Geo 111 final pt 1
How many large quakes have occurred along the San Andreas fault system during historic time?
13
Between 20,000 - 800,000 years ago, there were several ice ages (periods of global cooling interspersed with periods of warming). During these extended periods of cooling (we call these glaciations), ice advanced over the land and CO2 concentrations decreased. During warming periods (we call these interglacials) atmospheric CO2 concentrations increased. What was the average atmospheric CO2 concentration during the ice ages?
185 ppm
Approximately what year did CO2 levels start to noticeably increase from the pre-industrial levels? This part of the animation moves quickly so you will have to pause and rewind.
1850
Approximately when did the rapid increase in human-produced atmospheric CO2 begin?
1950
The slope of a continental slope
2-4 degrees
When did the California Coast shift form convergent to transform motion
20 Million years ago
Percentage of precipitation that falls on land
20%
What is the minimum number of seismic stations needed to find an earthquake's epicenter?
3
Review the portion of the animation that spans the hundreds of thousands of years before industrialization (between the year 1800 and 800,000 BCE). What is the largest amount of atmospheric CO2 during that time?
300 ppm
About how much more energy is released in a 6.5 Richter magnitude earthquake than in one with magnitude 5.5?
30x
According to the video, how many people died in the Oso Landslide?
43
Aquifer
A body of rock or sediment that stores groundwater and allows the flow of groundwater.
Little Ice Age
A century-long period of cool climate that began in the 1590s. Its ill effects on agriculture in northern Europe were notable.
continental glacier
A glacier that covers much of a continent or large island
Landslide mitigation takes many forms. Common approaches are:
Adding support to slope base, reduce slope angle, reduce load, reduce water saturation, and seal unstable surfaces.
The 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes occurred _______.
All of the above
The force of the October 1963 Vajont landslide was enough to _____.
All of the above are results of the 1963 Vajont Dam landslide.
What was (were) the cause(s) of the La Conchita mudslides of 1995 and 2005?
All of the above.
What is the upper layer of the earth's mantle, below the lithosphere, called?
Asthenosphere
Based upon knowledge of landslide physics, where did geologists direct rescue workers to search for survivors?
At the distal edge of the slide
What contains the largest reservoir of carbon?
Carbonate Rock
Reverse Fault, folding
Compression (pushing together)
The three types of stress
Compression, tensile, shear
Earthquakes associated with normal faulting cause the extension of Earth's crust. This type of faulting is generally associated with which type of plate boundary?
Divergent
What type of boundary is the 1812 New Madrid earthquake?
Divergent
A boundary along which lithospheric plates are moving apart; for example, seafloor spreading ridges and continental rift zones.
Divergent Plate Boundaries
The terms 'tsunami' and 'tidal wave' mean the same thing and are interchangeable when discussing a seismic sea wave.
False
a form of power production that would be far more sed if hydrothermal groundwater were more common
Geothermal energy (steam and hot water trapped in the crust)
What was unique about the 2014 Oso Landslide?
Given the height of the slope, the slide debris traveled 5 times farther than it should have.
Undeveloped drainage pattern
Glaciated
prevailing winds
Global winds that blow constantly from the same direction
Through what rock type does the San Andreas fault cut south of Los Angeles
Granite
Felsic Rock are associated with...
Granite and Rhyolite
Which is melting faster, Greenland or Antarctica
Greenland
Earthquake magnitude is the amount of what?
Ground Shaking
Earth's climate has changed in the past; Modern climate change is different because it is ?
Human caused and more rapid than natural shifts.
Which is the product of a non-explosive style of eruption?
Lava flows
What lava has low silica and low viscosity? (Ketchup)
Mafic Lava
A magma (or rock) relatively rich in iron and magnesium (and ferromagnesian silicates)
Mafic Rock
Which of the following is not an example of short term earthquake prediction?
Making probability maps
At Mussel Point, which rock unit is on top
North American plate
What city along the San Andreas fault routinely has small earthquakes but never large ones
Parkfield
What type of boundary are the LA Quakes?
Transform
What type of boundary is the 1906 San Francisco earthquake?
Transform
A fault between offset segments of a spreading ridge, along which two plates move horizontally in opposite directions.
Transform Fault
Volcanos form at all of the following EXCEPT: -Subduction zones -Transform boundaries -Divergent boundaries -Hot spots
Transform boundaries
A rapid retreat of the shoreline can indicate a tsunami wave is imminent.
True
A tsunami ripped the Dutch ship Berouw from its moorings and deposited it 0.5 miles upstream from the ocean. A subsequent wave picked it up again and carried it another mile upstream.
True
The location of volcanoes and earthquakes are primarily controlled by what?
Tectonic Plate Boundaries
What caused the Industrial Canal & Intercoastal Waterway levees to fail?
The storm surge sent a huge wave of water up the Intercoastal Waterway, over-topping the canal walls and scouring away the earthen levees.
The energy source that drives the water cycle
The sun
Thermosphere
The uppermost layer of the atmosphere, in which temperature increases as altitude increases
Convergent plate boundaries are often characterized by _____, which are just reverse faults with relatively shallow dipping fault planes.
Thrust Falls
Natural gas was the largest source of electricity/power generation in the United States in 2016.
True
The island of Hispaniola, which Haiti is a part of, has a history of devastating earthquakes.
True
The theory of continental drift was explained and replaced by the theory of plate tectonics.
True
When the Dec. 16, 1811 New Madrid earthquake occurred in Missouri, people as far away as New York and North Caroline felt the shaking.
True
A ____ is a result of an earthquake that suddenly lifts or drops the sea floor.
Tsunami
The epicenter of the 1906 earthquake was
Two miles out to sea from the golden gate
Based upon the Modified Mercalli Shake Map, the highest intensity estimated for the New Madrid December 16, 1811 earthquake was _____.
X+
Caldera and felsic
Yellow Stone
What is Yellowstone?
Yellowstone is a caldera that overlies an active magma chamber.
what has the highest porosity
a coarse grained gravel
upwelling current
a current that ascends to the surface of the ocean because water temperature increases and salinity decreases (provides nutrients)
thermohaline circulation
a global conveyor belt where the sinking of waters occurs mostly at polar latitudes.
debris flow
a mudflow with many large rocks
What is Anak Krakatau?
a small volcano that has formed over the site of the original Krakatau.
Number of seismographs needed to locate the epicenter of an earthquake
at least three seismographic stations at different distances from the epicenter of the earthquake
reverse faulting is caused by
compressive forces that squeeze and shorten rock
the deepening of the water table around a pumping well is called by its geometric name
cone of depression
Which of the following sedimentary rocks would you expect to have originally been deposited by fast-moving streams?
conglomerate
gravel turn into
conglomerate
gravel-_____-_______
conglomerate,metaconglomerate
this type of glacier extends over huge areas
continental glaciers
Features slopes less than a degree and water depths less than 150 m
continental shelf
What forms mountains?
continental-continental collision; Form near subduction zones
this type of glacier covers greenland
continental/ice cap
these deserts are on high plateaus far from the ocean
continental/montane glacial deserts
Which plate boundary is associated with subduction?
convergent
At the head of a delta, the major channel splits into smaller channels that follow different paths to the sea. These smaller channels are known as_____
distributaries
the north american plate and eurasian plate is what type of boundary
divergent
Which does NOT control the characteristics or shape of a coastline
dominant wind direction
If the amount of discharge is greater than the amount of recharge, the groundwater table will
drop
Steel Nail Salt Water Taffy Hot rocks
ductile
when rocks have folds in them that means they are
ductile
What desert features result from an aeolian formational process
dune ripple desert pavement yardang ventifact butte
If an earthquake happens along a particular fault, that fault can no longer have a future earthquake happen along it.
false
Steps Needed to Form a Sedimentary Rock?
Weathering, erosion, sediment transport, deposition, lithification.
What forms new rock?
When magma comes up and is exposed than the lava turns into igneous rock (sea- floor speading)
Which type of rock is formed from the cooling of very hot material originating from below the surface of the Earth?
igneous
radioactive dates are most often determined for
igneous rocks
The Great Tohoku earthquake occurred _______.
in the Japan trench subduction zone.
a sliver of oceanic crust that has been emplaced on the continents by tectonic force
ophiolite
principals of stratigraphy
original horizontally, superposition, faunal succession
Which layer of the Earth is liquid?
outer core
Surface waves travel
over the earths surface
What is the biggest problem for Las Vegas
overdraught
What is the biggest problem for the Ogallala aquifer
overdraught
a cut off meander filled with water
oxbow lake
The study of geologic sediment and rocks for evidence of prehistoric earthquake displacement
paleoseismology
These feature very broad shelves, no seismicity, and fishing banks
passive margin
a coast which fronts the open sea
pelagic
the geologic term for deep sea sediments
pelagic
a local aquifer that sits above the regional water table
perched water table
Which of the following is an example of a location where primarily mountain glaciers are found?
peru
reverse faulting
plate slides up
these deserts are in the coldest places on earth
polar desert
Which of the following sedimentary features can each be used to determine paleocurrent directions?
ripple marks and cross stratification
small crests and troughs that form on sand surfaces exposed to the wind
ripples
salt turns into
rock salt
metamorphic rock
rock that has been changed by heat and pressure
Vegetation helps to stabilize a slope due to its ________.
roots stapling unstable ground to stable ground.
______ describes the particle transport mode in streams intermediate between suspension and rolling along the bottom
saltation
Sandstone's sediment
sand
sand turns into
sandstone
Glacial gouge striations
scratches or gouges cut into bedrock by glacial abrasion
Which one of the following statements is correct?
sea level drops when water is stored in expanding ice sheets and continental glaciers
fractures and vugs form this type of porosity in rocks
secondary porosity
Which one of the following is not a chemical sedimentary rock or evaporite?
shale
tranform plate boundary
slide past each other; can cause earthquakes
what powers the hydrologic cycle
solar energy
these tides occur at full moons and new moons
spring
These commonly occur where the water table "outcrops"
springs
a geological landform consisting of column of rock in the sea near a coast
stack
these speleothems hang from the cave ceiling
stalactites
pressure gradient
the amount of pressure change occurring over a given distance
Using LIDAR mapping and carbon dating, geologists found evidence that _______.
the area around Oso had a history of landslides
The recurrence interval for a flood of a given magnitude is defined as...
the average number of years between occurrences of a flood of that magnitude or greater.
