Genetics Test 4

Which of the following can be used as a vector for gene therapy? A. All of the answers are correct B. Adenoviruses C. Retroviruses D. Liposomes E. Parvoviruses

A. All of the answers are correct

Bioremediation has been used to treat which of the following? A. All of the answers have been successfully remediated B. Oil spills C. Heavy metals D. Pesticides E. Sewage

A. All of the answers have been successfully remediated

Antennapedia in Drosophila is an example of a _________. A. Gain-of-function mutation B. Lethal mutation C. Segmentation mutation D. Loss-of-function mutation E. Zygotic mutation

A. Gain-of-function mutation

What is the difference between genetic drift and natural selection? Select one: a. Genetic drift does not involve competition between members of a species. b. Genetic drift never occurs in nature, natural selection does. c. There is no difference. d. Only natural selection can lead to the formation of new species. e. Genetic drift does not require the presence of variation.

a. Genetic drift does not involve competition between members of a species.

Which of the following is not an instance of evolutionary change? Select one: a. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium b. Natural selection c. Genetic drift d. Mutation e. Gene flow

a. Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium

The loss or gain of alleles from a population due to immigration or emigration is called _______. Select one: a. gene flow b. genetic drift c. gene amplification d. gene pool e. gene cloning

a. gene flow

The sum of all alleles within a population represents the ________. Select one: a. gene pool b. allele frequencies c. mutation rate d. gene flow e. genotype frequencies

a. gene pool

If the frequency of the recessive allele in a population is 0.4, what is the frequency of the homozygous dominant individuals in the population? (Assume the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.) Select one: a. 0.6 b. 0.36 c. 0.16 d. 0.4

b. 0.36

Which type of selection would lead to two distinct phenotypes? Select one: a. Balancing selection b. Disruptive selection c. Stabilizing selection d. None of the answers are correct e. Directional selection

b. Disruptive selection

Which of the following is an example of genetic variation in the human population? Select one: a. Some people are older than others. b. Two children from the same couple may have different eye colors. c. One person in a family is a vegetarian, but another person from the same family eats meat. d. None of the answers represent genetic variation. e. Some people have scars, but others do not

b. Two children from the same couple may have different eye colors.

Cystic fibrosis, a recessive genetic disease, occurs in a particular population in approximately one of every 2,000 births. What is the frequency of carriers in this population? Select one: a. 0.0224 b. 0.9776 c. 0.0438 d. 0.0219

c. 0.0438

The prevalence of the allele for sickle cell anemia in some populations is an example of? Select one: a. Heterogeneous environments b. Non-Darwinian selection c. Balancing selection d. Inverted selection e. Nonrandom mating

c. Balancing selection

Random variations in allele frequencies from generation to generation likely represent ________. Select one: a. disassortive mating b. mutations c. genetic drift d. inbreeding e. natural selection

c. genetic drift

Antibiotics are commonly used to combat bacterial and fungal infections. During the past several decades, antibiotic-resistant strains of microorganisms have become alarmingly prevalent. This has undermined the ability to treat many types of infectious diseases. Which of the following processes is likely responsible for the increase in microbial antibiotic resistance? Select one: a. random mating b. random mutation c. natural selection d. genetic drift e. gene flow

c. natural selection

The erbB gene encodes a growth factor receptor involved in regulating cell division. Defects in this gene are associated with many human cancers. In lab rats that serve as a model for this type of cancer, a deletion on the DNA level resulting in a loss of the transmembrane domain of the protein can transform the cellular gene into an oncogene. Which of the following methods would work as an oncogene test to check for deletion mutations in the erbB gene in tumor DNA isolated from affected patients? A. Southern blotting B. Northern blotting C. Western blotting D. All of the methods should work E. None of the methods would work

A. Southern blotting

What occurs during the annealing stage of a PCR reaction? A. The primers bind to the ends of the template DNA B. All of the answers are correct C. The DNA polymerase copies the template DNA D. The reaction stops E. The DNA strands separate

