocyte is transplanted into the uterus of a female house 5. A mouse with the inserted gene develops

The use of living organisms or the materials they produce in the development of goods or processes that are beneficial

Biotechnology

The term that means the use of living organisms or their products to decrease pollutants in the environment is _______

Bioremediation

Molecular pharming can refer to _______

- the manufacture of medical products in agricultural plants - production of medically important proteins in the mammary glands of livestock

Select traits that are modified in transgenic plants.

Resistance to herbicides Resistance to disease Resistance to insects

Select the common characteristics of stem cells.

- they have the capacity to divide - they can differentiate into one or more specialized cell types