Why does the damming of rivers sometime contribute to coastal erosion?
the supply of new sand to replenish beaches is cut off
Porosity
the volume of open spaces in rock or soil
When waves approach the shore and enter shallow water
the waves slow down and the wave height increases
How did mountain ranges like the Himalayas, Alps, and Appalachians form?
they all formed along continent-continent convergent plate boundaries
which statement concerning sedimentary rocks is not true?
they were originally deposited at depth below the bottom of the sea
oceanic crust
thinner, more dense, younger crust making ocean floor (basalt, gabbro)
primary and secondary waves travel
through the earths interior
Chesapeake Bay
tide dominated
capacity
total load a stream can carry
In a symmetrical syncline fold structure, the limbs of the fold dip:
toward each other
Hadley cells are
toward the equator Solar energy flux at the equator
True or False: Minerals combine together to make rocks
true
Volcanoes are commonly found along subduction zones
true
The maximum vertical angle between horizontal and a bed
true dip
the vertical angle between horizontal and a bed as measured perpendicular to strip
true dip
Seismic Sea Waves
tsunami wave
Approximately 40,000 people died as a result of the 1883 eruption of Krakatau. What were the two volcanic hazards responsible for these deaths?
tsunamis and pyroclastic flows
These deposits are typical of the continental slope
turbidite sediments
Lahars
volcanic mudflows
Hurricane Paths
where likely to form, and were likely to travel
tropical storm
winds between 38 and 74 mph
very large ventifacts
yardang (Chinese word means upside down ship)
As a tsunami approaches land, the height of a tsunami wave ____.
increases primarily because the water depth and velocity decreases.
We can see the correlation between the start of industrialization (increasing manufacturing) and the increasing CO2 levels. What activity related to industrialization would add increasingly large amounts of CO2 to the atmosphere?
increasing use of fossil fuels
How does urbanization (paving, etc) affect runoff and infiltration in a small, previously forested, drainage base?
infiltration decreases, runoff increases
Which one of the following best describes how urbanization affects small-stream watersheds?
infiltration decreases; lag time between storms and peak runoff is shortened
Earth emits most of its radiation in the _________ part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
infrared
In the Southern Hemisphere, objects will deflect to the ___________ due to the Coriolis Effect.
left
All the engineering structures below are used to alter or slow coastal wave erosion except...
levee
as heat and pressure increase over time Peat turns into
lignite then into coal
_____ is the most common type of chemical sedimentary rock
limestone
calcite turns into
limestone
in which rock type are caves the most common
limestone
what is the most likely parent rock of marble
limestone
which sedimentary rock is also likely to be biological in origin
limestone
Non clastic textures are common in which of the following sedimentary rocks?
limestones
Earth's outer core
liquid
The phenomenon of soil transforming from a solid to a liquid because of shaking
liquifaction
When pore spaces in sediment becomes saturated with water, the sediment loses strength and cohesion. This phenomenon is called __________.
liquifaction
Surface Processes of the rock cycle: diagenesis
lithifies the sediment to make sedimentary rock
An earthquake happens along which type of fault?
locked
An elongate dune parallel to prevailing wind
longitudinal dune
The current flowing parallel to and just offshore of a beach is called
longshore current
contact metamorphism
low-high temperature
pumping vast quantities of water locally
lowers the local water table forming a cone shaped depression
which sedimentary feature would typically be found in shales and not in sandstones
mud cracks
Which of the following features characterize wide streams and valleys?
natural levees; broad flood plains
these tides occur at quarter moons
neap
Which is the most abundant gas in the atmosphere?
nitrogen
carbon is the parent of
nitrogen
the surface bellow sedimentary rocks that overlie igneous or metamorphic rock is termed as
nonconformity
The rock type of the shallow oceanic crust (layer 1)
sediment
Aquitard
sediment or rock that hinders water flow
deposition
settling down or dropping of sediment particles
mud turns into
shale
clay-_________-_________
shale, SPSG
shale turns into what rocks as it goes under metamorphism
shale-phylite-schist- gneiss
Oolitic Limestone is most likely to form in what type of depositional environment?
shallow, clear, marine
Which of the following does NOT affect the amount of runoff from a precipitation event?
shape of the stream
deformation refers to changes in
shape or volume of the rock body and mainly occurs near plate boundaries. includes faulting of rigid rocks and folding that can be bent.
Marine organisms preserve the current oxygen-isotope ratio in their _______________.
shells
Hawai'i is an example of which type of volcano?
shield
The exposed part of the North American Craton
shield
parts of the land which adjoin any large body of water, including lakes and rivers
shore
A cherty limestone would contain which major constituents?
silica; calcite
diatoms and radiolarians form this pelagic sediment
siliceous ooze
______ make up the suspended loads of most rivers and streams
silt and clay-sized, detrital grains
Depressions found in karst regions
sinkholes
what type of foliation indicates the lowest intensity of metamorphism
slate
These cave formations grow up from the floor
stalagmites
pyramidal dunes resulting from multiple wind directions
star dunes
the active shoreline
storm beach
What is the drop in water surface elevation divided by the distance the water flows?
stream gradient
these marks on bedrock indicate ice flow direction
striations
Direction of a horizontal line on a dipping bed
strike
how do earthquakes occur
strong rocks absorb large stresses (compression, extension or shear). Stored stress is a form of potential energy. When stress finally exceeds strength of rock the stored energy is instantly released as motion energy or waves along the break or fault zone.
What are two main causes of tsunami?
subduction-zone earthquakes and landslide into the ocean
the conversion of ice to water vapor
sublimation
Glacial Consequences
subsidence and rebound; and sea levels rising
Groundwater
subsurface water in the openings and pores of soil, rock and sediment
The cause of most natural earthquakes
sudden slippage along a fault zone (strained)
in this season, northwest beaches are sandy and gently sloping
summer
______ generally constitutes the highest percentage of the annual sediment load moved by a stream.
suspended load
this type of glacier is at the melting point throughout
temperate glaciers
What controls ocean density
temperature and salinity
normal faulting is caused by
tensional forces that stretch a rock and tend to pull it apart.
An ancient floodplain above the valley floor
terraces
The 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes were different from most California earthquakes because
the New Madrid earthquakes were centered in a plate interior
porosity
the amount of open space in various material
permeability
the capacity of a solid to allow to pass through it
Mercalli system
the damage caused by the earthquake on a scale from i-xii
Which of the following is the correct definition of stream gradient?
the drop in elevation of a stream divided by the distance the water travels
epicenter
the geographic point on the earths surface directly above the focus
In the absence of cutoff, how does a river meander loop behave over time?
the gradient is lowered as the channel lengthens and migrates toward the cut or outer bank of the loop
detrital sedimentary rocks are classified on what basis
the grain size of clastic particles
normal faulting
the hanging wall drops relative to the foot wall
The background in the painting, The Scream, by Edvard Munch is evidence of what?
the high amount of sulfur dioxide put into the atmosphere by the eruption of Krakatau in 1883.
What is the principal difference between the inner core and outer core?
the inner core is solid while the outer core is liquid
Which one of the following would cause stream rejuvenation?
the land is uplifted
In the southern hemisphere, the coriolis effect causes object to deflect to
the left
What does the Richter Magnitude Scale depend on?
the maximum amplitude of earthquake waves on a seismograph
A natural, meandering, river channel is modified into a more or less straight and smooth, canal-like channel. Which of the following statements is correct?
the natural channel had a lower gradients and higher friction than the straight channel
erosion
the processes of removing earth materials from their original sites by gravity wind water and ice.
groundwater depletion
the removal of groundwater at a rate exceeding the natural resupply of groundwater in a region
Richter magnitude
the size or magnitude of an earthquake is based on the peak amplitude of the ground movement using a logarithmic scale. ground movement increases by 10 each unit and energy increases by 32.
how many seismic stations are necessary to find the epicenter of an earthquake
three
What type of boundary are the Turkey quakes?
transform and convergent
the release of water vapor from plants is called
transpiration
Which of the following applies to the basic constituents of halite, gypsum, and sylvite?
transported as dissolved ions, deposited by evaporation
_____ is a form of calcium carbonate
travertine
A ____ stream patter develops on lands underlain by tilted or folded, alternating hard and soft, sedimentary strata.
trellis
A ____ drainage pattern is common in the Appalachian Valley and Ridge Province
trellis(AV/RP)
In a ____ drainage pattern that is generally developed in areas underlain by tilted or folded strata, tributary streams flow along outcrop areas of the softer strata
trellis(folded)
Mesozoic
triassic (first mammals)- Cretaceous (first primates and flowering plants) then extinction of dinosaurs
Earthquakes often occur at plate boundaries
true
P waves travel ___ as fast as S waves
twice
A transform plate boundary involves
two plates sliding laterally past each other
an aquifer whose upper boundary is the water table
unconfined
the groundwater table is in-between the
unsaturated and saturated zone
Which of the following is the only correct response concerning the location and causes of the extraordinarily sever, 1993, flooding on the Mississippi River and tributaries?
upper basin; very heavy sustained rainfall in the late spring and early summer
Which one of the following is true concerning a major river system?
upstream tributaries usually have higher competencies than the major rivers
Which process generally helps increase productivity?
upwelling
The saturate zone is also known by these names
vadose zone
Trellis drainage pattern
valley and ridge basin and range
this type of glacier is restricted to mountain valleys
valley glacier (alpine)
a rock carved by the windq
ventifact
Which of the following would retain the most detailed impressions of fossilized organisms?
very fine-grained volcanic ash
Surface Processes of the rock cycle: Transportation
via streams, glaciers and wind moves particles down hill.