A. The primers bind to the ends of the template DNA

Which of the following best describes the process of DNA denaturation, or "melting"? A. The separation of DNA strands using high temperatures B. The formation of the double-helix by base-pairing C. The breaking of phosphodiester bonds D. The formation of nucleosomes E. The prevention of viral replication

A. The separation of DNA strands using high temperatures

Maternal inheritance in a human pedigree would ____. A. affect all the children of an affected mother B. affect all the children of an affected father C. affect the grandchildren only as it skips a generation D. affect females only E. cause disease more frequently in males

A. affect all the children of an affected mother

Which of the following is an example of a pluripotent cell? A. embryonic stem cells B. nerve cells C. fetal heart cells D. red blood cells E. umbilical cord blood

A. embryonic stem cells

Plants constantly make new lateral organs on their above-ground stems as they grow. Unless homeotic genes become active to change development, the default pathway of organ development in plants results in the formation of _____. A. leaves B. roots C. flowers D. stems E. epidermal hairs

A. leaves

Red-green color blindness is X-linked in humans. If a male is red-green color blind, and both parents have normal color vision, which of the male's grandparents is most likely to be red-green color blind? A. maternal grandfather B. maternal grandmother C. paternal grandmother D. either grandfather is equally likely E. paternal grandfather

A. maternal grandfather

p53 is a master tumor-suppressor gene that encodes a protein that ________. A. senses DNA damage B. shields DNA from U.V. light damage C. denatures viral RNA to prevent infection with oncogenes D. repairs DNA replication errors E. removes proto-oncogenes from cellular DNA

A. senses DNA damage

Some plant species are dioecious, meaning they have separate male and female individuals instead of having both male and female structures on the same plant. In some plant species, the male plants are heterozygous for a dominant "maleness" allele, while the female plants are homozygous recessive. In some long-lived tree species, such a male plant may over time change sex and become capable of producing female flowers and thus seeds. What would be the expected sex ratio in the saplings grown from the seeds from such a plant? A. 100% male offspring B. 3:1 ratio of male to female C. 2:1 ratio of male to female D. 1:1 ratio of male and female E. 3:1 ratio of female to male

B. 3:1 ratio of male to female

DNA polymerases used in PCR and Sanger sequencing add new nucleotides in what direction? A. both directions B. 5' to 3' C. 3' to 5'

B. 5' to 3'

Which of the following provide positional information to the developing organism? A. Cell adhesion B. All of the answers are correct C. Induction D. Threshold concentration E. Morphogens

B. All of the answers are correct

The model organism for the study of plant development is _____. A. Xenopus laevis B. Arabidopsis thaliana C. Caenorhabditis elegans D. Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 E. Drosophila melanogaster

B. Arabidopsis thaliana

Which of the following mechanisms uses high-velocity microprojectiles, coated with DNA, to produce a transgenic plant? A. Electroporation B. Biolistic gene transfer C. Microinjection D. Agrobacterium tumefaciens E. None of the answers are correct

B. Biolistic gene transfer

Heat is often used to separate or denature double stranded DNA into single stranded DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs. Which of the following statements is true? A. DNA-DNA double strands would require higher temperatures to denature than DNA-RNA double strands containing the same sequence. B. G-C base pairs would require higher temperatures to break than A-T base pairs. C. All long DNA chains should denature at the same temperature. D. A-T base pairs would require higher temperatures to break than G-C base pairs.

