geo 102

The ________ division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon. 3) _____

Paleozoic division of the geologic time scale is an era of the Phanerozoic eon

The former, late Paleozoic super continent is known as ________.

Pangaea

In which area are pedocal soils most likely to be found (see lecture notes!) ?

a tropical rainforest in the Amazon Basin of Brazil

The last minerals to crystallize on Bowen's Reaction Series result in igneous rocks with a ________ composition.

felsic

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Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a ________.

granite

The ________ is thought to be a liquid, metallic region in the Earth's interior.

outer core

_______ was the highly influential, ancient Greek philosopher noted for his writings and teachings on natural philosophy and on the workings of Earth.

Aristotle

The ________ is not a part of the Earth's physical environment.

Astrosphere

The continental drift hypothesis was rejected primarily because Alfred Wegener could not do what? ________.

Cannot identify the mechanism capable of moving continents.

Which statement about the May, 1980, eruption of Mount St. Helens is false?

During the eruptive period, the mountain peak was substantially built up by new lava flows and pyroclastic debris.

Can liquid mercury, occurring naturally on the surface be regarded as a mineral? How about crude oil?

Idk... lol

What defines a mineral and what defines a rock?

In a mineral, they constituent atoms are bonded in a regulate, repetitive internal structure; a rock is a lithified or consolidated aggregate of different mineral grains.

________ is composed mainly of ferromagnesian minerals.

Peridotite

Early results of the Deep Sea Drilling Project clearly justified the conclusion that ________.

The oceanic basins are relatively young; most ocean based rocks and sediments are cretaceous or younger in age

the Columbia Plateau in Washington and Oregon is ________.

a flood basalt plateau

Which type of basaltic lava flow has its surface covered with sharp-edged, angular blocks and rubble?

aa

Where is the top of the asthenosphere is closest to Earth's surface ________.

along a mid-ocean ridge

Active mountain belts are most likely to be found where on the continents

along the merging of mountain

Which igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture?

andesite

A ________ texture would be most unlikely to occur in an extrusive igneous rock.

aphanitic

Chrysotile, crocidolite, and amosite are different mineralogical forms of what industrial commodity?

asbesos

Changing the composition of magma by incorporating surrounding host rock is known as ________

assimilation

Which igneous rock or magma has the lowest silica (SiO2) content?

basalt

What is the difference between magma and basalt?

basalt is cooded lava occred on surface of the earth. but magma are melted rock located inside the earth

_____ magma is the most abundant type of magma erupted at oceanic spreading centers.

basaltic

The ________ refers to the sum total of all life on Earth

biosphere

What is the name of dark-colored mica

biotite

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Which of the following will react readily with acids such as hydrochloric?

calcite

What is the unit of weight used for measuring diamonds (about 0.2 grams) hint: it has nothing to do with carrots!?

carat

The most prominent features on the ocean floor are the ________.

chains of volcanoes, deep canyons

What is a typical product of weathering?

clays

The strong tendency of certain minerals to break along smooth, parallel planes is known as ________

cleavage

A ________ system is one in which energy moves freely in and out, but no matter enters or leaves the system.

close

What and what does NOT provide evidence or clues to the composition of Earth's interior except for ________.

comets

A ________ is a well-tested and widely accepted view that best explains certain scientific observations.

continual drift hypothesis

The temperature below which magnetic material can retain a permanent magnetization is called the

curie point

Cooler, older, oceanic lithosphere sink into the mantle at ________.

subduction zones along convergent plate boundaries

The 1991 Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines caused brilliantly colored sunrises and sunsets to be seen for the next few years. What caused this phenomenon?

sulfur dioxide and other erupted gases formed aerosols in the stratosphere

The ion at the center of a silicate tetrahedron is surrounded by ________.

4 oxygen ion

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How is the recent (geologically) volcanic activity in Yellowstone National Park related to plate tectonics (think abiut types of boundaries!)

???

The asthenosphere is actually a part of the ________ of the Earth.

mantle

Which terms best describe those processes that move weathered rock materials and soils downslope?

mass wasting

What processes are involved in mechanical weathering?

movement of water and wind

The ________ proposes that the bodies of our solar system formed at essentially the same time from a rotating cloud

nebular hypothesis

The modern-day Red Sea is explained by plate tectonics theory because it is ________.

A rift zone that may eventually open into a major ocean if Arabia and Africa continue to separate

Which of the following statements concerning humus is not true?