The sun's peak radiation is in the _______ part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
visible light
what is the rain shadow effect
warm air is carried over oceans encounters mountains then rises and cools the result is a windward rainy slope. as it lowers mountain it sinks and warms and a dry leeward slope or rain shadow is formed.
the underground subsurface where water pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
water table=capillary fringe
What are the two most abundant gases in magmas?
water vapor and carbon dioxide
a narrow flat area often seen at the base of a sea cliff caused by the action of the waves
wave cut platform
Nile Delta
wave dominated
Liquefaction occurs when _____.
when saturated soil and other unconsolidated Earth materials lose their strength during an earthquake and behave like a liquid.
subduction zone
when the denser plate subducts onto the other then melts
in this season, northwest beaches are gravelly and steep
winter
Yellowstone's most recent eruption was _______. There is evidence that Yellowstone has errupted _____ in the last 2.3 million years.
~600,000 years ago, 3 times
As of 2017, what is the approximate CO2 level in Earth's atmosphere?
400 ppm
Which factors contribute to sea-level rise from global warming?
melting land ice and heating and expansion of sea water
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2014 estimated that Earth's average surface temperature would likely rise by how much above preindustrial levels by 2050?
two degrees Celsius
Seismic waves are used to determine that the interior of the Earth is divided into layers of rock with different properties. Seismic waves will accelerate or slow down depending on the density of the material they're traveling through. When seismic waves reach the boundary between two layers, some waves will also reflect (bounce) off that boundary and some will refract (bend) at the boundary.
1. Accelerate 2. Density 3. Reflect 4. Refract
Which of these conditions will cause a rock to melt? Increase in temperature with pressure remaining the same High water content Decrease in pressure with temperature remaining the same
1. Increase in temperature with pressure remaining the same 2. High water content 3. Decrease in pressure with temperature remaining the same
Two ways by which glaciers flow
1. Plastic flow- sheets move 2. Basal Slip- the base moves
Three ways that wind moves sand
1. suspension 2. saltation 3. bedload
When Charles Keeling began monitoring CO2 at the Mauna Loa Observatory in 1960, he recorded CO2 levels at around 320 ppm. Calculate the rate of change in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels between 1960 and 2017?
1.5 ppm/yr
Increases in precipitation lead to increased landslide risk. On average, how many landslide-related deaths occur in Nepal during each monsoon season?
100
an area where there is a 1% chance of having a flood in any year
100 year flood plain
A large quake in a populated area of California is forecast to result in how many fatalities?
1000's
The October 1963 Vajont Dam landslide killed around 2,500 people. How long did it take for the mass movement to flow out of the reservoir, over the dam, and into the valley below?
12 minutes
Stratosphere
12 to 50 km, Ozone held here, absorbs UV radiation
primary waves
1st wave, P, travels the fastest, back-and-forth waves, move through solids, liquids, and gases
After scientists installed seismographs, how many earthquakes per week did they record?
25
The approximate mean elevation of the solid Earth surface
2km below sea level
From the time the siren went off and the tsunami hit the city of Sendai, how long did the residents of Sendai have to evacuate to higher ground before the tsunami hit?
3 minutes
How long before a flood can someone purchase insurance from the National Flood Insurance program?
30 days
An unusually wet summer was the primary cause of the 1993 Flood. The jet stream became locked over the midwest and ____ inches of rain fell over ____ months.
30, 6
amount sea level would rise if both continental ice sheets melted
300 ft or 100 m rise
Over the last 800,000 years before industrialization (between the year 1800 and 800,000 BCE), when was the largest peak of CO2?
325,000 yrs ago
Mesosphere
3rd layer of the atmosphere
surface waves
3rd wave to hit the slowest and does most damage
What was the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere on January, 2019?
411
Sedimentary rocks account for about what percentage of the Earth's outermost 10 kilometers of rock? What percentage of the Earth's continental area is covered by sedimentary rocks?
5% and 75%
How many states in the United States are affected by landslides
50
During the 1993 flood, Quincey, Illinois experienced flooding at the ________ recurrence interval.
500 years
The 1993 Flood had a recurrence interval of ______.
500 years
What is the elevation of the city of New Orleans?
7-10 feet below sea level
How much of the earth's surface do the oceans cover?
71 percent
What would the Volcanic Explosivity Index be if Yellowstone erupts?
8
The Japanese islands formed from a volcanic island arc. At convergent ocean - ocean boundaries volcanoes form when the subducted plate is at what depth?
80 - 100 km
How many states were directly affected by the 1993 Flood?
9
Percentage of Earth's H2O that is salt water
96.5%
What percentage of the earth's water supply do the oceans represent?
97 percent
The wetlands surrounding New Orleans are rapidly disappearing. Why?
A and B
Drawing down too much groundwater from a well can lead to ______________.
A cone of depression
downwelling current
A current that sinks to great depths within the ocean because water temperature drops and salinity increases
hurricane
A severe storm that develops over tropical oceans and whose strong winds of more than 74 km/h spiral in toward the intensely low-pressure storm center
composite volcano
A tall, cone-shaped mountain; form along subduction zones; felsic magma; very explosive
convergent plate boundary
A tectonic plate boundary where two plates collide, come together, or crash into each other; can cause subduction zones
Which of the following is not true concerning tsunamis on the open ocean?
A tsunami in the open ocean will look like a huge wall of water to a ship in its path.
HWK 1: Earth diagram
A. Crust B. Mantle C. Core D. Oceanic Crust E. Continental Crust F. Lithosphere G. Asthenosphere Boundary between the crust and mantle: Moho
Fill in the blanks in the following four statements. 1. [A] crust is denser and thinner than (B] crust.2. The [C] is the weak layer in the mantle that allows the tectonic plates to slip, collide, and separate.3. Oceanic lithosphere is created at [D] and returns to the mantle at [E].4. At convergent plate boundaries, the subducting oceanic plate grinds along the base of the overriding plate, generating large [F].
A. Oceanic B. Continental C. Asthenosphere D. Mid-Ocean Ridges E. Subduction Zones F. Earthquakes
Paleoclimate proxies are physical, chemical and biological materials preserved within the geologic record that can be analyzed and correlated with climate or environmental parameters in the modern world. They can be what three things:
Biological, Sedimentological, or Glaciological
Explain the difference between catastrophism and uniformitarianism.
Catastrophism: Uniformitarianism:
The Earth is made up of the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, upper core, and inner core. These are called what?
Compositional Differences
The 5 Types Of Landslides
Creep, Slump, Debris Fall, Mud Flow, Rockslide, and Rock Fall
The rise of the earths surface after continental ice sheets recede
Crust rebound
Q3: Which of the following is true according to the diagram below?
Deeper earthquakes are generally further from the trench than shallower earthquakes.
What is one in which the displacement is vertical, up or down in the direction of dip.
Dip-Slip Fault
New igneous rock is created at what type of plate boundary?
Divergent
What type of boundary are the Icelandic quakes?
Divergent
Biochemical sedimentary rocks
Form when broken pieces of shell or other skeletal remains are cemented together EX: Limestone
Mafic Rock are associated with....
Gabbro and Basalt
Risk assessment is critical to ____ _____.
Hazard Mitigation
An aquifer is likely to have ___________.
High porosity, high permeability
How do we get higher or lower salinity?
Higher: from evaporation Lower: adding water like rainfall or melt
This is a rare island on the mid oceanic ridge
Iceland
If you are at the beach and feel a large earthquake, what should you do, and when should you do it?
Immediately run up slope as far as possible.
Select all the methods used to mitigate or reduce the impact of natural hazards to people.
Land use planning, Public education, Insurance
Which of the following is a human caused form of groundwater contamination?
Landfill leachate
What are the four types of seismic waves?
Love, Raleigh, P, S
How a hurricane forms
Low-pressure air rushes in, Coriolis effect, water released increases heat to center (latent heat), the eye of a hurricane is calm
Melted rock below the surface is called?
Magma
Lava
Magma that reaches Earth's surface
This scale measures the size of an earthquake
Magnitude (1-9 scale) measure of the amount of energy released
This major US city is actually below sea level because of excessive groundwater pumping
New Orleans
Composition of the Atmosphere
Nitrogen 79.05% Oxygen 20.95% Argom .934% Carbon dioxide .0387%
The gradual process of subsidence can result from all of the following activities except
Not sure
Which of the following helped relate the 1906 quake to a linear fault?
Offset Features Connecting the locations of offset features Mussel Point outcrop
Any mitigation requires elimination one of the landslide mitigation requirements but one con to them is....
Often too expensive or impossible
Groundwater usage is often the use of water as a temporary, non-renewable resource. What aqua filler is a key example of this?
Ogallala Aquifer
How do we know one of the layers of the Earth is liquid?
Only one of the two types of seismic waves from an earthquake can pass through liquids.
What is the biggest problem for Moscow ID
Overdraught
Which seismic wave is always the first to arrive at a seismograph?
P- wave
How does pahoehoe lava differ from aa lava?
Pahoehoe is ropy-looking, and aa is clinkery.
Examples of paleoclimate proxies
Paleoclimates Stratigraphic records Paleontological Oxygen isotopes Growth rings
The originator of the theory of continental drift called the single landmass _______.
Pangaea
A crescent shaped dune common on sea shores
Parabolic dunes
Epicenter
Point on Earth's surface directly above an earthquake's focus
Dissolution
Polarity of water
What is the biggest problem for Boise ID
Pollution
What is the biggest problem for the Spokane Aquifer
Pollution
The occurrences of natural disasters on a world scale are increasing, largely due to these three things:
Population growth, land use changes, and climate change.
Which town's levee withstood the flood?
Prairie du Rocher, IL
We know Earth's climate is changing rapidly because of these five things:
Precipitation changes, melting ice, sea level rise, and temperature increase.
Why is the earth's core solid? (inner core)
Pressure is so high that even at the high temperatures, it cannot be a solid.
Why has the number of natural disasters increased over the last several decades?
Primarily increased population and development, along with climate change.
ozone layer
Protective layer in atmosphere that shields earth from UV radiation.
Elements are determined based on the number of ________________ they have?
Protons
How do we know about the earth interior
Seismic waves provide insight to the earth interior; Since S waves cannot travel through liquids
How to locate earthquake epicenters
Seismic waves to locate epicenter.