B. G-C base pairs would require higher temperatures to break than A-T base pairs.

The "two hit hypothesis" explains ________. A. two mutations occurring close to each other in the same gene, for example an indel mutation B. a heritable susceptibility to cancer early in life in some family lineages C. the transformation of a normal cell into a cancer cell through infection with a virus D. the transformation of a proto-oncogene into an oncogene by a mutagen E. a nucleotide substitution undergoing a reverse mutation back to its original state

B. a heritable susceptibility to cancer early in life in some family lineages

The pedigree below shows the inheritance of a genetic disorder in humans. (Affected individuals are shown in black.) What is the most likely inheritance pattern for this disorder? IN PICTURES A. autosomal dominant B. autosomal recessive C. X-linked dominant D. maternal inheritance E. X-linked recessive

B. autosomal recessive

If the B gene function in a flowering plant is knocked out, this will result in _____. A. no flowers B. flowers with sepals and carpels only C. flowers with sepals and petals only D. flowers with petals and stamens only E. flowers with stamens and carpels only

B. flowers with sepals and carpels only

Sex-linked inheritance has all of the following characteristics, except _____. A. affected females have affected fathers B. the trait occurs with the same frequency in both sexes C. mothers of affected males have brothers or fathers who are affected D. the daughters of affected males have on average 50% affected sons E. males are much more likely to inherit the trait

B. the trait occurs with the same frequency in both sexes

Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome is a very rare dominant disorder and occurs in only one per eight million live births. Affected individuals rarely live longer than thirteen years and never have children. A couple with a child affected by Hutchinson-Gilford progeria comes to you for counseling. They are planning to have another child and want to know whether it, too, is likely to have the disease. What is the probability for the second child having the syndrome also? A. 1/16 B. 1/2 C. 1/8,000,000 D. 1/4 E. 0%

C. 1/8,000,000

Plant development differs from animal development in which of the following ways? A. Plants lack dedicated germ line cells B. Plant development does not rely on morphogens in the oocyte C. All of the answers are correct D. Cell migration does not occur in plants E. Plants can develop from totipotent somatic cells

C. All of the answers are correct

A homeotic mutation results in which of the following? A. Incorrect formation of the body axes B. Lethality C. Replacing of one body part with another D. Apotosis E. Replacement of segments with parasegments

C. Replacing of one body part with another

Zygotic genes _______. A. are deposited asymmetrically in the zygote B. establish the body axes of the embryo C. are expressed after fertilization D. activate maternal effect genes E. cause homeotic transformation if mutated

C. are expressed after fertilization

Homeotic genes in plants _____. A. contain a homeobox like homeotic genes in animals B. do not exist C. encode transcription factor proteins D. are highly conserved because mutations would be lethal E. are activated in fully differentiated tissue

C. encode transcription factor proteins

Amniocentesis of a pregnant mother is a method that allows for _______. A. karyotyping of cancer cells B. genetic screening of the mother C. genetic testing of the embryo D. in situ hybridization of the embryo E. gene therapy of inherited diseases

C. genetic testing of the embryo

Joe has classic hemophilia, an X-linked recessive disorder in humans. Joe's grandfather also had the disease and it is likely he inherited it from him. Is the grandfather in question Joe's mother's or father's father? A. it could be either of them B. impossible to determine without more information C. maternal grandfather D. paternal grandfather

C. maternal grandfather

Gene therapy can be used to introduce a "good" copy of a gene into cancer cells with a mutated version of the gene. For which type(s) of mutations would you expect such a gene therapy to be most likely successful? A. dominant gain-of-function mutation in a tumor suppressor gene B. dominant gain-of-function mutation in an oncogene C. recessive loss-of-function mutation in a tumor suppressor gene D. recessive loss-of-function mutation in an oncogene E. it should be successful in all cases

C. recessive loss-of-function mutation in a tumor suppressor gene

Below is the result of a karyotype analysis of two somatic cells of a patient affected by cancer. Which of these two cells is most likely a tumor cell? LOOK IN PHOTOS A. both are equally likely to be tumor cells B. the cell with the karyotype on the left C. the cell with the karyotype on the right D. neither is likely to be a tumor cell

C. the cell with the karyotype on the right

Which of the following terms represents a cell that can form any other cell of the organism? A. unipotent B. pluripotent C. totipotent D. all of the answers are incorrect E. all of the answers are correct