A) consists of decaying and partly decayed leaves and other plant materials B) is readily leached from the B horizon in weakly acidic, soil solutions C) is typically found above the B soil horizon D) is less abundant in wet, tropical, forested areas than in temperate, forested areas answers A

The Aleutian Islands occur at what sort of plate boundary?

occur at a convergent boundary on a volcanic are above a northward subduction pacific plate

The continental shelf is located

ocean floor

Which minerals crystallize early in Bowen's reaction series?

olivine

All silicate minerals contain which two elements?

oxygen, silicon

Deep-oceanic trenches are most abundant around the rim of the ________ ocean basin.

pacific

Which type of basaltic lava flow has a fairly smooth, unfragmented, ropy surface?

pahoehoe

What are the major pieces of evidence supporting the theory of plate tectonics ________.

paleomagnetism

A (an) ________ texture represents a single, long period of cooling and crystallization.

phaneritic

What are the basic differences between the disciplines of physical and historical geology

physical geo: examines the materials composing earth and seek understand the many processes

________ is the dominant feldspar in basalt

plagioclase 斜长石

The finely divided, red, brown, and yellow soil-coloring minerals originate by what process?

precipitation of iron oxides during chemical weathering processes

What factors influence the melting temperatures and viscosity of magmas?

pressure

________ is often paraphrased as "the present is the key to the past."

principle of uniformity

________ is a volcanic rock that is extremely vesicular and glassy.

pumic

What common silicate minerals were discussed in class and in the text?

quartz, olivine, Pyroxene group, Amphibole group, biotite, micas, feldspars

The ________ is (are) a logical evolutionary analog of the African Rift Valleys ten million years from now.

red sea

Which term describes a soil formed by weathering of the underlying bedrock?

residual

Which igneous rocks has a pyroclastic texture?

rhyolitic tuff

What most accurately describes the type of large volcanoes of the Hawaiian Islands?

shield volcanoes fed by a long-live hot spot below the pacific lithospheric plate

Which group of minerals are the most abundant in the Earth's crust?

silicates

A ________ is an intrusive, igneous rock body that is tabular and concordant

sill

Deep ocean trenches are surficial evidence for ________.

sinking of oceanic lithosphere into the mantle at subduction zone

Under similar warm, moist climatic conditions, why would basalt and gabbro generally have higher chemical weathering rates than rhyolite and granite?

the ferromagnesian minerals in the gabbro and basalt are subject to oxidation and chemical breakdown

Compared to the age of Earth accepted as correct today, how did 17th and 18th century proponents of catastrophism envision the Earth's age?

they believe earth to be much younger than current estimates

In correct order from the center outward, Earth includes which units?

Inner core, outer core, mantle, crust.

The composition of the core of Earth is thought to be ________

Iron tnikel

________ rocks always originate at the surface of the solid Earth.

Metamorphic

________ destroyed the city of St. Pierre, Martinique in 1902.

Nuee Ardent

What is the largest, known volcano in the Solar System? (CONSULT YOUR TEXT)

Olympus mons, Mars

What are isotopes?

each of two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei

What are the lightest or least massive of the basic atomic particles?

electrons

Which kind of eruptive activity is most likely to be highly explosive?

eruptions of big , continental margin, composite cones or stratovolcanoes

What energy sources are thought to drive the lateral motions of Earth's lithospheric plates?

export of heat from deep on the mantle to the top of asthenosphere

Which mineral is easily soluble in water at room temperature conditions?

halite

What are factors that affect the generation of magma

idk lol

________ rocks form by crystallization and consolidation of molten magma.

igneous

Describes the characteristic processes in the formation of a pedalfer soil?

iron oxides and aluminum - rich claysare precipitated in the 13- horizon;

What are possible steps of scientific investigation ________.

jajasdfsdf

The ________ forms the relatively cool, brittle plates of plate tectonics.

lithosphere

What are the differences between the asthenosphere and the lithosphere

lithosphere: includes the entire crust and the upper most part of mantle, it is rigid and brittle, doesn't flow; asthenosphere is the lower part of the upper mantle. behave like plastic, flows easily than the rest of mantle.

Why is so much basaltic magma erupted along mid-ocean ridges?

lowered pressures decrease the temperatures at which basalt magma can partically melt from a rising plume of mantle peridotite

Which diseases are linked directly to prolonged inhalation of asbestos dust?

lung cancer

Which terms describe light reflecting and transmission characteristics of a mineral?

luster

29) What paleoclimatic evidence supports the idea of the late Paleozoic super continent in the Southern Hemisphere?

tillites (rocks formed by glaciers) in south America and south Arica

________ plate boundaries have the largest magnitude earthquakes. _

transform and convergent

A ________ is an open cavity in a volcanic rock that was filled by a gas bubble when the lava was still mainly liquid.

vesicle

Are Mount St. Helens and the other Cascade volcanoes young or old, active or inactive and what type of margin produces them?

volcanoes are young, active, strato volcanoes built on a continental margin above a sinking slab of oceanic lithosphere

Lateritic soils form under what climatic conditions?

warm and moist as in wet, tropical forest

How does water filling a crack in a rock undergoes cycles of freezing and melting. What happens

water expands as it freezes, coursing the crack wall to be pushed apart.

Describe the characteristic processes involved in soil erosion?

water just takes away the firm bits so fragile off Earth old coal shanks are eroded out now day.

________ is the process by which rocks breakdown in place to produce soils and sediments

weathering