A recording of ground motion as a function of time
Seismogram shows the vibrations recorded by seismometer
What mineral decays to talc?
Serpentine
What mineral was discovered on the deep San Andreas fault by the recent Parkfield borehole
Serpentine
In what type of rock does serpentine occur
Serpentinite
Strike Slip
Shear (sliding next or passed each other)
Mauna Loa, on Hawaii, erupts basalt. What volcano type is it?
Shield volcano
Meanders
Single sinuous channel, broad, looping, point bars cut banks serpentine shape helicoidal flow lateral erosion
Earthquake mitigation
Site selection for critical facilities Structure reinforcement and protection Evacuation drills Insurance relief
Which of these is a PRIMARY mechanism for plate movement?
Slab-pull
Which of the following is not true with respect to the strongest aftershock during the 1811-1812 earthquakes?
The strongest aftershock caused the formation of the bluffs along the Missouri River near Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Water Table Topography
The water table is not flat; it is a sloping surface. The water table is a subdued replica of the topography. The water table is high where the land is high. The water table is low where the land is low. Water flows from higher elevations to lower elevations. Topography is useful for estimating groundwater flow.
Why high cold mountains in Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina have no glaciers
There is no precipitation
resisting forces
These oppose downslope movement; they are based on the shear strength of the material.
Why would a home built on the floodplain behind a levee be safe from flooding?
This statement is not true.
In a coastal area, why build a groin? (a series of groins are shown in the picture)
To stop longshore drift and trap sand to extend the beach.
The most recent supervolcano to erupt was _________ and it occurred ________ years ago. This volcano may have nearly ended human life on earth.
Toba; 74,000
What is imaging by sections or sectioning, through the use of any kind of penetrating wave?
Tomography
Ice cut valley
U-shaped
According the Case Study, what do residents of Houston blame for exacerbating flooding in their neighborhoods?
Unregulated development/building in the area
South of LA, GPS measurements show that stress is building up in the brittle granite. There has not been a major quake in 300 years, for LA this is:
Very bad
Volcano Type (Dome and Caldera)
Very explosive, rhyolitic, can be huge or small, thick lava
_____ _____ are usually followed by steam and gas eruptions, earthquakes, and emergent domes.
Volcanic Eruptions
Radial drainage pattern
Volcano
A geologic hazard that can potentially cause massive amounts of damage and loss of human life is
Volcano Earthquake Hurricane Landslide
______ form on hot spots, divergent boundaries, and subduction zones.
Volcanoes
Lahars, pyroclastic flows, and explosive force (blast) are hazards of what?
Volcanos
Why did the 17th Street and London Street canals fail?
Water soaked into the underlying peat layer and weakened the soft sediments beneath the levee wall.
A passive margin of Africa
West African Coast
an active margin of North America
West Coast
Trends in: atmosphere, sea level, glaciers, oceans, acidity, CO2, permafrost, emissions
When CO2 is high temps are high too And CO2 is increasing
The geologic cycle that describes the opening and closing of ocean basins
Wilson Cycle
What is the source of Yellowstone's volcanism?
Yellowstone sits on a hotspot.
Beach nourishment _______________.
a coastal engineering method that replenishes the sand to provide a recreation beach and helps protect coastal properties from erosion by widening the beach
Earth's inner core
a dense ball of solid metal; denser than outer core.
Keeling Curve
a graph made over the span of 50 years that shows the increase of carbon dioxide
Mudflows
a rapid downhill movement of a mixture of water, rock, and soil
a thrust fault is
a reverse fault with a shallow dipping fault plane
sedimentary rock
a rock that forms from compressed or cemented layers of sediment
A graywacke is _______
a sandstone with sand grains embedded
A water gap is _____
a short segment of canyon
hot spot
a small area or region with a relatively hot temperature in comparison to its surroundings.
Like all hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean, Hurricane Katrina began as _____.
a storm off the west coast of Africa.
Which one of the following statements correctly describes how stream terraces can form?
a temporary base level is eliminated; the stream downcuts upstream form the old temp base level
strike-slip fault
a type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion
intrusive
a type of ingneous rock that generally contains large crystals and forms when magma cools slowly beneath Earth's surface.
VEI stands for ______.
a volcano's explosivity index.
What are the names of the four spheres that: 1. includes all life on Earth, 2. extends form the surface of the Earth to its center, 3. is comprised to all water and ice on the Earth, and 4. is a gaseous envelope that surrounds the Earth? a. 1. biosphere, 2. geosphere, 3. hydrosphere, 4. atmosphere b. 1. hydrosphere, 2. geosphere, 3. biosphere, 4. atmosphere c. 1. atmosphere, 2. geosphere, 3. hydrosphere, 4. biosphere d. 1. geosphere, 2. biosphere, 3. atmosphere, 4. hydrosphere e. 1. biosphere, 2. atmosphere, 3. hydrosphere, 4. geosphere
a. 1. biosphere, 2. geosphere, 3. hydrosphere, 4. atmosphere
How old is Earth? a. 4.6 billion years old b. 4.6 million years old c. 460 million years old d. 4600 years old e. 46 billion years old
a. 4.6 billion years old
______ is a feature that results from processes associated with an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. A rift valley b. A deep ocean trench c. An oceanic ridge d. A volcanic island arc e. Slivers of oceanic crust in a large mountain range
b. A deep ocean trench d. A volcanic island arc
______ is a feature of a divergent plate boundary. CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. A continental volcanic arc b. A subduction zone c. A rift valley d. A deep-ocean trench e. An oceanic ridge
c. A rift valley e. An oceanic ridge
What are the two most common carbonate minerals? a. calcite and limestone b. calcite and dolostone c. calcite and dolomite d. limestone and dolostone e. limestone and dolomite
c. calcite and dolomite
Compared to the Earth's asthenosphere, the Earth's lithosphere is: a. warmer and more rigid. b. warmer and more able to flow. c. cooler and more rigid. d. cooler and less rigid. e. cooler and more able to flow.
c. cooler and more rigid
Which of the following is considered a ferromagnesian silicate? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. potassium feldspar b. muscovite c. garnet d. quartz e. biotite
c. garnet e. biotite
A(n) ___ is a tentative explanation, whereas a(n) ____ has survived extensive scrutiny over many years. a. theory; hypothesis b. observation; hypothesis c. hypothesis; theory d. theory; observation e. result; hypothesis
c. hypothesis; theory
Which statement about the theory of plate tectonics is correct? a. The rigid lithosphere plates ride over a pool of magma. b. The rigid asthenosphere plates overlay the hotter and weaker lithosphere. c. The rigid asthenosphere plates overlay the crust. d. Rigid lithosphere plates move through oceanic crust. e. The rigid lithosphere plates overlay the hotter and weaker asthenosphere.
e. The rigid lithosphere plates overlay the hotter and weaker asthenosphere.
What is a system? a. a repeating cycle of events that occur in a predictable order b. an individual part or idea that never interacts with other individual parts or ideas c. a collection of individual items or ideas that are grouped together based solely on a single physical characteristic they have in common d. an ordered way of performing the scientific method e. a group of individual parts that interact and form a more complex whole
e. a group of individual parts that interact and form a more complex whole
The costs of catastrophic events continue to increase primarily because ____.
more people are moving into areas at high risk for natural disasters
Which one of the following statements is true concerning natural levees?
mostly fine sand and silt that build up during a floor
compaction is a veyr important part of the lithification process for which of the following sediments
mud
Which of the following sedimentary features would typically be found in shales but not in sandstones?
mud cracks
Which of the following regions is one where the oceanic conveyor belt is sinking (surface waters becoming deep waters)?
near Greenland
Earthquakes
occur on faults when rocks rupture, releasing stored up stress as energy
Surface Processes of the rock cycle: burial
occurs as layers of sediment accumulate and compact previous layers
Surface Processes of the rock cycle: deposition (or sedimentation)
occurs when particles settle out or dissolved minerals precipitate
Which type of crust is denser, and thus sinks below the other?
oceanic
oceanic trenches form where this subducts under neighboring plates
oceanic crust
The deepest parts of the oceans where thick sedimentary wedges accumulate
oceanic trenches
Where is erosion concentrated along a meandering stream?
on the outer parts of the meandering loops or bends
The residential construction that sustained the least amount of damage during the Haiti earthquake was _____.
one-story shanties made of mud and twig walls, sheet metal roofs, and earthen floors.
Many larger rivers in the Colorado Plateau region meander in deep, narrow canyons and have no flood plains. How could this happen?
original, old age streams
coal forms from the accumulated remains of
plants
this typeof glacier is below the freezing point throughout
polar glaciers
What is the biggest problem for the Love Canal
pollution
human contamination
pollution, waster, toxic chemicals
The massive loss of life in the 2010 Haiti earthquake was primarily due to _____.
poor construction and lack of attention to building design in residential homes.