C. totipotent

Which of the following organisms is used by molecular biologists to produce transgenic plants? A.. Bacteriophage B. Plasmid pSC101 C. E. coli D. Agrobacterium tumefasciens

D. Agrobacterium tumefasciens

A disease that is lethal in the homozygous condition is most likely which of the following? A. Maternally inherited B. X-linked C. None of the answers are correct D. Autosomal recessive E. Autosomal dominant

D. Autosomal recessive

The bicoid gene produces one of the early morphogens needed in fruit fly embryogenesis. Its mRNA is deposited in the developing egg cell in a concentration gradient along the anterior-posterior axis. What is its pattern of bicoid inheritance? A. Incomplete penetrance B. Codominance C. Sex-linked D. Maternal effect E. Autosomal

D. Maternal effect

A proto-oncogene is ________. A. a tumor-suppressing gene with a mutation B. a gene that promotes cancer C. an environmental agent that promotes tumor formation D. a gene that has the potential to promote cancer after incurring a mutation E. a virus that is integrated into the host cell genome

D. a gene that has the potential to promote cancer after incurring a mutation

Agrobacterium tumefasciens and its T-DNA can be used to transfer genes into plant cells to create a transgenic plant expressing a foreign protein, but it can also be used to disrupt genes and cause null mutations. What kind of mutations would be induced by the T-DNA on the DNA level? A. nonsense mutations B. translocations C. frameshift mutations D. insertions E. deletions

D. insertions

Which of the following would violate a condition of an idealized population according to Hardy and Weinberg? Select one: A. having alleles that have no comparative advantage B. mating at random with any individual in the population C. no movement of individuals between two populations D. mating between individuals that are related E. a complete lack of mutations occurring

D. mating between individuals that are related

The branch of biology that emerged from the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Mendelian genetics is known as: Select one: A. Mendelian evolution B. convergent evolution C. natural history D. population genetics E. molecular genetics

D. population genetics

Dideoxy nucleotides are used in which of the following techniques? A. Gene cloning B. Polymerase chain reaction C. Reverse transcription D. Band shift assay E. DNA sequencing

E. DNA sequencing

Maternal inheritance in a human pedigree would ____. A. affect the grandchildren only as it skips a generation B. cause disease more frequently in males C. affect all the children of an affected father D. affect females only E. affect all the children of an affected mother

E. affect all the children of an affected mother

The first division of a plant zygote is asymmetric and produces a larger basal cell and a small apical cell. The apical cell gives rise to _____. A. the seed coat B. All of the answers are correct C. endosperm D. root tissue E. the plant embryo

E. the plant embryo

Phenylketonuria is a rare autosomal recessive disorder that occurs in about 1 in 10,000 newborn Caucasians. What is the frequency of carriers (heterozygotes) in the Caucasian population? Select one: a. about 1 in 100 individuals b. about 1 in 10,000 individuals c. about 1 in 2000 indivuals d. about 1 in 50 individuals e. about 1 in 5,000 individuals

d. about 1 in 50 individuals

Which one of the following factors is the least powerful in changing the allele frequencies in a gene pool? Select one: a. gene flow b. assortive mating c. genetic drift d. mutations e. natural selection

d. mutations

The males of chimpanzee troop 1 wipe out those of troop 2 and proceed to mate with the females of troop 2. The number of males equals the number of females, and the chimpanzees have nonoverlapping generations. The males carry allele A at a particular locus while all the females are homozygotes for allele a. From this point on, the population is under Hardy-Weinberg conditions. Assuming that no males carry allele A by the F1 generation and 5/8 of the females carry allele A by the F3 generation, the best explanation for this shift in the frequency of allele A is _________. Select one: a. overdominance b. imprinting c. gametic drive d. migration e. X-linked inheritance

e. X-linked inheritance