This drops in sediments if groundwater is removed
pore pressure (hydraulic pressure)
________ are further concentrated in a residual brine after NaCL is crystalized
potassium, magnesium, and bromine
Why is a bird-foot delta like that of the present-day Mississippi below New Orleans likely to change naturally toward one with the shape of an equilateral triangle like the upper-case, Greek letter delta?
potential, new, major distributary channels have steeper gradients than existing channels
Diagenesis Cementation
precipitation or addition of new minerals cements sediment particles
The void space between grains in sandstone
primary porosity
natural contamination
pure organic compounds
Flint, chert, and jasper are microcrystalline forms of
quartz
_____ a common mineral found in igneous rocks, is the most abundant mineral in detrital sedimentary rocks
quartz
sandstone turns into what during metamorphism
quartzite
An unstable marine sediment with a disorganized structure that can flow like water if disturbed is called _________.
quick clay
A ___ stream pattern is developed only on growing mountains like volcanoes or where the land surface is tectonically doming upward
radial
absolute dates are based on
radioactive decay of unstable isotopes
Greenhouse gases include all of the following except ____.
radon
these deserts are on the lee side of mountain rainges
rain shadow desert
______ are characteristics of downcutting streams and a youthful stage of valley evolution
rapids and lots of whitewater
The effect of aerosols can be best described as ____.
reflecting sunlight and cooling the atmosphere
two types of metamorphism
regional and contact
What is a bittern?
residual brine left
narrow surface currents which carry water from the near shore seaward through the breaker zone
rip currents
Mississippi Delta
river dominated
Which one of the following mass movements listed below happens the fastest?
rock fall
igneous rock
rock that forms when magma cools and solidifies
Streams receive water from 2 primary sources:
runoff and groundwater
Other than limestone, what types of rocks are soluble in water and can form cavities that collapse?
salt and gypsum
What is the biggest problem for the Outer Banks
saltwater intrusion
zicon and tourmaline are dense, highly insoluble, chemically stable, minor minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. In which sedimentary rock might you expect to find these minerals concentrated?
sandstone lithified from quartz-rich beach sand
sand-_______-______
sandstone, quartzite
these form when caves break through the headland
sea arches
The ultimate base level of streams
sea level
Which of the following must result in a lower base level for rivers and streams?
sea level falls; land rises
Why are seacliffs so prone to erosion?
seacliffs are exposed to wave action, and they are also steep slopes, which can make them susceptible to landslides
These undersea broad mountains and plateaus were formed from extinct volcanoes
seamounts
When you watch the segment for 1979-2011, you'll see the CO2 levels fluctuate (most dramatically at monitoring stations in the northern mid and low latitudes - around the equator) during each year. Why is this?
seasonal changes in vegetation photosynthesis
Travels through liquids Faster Primary wave Compressional Longitudinal
P-Wave
Groundwater flow is controlled by what?
Porosity and Permeability
Earthquakes primarily occur along which plate boundaries?
Tectonic Plate Boundaries
unconfined aquifer
an aquifer that is exposed to the surface
A material that breaks without plastic flow
Brittle
Bricks Cold Rocks
Brittle
Which mountain chain listed below is an example of an active margin?
Himalayas
The city where the San Andreas probably has more serpentine on its slip surface
Hollister
What city in california has extensive damage form fault slip but has never had a major earthquake
Hollister
What epic of the earth do we currently live in?
Holocene (Recent) Epic : The time of when modern man has been on earth.
Glacially carved peak
Horn
The latitudes where most desert areas lie
Horse Latitudes (20-30 degrees N/S of equator)
Volcanic Hazards
Pyroclasts More dangerous than lava flows Lava flows Lahars Pyroclastic flows Most dangerous
Creep landslide
Slowest landslide Tilting things like trees, telephone poles, foundations
evidence of very ancient ice ages comes from this rock type that is found in rocks as old as two billion years
(precambrian) tilite
Select the 3 methods inspired by the 1993 Flood to prevent future damage and loss from flooding.
- Elevating homes above flood level - Returning agricultural land to natural wetlands - Leaving crop residue on the land to reduce soil erosion and run-off
A stream begins at an elevation of 200 meters and flows a distance of 400 kilometers to the ocean? What is the average gradient?
0.5m/km
It was assumed that Yellowstone's heat source was an extinct volcano. What event made scientists realize that Yellowstone was still active and prompted them to take a closer look at the seismic activity of the national park?
A large earthquake in Yellowstone National Park in 1959.
What is permafrost? Why important?
A layer of soil that remains frozen for 2 or more years It is important because it stores carbon and if it thaws then that carbon will be released
Salinity
A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid
Younger Dryas
A period of global climatic stress that had a significant impact on Natufian society
Moraine
A ridge formed by the till deposited at the front or frank of a glacier.
Permeability
Ability of rock or soil to allow water to flow through it
mid-ocean ridge
An underwater moutain chain where new ocean floor is formed
Upfold Older rocks in the center
Anticline
When ground water porosity and permeability is low water can not flow. This is called?
Aquatard
Which agency manages the rivers, dams, and levees in the United States.?
Army Corp of Engineers
secondary waves
Arrive second. Move side to side and up and down. Shakes buildings side to side.
When groundwater porosity and permeability is high water flows _____.
Easily
Volcano Type (Sheild)
Big, Basaltic, Low Viscosity, Low Explosiveness
Natural sequestration
Biological processes Wetlands, peat bogs, forests, vegetation Chemical weathering of rocks
A passive margin of South America
Brazil Coast
How do we know about the internal structure of the earth?
By using the behavior of seismic waves as they travel through the earth.
What is the chemical formula for dolomite, the major mineral in dolostones?
CaMg(CO3)2
____ is not a part of the hydrologic cycle
Calcium Carbonate
Form not from mechanical breakup and transport of fragments, but from crystals formed by precipitation or growth from solution. Ex. Limestone
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary rocks are what?
Chemical, biochemical, clastic, and organic.
A rock made of sediments cemented together would fall into which class of sedimentary rock?
Clastic
Formed from the products of the mechanical breakup of other rocks. Natural processes continually attack rocks exposed at the surface. Ex. Sandstone or Shale
Clastic Sedimentary Rocks
Which town's levee failure was credited with saving St Louis, Missouri from flooding.
Columbia, IL
these form when a stalactite and stalagmite merge
Columns
____ Lithosphere is less dense than the oceanic lithosphere, making it "float" higher on the asthenosphere.
Continental
Evidence for plate movement
Continental fit Glacial and paleoclimate evidence Fossil evidence Matching geologic units evidence;
What type of plate boundary are the Alps
Continental-Continental
What type of plate boundary are the Himalayas
Continental-Continental
Mountain ranges form at _____ and sometimes transform boundaries.
Convergent
What type of boundary are the Peru quakes?
Convergent
What type of boundary is the 1500 Puget Sound earthquake?
Convergent
Plate boundary at which lithospheric plates are moving toward each other; for example a subduction zone or continental collision zone.
Convergent Plate Boundaries
Igneous rocks form from what?
Cooled magma or lava
What are the three layers of the earth based on composition?
Core, Mantle, Crust
Slow, movement along faults that occur gradually and relatively smoothly are called what?
Creep
Match the three major types of plate boundaries to the motion at those boundaries.
Divergent Plate Boundary: The plates are moving away from each other at mid-ocean ridges. Convergent Plate Boundary: The plates are colliding with each other, and oceanic plates subduct under continental plates. Transform Plate Boundary: The edges of the plates slide past each other.
Boundaries between Plate Tectonics come in three flavors:
Divergent, Convergent, and Transform
Braids
Dividing, rejoining River bars too much sediment variations in discharge
Which of the following did not occur during the Dec. 16, 1811, New Madrid earthquake?
Downed power lines caused numerous small fires along the Mississippi River.
CO2 stabilization
Dropping CO2 emission levels to pre-1990 levels could... Stabilize CO2 at 450 ppm if within a few decades Stabilize CO2 at 650 ppm if within a century Stabilize CO2 at 1000 ppm if within a couple centuries
Earth's crust
Earth's outermost layer of rock (soild)
What is good evidence that fracking can cause Earthquakes?
Earthquakes in Oklahoma have increased exponentially since the 1990s.
an example of a new ocean basin trying to form
East African rift
A passive margin of North America
East Coast
With the sudden displacement and associated stress release, the rocks snap back elastically to their previous dimensions this is called what?
Elastic Rebound
The point on the earth's surface directly above the focus is called the what?
Epicenter
Which of the following processes weakens the resisting forces on a slope
Eroding the base of the slope via waves
What is erosion?
Erosion is the transportation of weathered material
What process of the earth does the sun drive?
External; all else is internal processes
Igneous rocks formed from lava are ____________.
Extrusive
Igneous rocks come in what?
Extrusive and Intrusive
Due to the force of the water that hit the Vajont Dam, the dam itself sustained severe damage.
False
The October 1963 Vajont Dam landslide occurred without any warning.
False
The Reelfoot Rift formed when the supercontinent of Pangaea began to split apart around 700 million years ago.
False
What lava has more silica and higher viscosity? (Peanut Butter)
Felsic Lava
Silica-rich rocks tend to be rich in feldspar, and such rocks and magmas are called what?
Felsic Rock
An igneous rock that is formed from the cooling of lava is going to have what sized grains?
Fine-sized grains
Where in North America are sinkholes most prevalent and why?
Florida, because it is almost all limestone and has abundant groundwater
Earth's mantle
Flowy solid Rock
The point of rupture in an earthquake, the point on the fault where the fault slips is called what?
Focus (hypocenter)
Shield and Mafic
Hawaii
Which of the following would not be a part of the Ring of Fire?
Hawaii
What are the four spheres of the Earth?
Hydrosphere Geosphere Atmosphere Biosphere
According to the intensity map of the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the greatest intensity experienced during this earthquake was ______.
IX
Which proxy records are used in the NOAA CarbonTracker reconstruction of the atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations before modern direct measurements and monitoring stations?
Ice cores
CO2 is a known greenhouse gas. It is at about 415 ppm now, and was at about 265 ppm before the what?
Industrial Revolution
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb energy radiating from the Earth in what form of energy?
Infrared
Eye witness accounts reported that the Mississippi River flowed backward during at least one of the larger earthquakes during the New Madrid 1811-1812 earthquake swarm. What is the best explanation for why the river 'flowed backward?'
Intense shaking along the river caused water to bounce from one side of the river to the other. This formed waves that flowed upriver, making it appear that the river was flowing backwards.
Why does the intensity map for the Dec. 16, 1811, earthquake not show any intensities on the west side of the map?
Intensities are not shown on the west side of the map because the population of European settlers in that part of the U.S. was sparse.
Igneous rocks formed from magma are ___________.
Intrusive
flow and lahars
Involves water
The relationship between crustal thickness and elevation is called what?
Isostasy
Rectangular drainage pattern
Joints
Circular stratified mounds
Kame
Humid conditions and limestone bedrock form the conditions for this topography
Karst
Glacial depressions
Kettle
Which is the most active volcano on Hawai'i?
Kilauea
examples of mountains near the equator that have glaciers
Kilimanjaro, Africa Tropical Andes Sierra Blanca
rock and debris slides
Lack water and move suddenly (fastest)
The main volcanic hazard for the city of Tacoma, Washington is what?
Lahar
After the eye of Hurricane Katrina passed over New Orleans, why did the flood waters continue to rise in the low-lying areas of the city?
Levee along two canals failed and water from Lake Ponchartrain drained into the city center.
Which sedimentary rock when found at an outcrop is indicative of a shallow tropical marine environment?
Limestone
Isobars
Lines joining places on the map that have the same air pressure
Earthquakes are a result of stress built up in the _____, the outer, brittle portion of the Earth.
Lithosphere
The ____ is the name of the hard, brittle parts of the Earth. It includes the crust and the uppermost mantle.
Lithosphere
What are the characteristics of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere?
Lithosphere: Cool and rigid Asthenosphere:
sheild volcano
Looks like a dome or shield Basaltic magma Found along hot spots Not steep Non explosive
What is one way that we can currently mitigate earthquake hazards?
Mapping of earthquake probabilities (risk mapping) based on historical earthquake data
What is one way we can mitigate earthquake hazards?
Mapping of earthquake probabilities (risk mapping), based on historical earthquake data
Why do landslides occur?
Mass will slide (or slope will fail) when driving force (F) exceeds resisting force (f)
An example of an ocean basin about to close
Mediterranean Sea
Which of the following statements is true?
Melting glaciers can lead to an increase is sea level
This scale measures the intensity of an earthquake at a particular location
Mercalli Intensity scale (1=barely felt, 12=total destruction)
_____ Rocks have been changed by heat and or pressure.
Metamorphic
These form from the longest continuous mountain range in Earth
Mid ocean ridge
New oceanic crust is generated at _______.
Mid-Ocean Ridges; a divergent boundary
These astronomical cycles seem to correlate with past ice ages on Earth
Milancovich cycles
Magma
Molten rock beneath the earth's surface
Which of the following is true?
Much of the initial problems associated with the nuclear reactors was due to flooding of the generators, brought on by the tsunami.
The San Andreas fault comes ashore 12 miles south of San Francisco at
Mussel Point
What do the red and blue dots represent on the graph and small map?
NOAA observatory stations
Body waves travel through different layers of the Earth in different ways. This is how the subsurface of the Earth is what?
Observed
What type of plate boundary are the Cascades
Oceanic- Continental
What type of plate boundary are the Andes
Oceanic-Continental
What type of plate boundary are the Aleutians
Oceanic-Oceanic
Stratified glacial sediment
Outwash
An active margin of South America
Peruvian Coast
Fracking involves the injection of pressurized fluids into the subsurface to break up what?
Petroleum Rich Sedimentary Layers
Which class of minerals is a significant source of one of the most important nutrients to plant and animal life?
Phosphates
Which mineral group contains an element vital for plant and animal nutrition?
Phosphates
Water can be removed from a wet, unstable slope in all the following ways except...
Placing a load on the slope to squeeze water out
preventing mass movements
Planting vegetation Engineered structures Eliminating undercutting increases stability Controlled blasting
A material that remains deformed after stress is removed
Plastic
_____ Tectonics is the idea that the Earth's lithosphere is broken into rigid plates that move. It is the theory that underlies all of geologic science.
Plate
focus
Point at the depth where the rocks ruptured to produce earthquakes; place where quake waves originate
Which of the following do geologists use to study pre-historic earthquakes
Radio carbon dating of charcoal offsets of lake sediments offsets of surface stream valleys
Volcano Type (Scoria/Cinder Cone)
Range of compositions; high gas content (vesicular rocks)
The Gros Venture Slide caused significant loss of life due to the failure of the natural dam it created. This is a _____ ______ outcome of landslides.
Relatively Common
Human sequestration
Restores forests, wetlands, agriculture iron fertilization of the ocean
The rock type formed by the coolest lava, with the most viscosity is what?
Rhyolite
What lava type has the most explosive eruptions?
Rhyolite
This modern magnitude scale is based on the product of the fault plane area and the fault displacement
Richter Scale (later replaced by moment magnitude scale)
which body wave travels slowest and only through solids
S Waves
Transverse particle motion Travels only in solids Second arrival Shear
S- Wave
Near what city was the great M7.8 quake of 1906?
San Francisco
What is the difference between a scientific hypothesis and a scientific theory?
Scientific Hypothesis: Untested idea Scientific Theory: Well tested and widely accepted idea
______ Rocks are made up of deposited particles.
Sedimentary
organic sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rock (such as coal) formed from carbon-rich relicts of organisms. EX: coal or oil shale
Primary (p), Secondary (s), Raleigh, and Love are what types of waves?
Seismic Waves
Volcano hazard evaluation is based on these three things:
Seismic monitoring, landscapes, and past behavior.
The study of earthquakes
Seismology
What is the uniformity of grain size in a rock?
Sorting (well sorted: all class have nearly the same grain size) (poorly sorted: class show a wide variety of grain sizes) (Degree of sorting increases with transport distance)
Bedrock Granite Mudstone
Stable in earthquakes
Besides wind, what is the biggest hazard from hurricanes?
Storm surge
Turbulent (random, fast)
Streamlines cross can erode natural streams
Laminar (Smooth flow, slow)
Streamlines parallel Streamlines do not cross
Volcano Type (Composite)
Tall, explosive, intermediate
Along which the displacement is parallel to the strike is called what?
Strike-slip fault
These commonly cut the continental shelf and were created when sea level is low
Submarine canyons
What is the biggest problem for New Orleans
Subsidence
What is the biggest problem for Pisa
Subsidence
What is the biggest problem for the Great Valley CA
Subsidence
What are the two sources of energy that drives the earth's processes?
Sun ; external Heat of the Earth ; internal
Raleigh and Love are what type of waves?
Surface Waves
The most destructive seismic waves generated by an earthquake are what?
Surface Waves
What are the most destructive seismic waves, generated by an earthquake?
Surface Waves
Downfold Younger rocks in the center
Syncline
Why is talc an important mineral in active fault zones?
Talc is very slippery, lubricates faults, slides easier
Ocean water density is controlled by which two variables?
Temperature, Salinity
Extension, normal fault
Tensional (pulling apart)
At end of glacier
Terminal
What is the degree of edge or corner smoothness of rocks?
The Angularity
Which of the following would be a modern analogy to the Midcontinent Rift of North America?
The East African Rift Valley
This postulates that rocks on both sides of the fault store the energy of plate displacement by bending until their elastic strength is exceeded and they rupture and return to their former unstressed state
The Elastic Rebound Theory: elastic strain energy builds up, when slipping occurs, causes earthquake and then returns to unstressed
What is the theory that describes how the solar system was formed?
The Nebular Theory
In the spring of 2003, some unusual events occurred in Yellowstone that caused some to worry that Yellowstone might erupt. Select the 3 events that occurred in 2003.
The ground heated up and cracks opened up. A pack of bison died from poisonous gas. Steamboat Geyser, a geyser that can be dormant for up to 50 years, began erupting.
Which of the following is not true with respect to the San Andreas fault?
The San Andreas fault represents the convergent boundary between the North American and the Pacific plates.
Seismic surveys (a form of tomography) are used to explore what?
The Subsurface (ex. looking for oil)
Which of the following is true with respect to the underlying geology in the Vajont River valley?
The Vajont River valley is underlain by rocks that dip (tilt) into the valley.
Coriolis Force
The apparent force, resulting from the rotation of the Earth, that deflects air or water movement.( northern hemisphere to the right and southern hemisphere to the left
What is the height of the atmosphere compared to the geosphere?
The atmosphere is very shallow compared to the geosphere. (Atmosphere: about 16 miles, Geosphere:
Why is Yellowstone's supervolcano so explosive?
The magma beneath Yellowstone is full of gas and very viscous because it is silica-rich.
Which of the following was the main reason why most scientists did not believe in the concept of continental drift?
The originator of the concept of continental drift did not adequately explain how the continents could move.
continental crust
The parts of Earth's crust that form the continents. (felsic, granite)
Pleistocene Ice Age
The period of time from about 2 Ma to 14,000 years ago, during which the Earth experienced an ice age.
The primary source of groundwater is
The primary source of groundwater is
Slump landslide
Usually curved and on the slower side
Water cut valley
V-Shaped
At divergent plate boundaries, a. two plates move away from each other. b. one plate remains stationary while the other plate moves away from it. c. two plates more laterally past each other. d. two plates move towards each other. e. one plate remains stationary while the other plate moves towards it.
a. two plates move away from each other.
What are the eight most common elements found in the Earth's crust, listed from most common to least common (by percent)? a. oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium b. oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium c. magnesium, potassium, sodium, calcium, iron, aluminum, silicon, oxygen d. oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, potassium, sodium, magnesium e. oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium
b. oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium
a coalesced set of alluvial fans
bajada (spanish word)
The inner core is a. liquid due to its low density. b. liquid due to the intense heat at the center of the Earth. c. solid due to the immense pressure at the center of Earth. d. liquid due to its iron content. e. solid due to its iron content.
c. solid due to the immense pressure at the center of Earth.
The largest layer (by volume) of Earth, ____, is composed primarily of _____. a. the mantle; iron and nickel alloy b. the crust; peridotite c. the mantle; peridotite d. the crust; quartz e. the core; iron and nickel alloy
c. the mantle; periodtite
Mineralogy of tufa
calcite
Which of the following Detrital grains of which mineral(s) are extremely rare in detrital sediments? Why?
calcite; it is soft and relatively soluble
Speleothems are composed of this chemical compound
calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
for every stream gauge, one of these is needed to convert river stage to discharge
calibration curve (cross sectional area)
A material that returns to its original shape after stress is removed?
elastic
Which denotes a widely accepted explanation for the mechanism that generates earthquakes?
elastic rebound theory
huge boulders left behind by glacial flow
erratics
Extrusive
fine-grained igneous rock that forms when magma cools quickly at or near Earth's surface
snow metamorphoses into this material with larger circular grains
firn (snowfall after a year)
paleozoic
first fish-reptile diversity then a major extinction
On average, more people die from which type of natural disaster than any other?
flash floods and flooding
mountain glaciers
flow from high to low elevation in mountain settings
A hot spring that periodically ejects a column of hot water and steam
geyser
a tension crack in the surface of a glacier
glacial crevasse
periods of extraordinarily fast glacial movement
glacial surge
How might global warming exacerbate coastal hazards?
global warming is accompanied by sea level rise
light colored rocks with coarse bands of segregated light and dark minerals are called
gneisses
the drop in stream elevation per unit distance
gradient
Detrital sedimentary rocks are classified (named) based on the _____
grain sizes of the detritral particles
in contact metamorphism metamorphism occurs because of
magmatic heat and fluids
cenozoic
mammal diversity and humans
Which layer of the Earth is the thickest?
mantle
Which of the following is a type of metamophic rock?
marble
limestone turn into what during metamorphism
marble
Glacier
mass of ice that moves on land
Rain and snow
precipitation
rubidium is the parent of
strontium
focus
the point at which fault slipping begins
includes the shelf, slope and rise
continental margin
the Indian-Australian and Eurasian plate is what type of boundary
convergent
Which of the following statements is true? a. In a Polar cell, surface winds rise at the equator b. In a Polar cell, surface winds move toward the pole c. In a Ferrel cell, surface winds are blowing toward the west d.In a Hadley cell, surface winds move toward the equator
d
Which mineral property is the least useful for identifying minerals, and why? a. Color is the least useful property for identification because it is the most obvious property. b. Streak is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found with several different colors of streak due to impurities in the mineral. c. Density is the least useful property for identification because different specimens of the same type of mineral can vary in size. d. Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral. e. Streak is the least useful property for identification because it does not work for minerals with metallic lusters.
d. Color is the least useful property for identification, as the same mineral type can be found in several different colors due to impurities in the mineral.
How did the density and buoyancy of the materials that formed Earth affect its internal structure? a. Denser materials, such as nickel and iron, pushed their way up to the Earth's surface and became it's crust, whereas less dense, more buoyant materials such as silicon and aluminum, were displaced down to the Earth's core. b. Denser materials, such as silicon and aluminum, pushed their way up to the Earth's surface and became its crust, whereas less dense, more buoyant materials such as nickel and iron, were displaced down to the Earth's core. c. Denser materials, such as nickel and aluminum, sunk to the Earth's center and became its core, whereas less dense, more buoyant materials such as iron and aluminum rose to the Earth's surface and became its primitive crust. d. Denser materials, such as nickel and iron, sank to the Earth's center and became its core, whereas less dense, more buoyant materials such as silicon and aluminum, rose to the Earth's surface and became its primitive crust. e. Denser materials, such as silicon and aluminum, sank to the Earth's center and became its core, whereas less dense, more buoyant materials such as nickel and iron rose to the Earth's surface and became its primitive crust.
d. Denser materials, such as nickel and iron, sank to the Earth's center and became its core, whereas less dense, more buoyant materials such as silicon and aluminum, rose to the Earth's surface and became its primitive crust.
Which of the following statements explains why the presence of Mesosaurus in both South America and Africa supports the continental drift hypothesis? a. Mesosaurus was a freshwater aquatic reptile and swam from South America to Africa. b. Mesosaurus was a terrestrial reptile that rafted across the ocean from South America to Africa. c. Mesosaurus was a saltwater aquatic reptile and swam from South America to Africa. d. Mesosaurus was a freshwater aquatic reptile with fossil remains in both South America and Africa. e. Mesosaurus was a terrestrial reptile that was able to cross from Africa to South America by an isthmian link.
d. Mesosaurus was a freshwater aquatic reptile with fossil remains in both South America and Africa.
In the early twentieth century, what was the prevailing view among scientists of how land animals were able to travel from one continent to another? a. Land animals that traveled between continents were also capable of swimming. b. Land animals that moved from continent to continent did so by hopping on stepping stones across the ocean. c. All continents had been connected together as a supercontinent. d. Some type of land connection allowed land animals to reach other continents. e. Land animals that moved from continent to continent did so by rafting on materials across the ocean.
d. Some type of land connection allowed land animals to reach other continents.
Why does oceanic lithosphere subduct under continental lithosphere, whereas continental lithosphere does not subduct under oceanic lithosphere? a. The oceanic lithosphere contains more water than the continental lithosphere, which floats on top of the oceanic lithosphere. b. The oceanic lithosphere is thinner and less dense than the continental lithosphere, which is thicker and denser. c. Due to mountains and land relief on the continental lithosphere, it is heavier than oceanic lithosphere, pushing it downwards into the mantle. d. The oceanic lithosphere is thinner and denser than the continental lithosphere, which is thicker and less dense.
d. The oceanic lithosphere is thinner and denser than the continental lithosphere, which is thicker and less dense.
Which of the following statements about mineral formation is true? a. Minerals precipitate from groundwater only when it is moving quickly though coarse sediments. b. Minerals can form when a solution becomes under-saturated with ions. c. Minerals form only from abiotic (nonbiological) processes. d. Minerals form only by the crystallization of lava. e. Some minerals can form from water-dwelling organisms.
e. Some minerals can form from water-dwelling organisms
competence
dependent on velocity of stream, speed it moves
A dam and reservoir are constructed on a graded river. What will happen?
deposition upstream from the sam; channel downcutting below
areas that receive less than 10 inches of rain annually
desert
a sheet like surface of pebbles on the desert floor
desert pavement
a shiny coating of manganese and iron oxides on desert rocks
desert varnish (deposited by microorganisms)
what type of pressure will result in the alignment of metamorphic minerals
directed pressure
the cross sectional area of a stream multiplied by its average velocity
dishcarge
what is an example of chemical weathering
dissolving limestone by rainwater
What are the economic uses of three common nonsilicate minerals? a. Silver is used for photography, fluorite is used as a fertilizer, and anhydrite is used in plaster. b. Halite is used for common salt, anhydrite is used in plaster, and graphite is used as an abrasive. c. Fluorite is used in steel-making, dolomite is used in plaster, and corundum is used as an abrasive. d. Galena is used as pencil lead, halite is used as common salt, and calcite is used in Portland cement. e. Halite is used for common salt, gypsum is used in plaster, and graphite is used as pencil lead.
e. Halite is used for common salt, gypsum is used in plaster, and graphite is used as pencil lead.
Which of the below statements accurately describes the components of an atom? a. Protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have a negative charge, occupy the nucleus. Electrons with no charge orbit the nucleus in shells. b. Protons, which have no charge, occupy the nucleus. Positively charged neutrons and negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. c. Protons, which have a positive charge, and electrons, which have a negative charge, occupy the nucleus. Neutrons with no charge orbit the nucleus in shells. d. Neutrons, which have no charge, occupy the nucleus. Positively charged protons and negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus in shells. e. Protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge, occupy the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
e. Protons, which have a positive charge, and neutrons, which have no charge, occupy the nucleus. Negatively charged electrons orbit the nucleus in shells.
Which statement correctly describes rock-forming minerals and economic minerals? a. Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are sparse in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are very abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products. b. Only minerals that are not rock-building minerals can have economic value. c. Silicates are important economic resources and include gypsum, which is used for plaster. Nonsilicate minerals are only important as rock-building minerals. d. Economic minerals consist mostly of silicate minerals, whereas rock-building minerals consist mostly of nonsilicates. e. Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.
e. Rock-forming minerals consist of a few types of minerals that are abundant in Earth's crust, whereas economic minerals are less abundant and are used extensively in the manufacture of products.
Which of the following pairs of elements are the most abundant in the continental crust? a. Calcium and oxygen b. Sodium and silicon c. Silicon and iron d. Aluminum and oxygen e. Silicon and oxygen
e. Silicon and oxygen
What is the most effective way to differentiate potassium feldspar from plagioclase feldspar? a. Plagioclase feldspars have cleavage planes in two directions at 90∘, whereas potassium feldspars have cleavage planes in two directions not at 9∘. b. Potassium feldspars have cleavage planes in two directions at 90∘, whereas plagioclase feldspars have cleavage planes in two directions not at 90∘ c. Some cleavage planes of potassium feldspars have striations, whereas no plagioclase feldspars have striations. d. Potassium feldspar is harder than plagioclase feldspar. e. Some cleavage planes of plagioclase feldspars have striations, whereas no potassium feldspars have striations.
e. Some cleavage planes of plagioclase feldspars have striations, whereas no potassium feldspars have striations.
____ is/are an example of a transform plate boundary. a. The Himalayas b. The Aleutian Islands c. The Andes Mountains d. The Cascade Range e. The San Andreas Fault
e. The San Andreas Fault
cross cutting relationships means
faults and intrusions
ripple marks on rocks indicate
flowing water or wind
____ is not a common cementing agent for sandstones
fluorite
The point along a fault where movement first occurs during an earthquake is called the earthquake's ______.
focus
The calcareous ooze represents the remains of these organisms
forams
_____ in a delta are essentially cross strata inclined toward deeper water
foreset beds
chemical sedimentary rock
forms when minerals crystallize out of a solution to become rock EX: Chert
relative ages expressed on the geologic time scale primarily resulted from
fossil content and spacial relationships among sedimentary rock.
clastic sedimentary rock
fragments of rocks cemented together EX: detrital
Coal beds originate in_____
freshwater coastal swamps and bogs
This type of reef is attached to shore
fringing
the rock type of the deep oceanic crust (layer 3)
gabbro
Conglomerate's sediment
gravel
downslope force
gravitational pull
Which of the following is the major driving force in all mass movements?
gravity
What is the primary cause of landslides
gravity exceeds strength of the slope
these human structures interfere with natural longshore drift
groins
One of the geologists listed some potential precursors to a Yellowstone eruption. The precursors he listed are earthquake swarms, heating of the ground, increasing hydrothermal events, and _____.
ground uplift.
A flat topped seamount
guyot
regional metamorphism
has high pressure and temp
where refraction concentrates wave energy on erosional coasts
headland
the agents of metamorphism are
heat, pressure and chemically active fluid
Which characteristic is absolutely necessary for a sedimentary rock to have a potential as a possible reservoir rock for oil or gas?
high porosity
Highly explosive magmas are controlled by which of the following?
high silica content and high water
Select all the factors that contributed to the destabilization of the slope and led to the 2014 landslide.
higher than average precipitation undercutting of the slope by the Stillaguamish River slope composed of glacial sediments with high porosity
this happens when syzygy and lunar perigee happen at the same time
highest tides
Dendritic drainage pattern
homogenous fractal flat bedding
shales 'end rock' during metamorphism is
hornfels
Hawai'i was formed because it sits overtop a _____________________.
hot spot
angularity
how angular or round a grain is
What does the Mercalli Intensity Scale depend on?
how much damage the shaking caused
Sorting
how similar grain sizes are EX: well sorted is fine-grained EX: poorly sorted is course grained
Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?
hydrogen sulfide
The study of the distribution and movement of groundwater
hydrogeology (groundwater geology)
The ____ describes the movement of water through Earth's hydrosphere
hydrologic circle
these generally occur where ground water is heated by hot subsurface rocks
hydrothermal geysers, hot springs
Most of Earth's active volcanoes are found _____.
in the Ring of Fire.
reservoirs
include all the places that water is stored in and on earth
coal beds are thought to have originated in what depositional environment
inland swamps
What desert features result from a water formational process
inselberg ripple playa alluvial fan butte
Over the last 30 years, hurricanes have become more ______ due to _______.
intense, warmer ocean temperatures
causes of metamorphism
internal heat of earth, internal pressure of earth, fluid composition inside earth.
_____ cement produces bright-red and yellow colors in some sandstone
iron oxide
runoff
is the sum of all precipitation that flows over the land surface
All the engineering approaches below are put in place to prevent a river from flooding except...
jetties
examples of features that can form local base levels
lakes waterfalls larger streams resistant rocks dam reservoir
Which one of the following does not apply to stream turbulence and average velocity?
laminar flow; dissolved load
Entrenched meanders are evidence for what sequence of geologic events?
land uplift was followed by stream downcutting
What kind of natural hazards are not normally insurable?
landslides
at sides of glaciers
lateral
uranium is the parent of
lead
a river normally flows within these but they break during floods
levees
these are produced by waves which encounter a shoreline at an oblique angle
longshore current
Which type of sediment undergoes the most compaction as it lithifies to sedimentary rocks?
marine mud
these are evidence of higher sea level in the geological past
marine terraces
Abraision
mechanical scraping
Between glacial ice streams
medial
mixed rocks containing the characteristics of both igneous and high-grade metamorphic rocks are:
migmatites
Rapid global warming may result in all the changes listed below except...
migration of people to coastal areas
Sedimentary rocks are formed from igneous rocks beginning with the process of _____. a. lithification b. weathering c. erosion d. transportation e. crystallization
b. weathering
This type of reef has a wide deep lagoon
barrier
The mid ocean ridges are formed from this rock type
basalt
this is located on the beach above normal waves
beach berm
The 1883 eruption of Krakatau had a VEI of 6, yet it is still one of the most catastrophic volcanic eruptions known to humankind. Why is this?
because nearly 40,000 people died in this eruption.
what is probably the single most important, original, depositional feature in sedimentary rocks?
bedding or stratification
These hot springs occur on the floor of the ocean
black smokers
partially submerged caves that eject large sprays of sea water as waves retreat
blow holes
the color of glacial ice
blue
Which type or types of seismic waves can travel through the mantle of the Earth and be recorded by seismographs?
both P and S waves
Surface Processes of the rock cycle: weathering
breaks down rocks physically and chemically
What is the main difference between a conglomerate and a sedimentary breccia?
breccia clasts are angular, conglomerates clasts are rounded
when rocks crack and fault that means they are
brittle
In what way can the construction of dams and levees INCREASE flood damage (both loss of property and life) on a floodplain?
by giving a false sense of security that encourages building and living on the floodplain
a crescent shaped dune with horns that point downwind
Barchan dune
The rock type formed from the least viscous lava, with the least silica is called what?
Basalt
The ____ river has the largest discharge of any in the world
amazon
Moment magnitude depends on what main factor(s)?
amount of movement on the fault, strength of the faulted rocks, and total surface area of the fault plane
Fill Sediment Mud
amplifies ground motion
carbon sequestration
an approach to stabilizing greenhouse gases by removing CO2 from the atmosphere
divergent plate boundary
an area beneath the ocean where tectonic plates move away from each other; mid-ocean ridges and seafloor spreading
if lowest tide today was at 9 am, the lowest tide tomorrow will be at about this time
an hour later
_____ is an abandoned, cutoff, meander loop
an oxbow
Landslides come in several types; all require three things:
an unstable slope, "failure surface" to move along, and something to instigate the event (ex: earthquake, rainstorm, etc)
If a 100-year flood occurred this year, when is the next 100-year flood possible?
anytime
Earthquakes cannot be specifically predicted, but Earthquake hazards can be ....
Assessed and Mitigated
Four places water can be temporarily stored before it returns to the ocean
Atmosphere glaciers/ice aquifers/groundwater rivers/lakes
Any vertical angle between horizontal and a bed
apparent dip
a geologic layer that is completely impermeable to water flow
aquiclude
Confinded
aquifer beneath an aquitard Isolated from surface
a geologic layer that restricts water flow
aquitard
Knife edged ridge
arete
potassium is the parent of
argon
Which one of the following is not a type of limestone?
arkose
_____ sandstone contains abundant feldspar, suggesting that the sand was derived by weathering and erosion of granitic bedrock
arkosic
a water well in which water rises upward from the aquifer without pumping
artesian
The Reelfoot Rift formed _______.
as a result of the breakup of Rodinia over 700 million years ago.
Prior to catastrophic rupture, how is the energy accumulated and stored in rocks adjacent to the site of a future earthquake?
as elastic strain
Earthquake Hazards
- Ground Motion (ground shaking & vertical/horizontal movement along faults) -Ground Failure (Landslides & Soil liquefaction settlement) - Tsunamis/Coastal Flooding -Fires
Select all the engineering systems or structures mentioned in the video that were put in place in New Orleans to deal with potential flooding.
- Levees - Flood walls - Pumps - Drainage canals
In the days preceding Hurricane Katrina, many people decide to stay in New Orleans even though they were instructed to evacuate. Why did some people stay in the city? (select all the reasons given in the video)
- They were elderly or sick - They did not have transportation - They had survived previous hurricanes without evacuating.
Select the 3 ENGINEERING flood-control methods.
- dams - levees - channelization
Troposphere
0-17 km above Earth's surface, site of weather, organisms, contains most atmospheric water vapor. (temperature decreases with increasing altitude, pressure decreases)
half-life
as the time it takes for one-half of the atoms of a parent radioactive isotopes to disintegrate
A glacier is considered to be retreating when:
Ablation is greater than accumulation
In age, the two roc units that outcrop at Mussel Point are
About 100 million years different
A tsunami may occur when _____.
All of the above have the potential to cause a tsunami.
What makes Houston susceptible to flooding?
All the above
Why does a delta form when a river meets the ocean?
All the above
a deposit formed where a fast flowing stream flattens, slows, and spreads typically at the exit of a canyon onto a dry flatter plain
Alluvial fan
An isotope of an element refers to __________________
An element with the same number of protons, but a different number of neutrons
The geologist Lawson connected the "dots" to establish that the cause of the 1906 event was a fault line. An example of his dots might be
An offset picket fence
This type of reef completely encircles a lagoon due to island subsidence
atoll
How are a continental volcanic arc and a volcanic island arc different from each other? a. A continental volcanic arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate. b. A continental volcanic arc is a result of two continental plates colliding into each other, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate. c. A continental volcanic arc is a result of a continental plate subducting under an oceanic plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate. d. A continental volcanic arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of two oceanic plates colliding into each other. e. A continental volcanic arc is a result of a continental plate subducting under another continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate.
a. A continental volcanic arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under a continental plate, whereas a volcanic island arc is a result of an oceanic plate subducting under another oceanic plate.
How did core samples drilled from various locations in the ocean floor support the concept of seafloor spreading? a. Cores containing younger sediment were located closer to the ridge crest than were cores containing older sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge. b. Cores containing younger sediment were located closer to the trench than were cores containing older sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge. c. All cores contained sediment that was roughly the same age regardless of their proximities to the ridge crest. d. Cores containing older sediment were located closer to the trench than were cores containing younger sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge. e. Cores containing older sediment were located closer to the ridge crest than were cores containing younger sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge.
a. Cores containing younger sediment were located closer to the ridge crest than were cores containing older sediment, meaning that older material is continuously being pushed away from the ridge.
How do rocks differ from minerals? a. Minerals aggregate to form rocks, but rocks do not aggregate to form minerals. b. Rocks aggregate to form minerals, but minerals do not aggregate to form rocks. c. Rocks can be synthesized, whereas minerals only naturally occur. d. Minerals can be synthesized, whereas rocks only naturally occur. e. Some minerals contain amorphous glassy debris or organic matter. However, these components are never found in rocks.
a. Minerals aggregate to form rocks, but rocks do not aggregate to form minerals.
Geologists from which continent were initially the least receptive to the continental drift hypothesis? a. North America b. Antarctica c. Africa d. Australia e. South America
a. North America
Which among the plates listed below is one of the largest plates on the Earth? a. Pacific plate b. Scotia plate c. Juan de Fuca plate d. Cocos plate e. Caribbean plate
a. Pacific plate
Which of the following statements is true regarding Steno's Law? a. Steno's law explains that angles between equivalent crystals faces of the same mineral are consistent regardless of sample size, the size of crystal faces, or where the crystals were collected. b. Steno's law explains that angles between equivalent crystals faces of different minerals are consistent regardless of sample size, the size of crystal faces, or where the crystals were collected. c. Steno's law explains that angles between equivalent crystals faces of the same mineral are consistent regardless of sample size or where the crystals were collected as long as the size of the crystal faces are all equal to each other. d. Steno's law explains that angles between equivalent crystals faces of the same mineral are consistent regardless the size of crystal faces or where the crystals were collected as long as the sample size of the crystals is at least 100 specimens. e. Steno's law explains that angles between equivalent crystals faces of the same mineral are consistent regardless of sample size or the size of crystal faces as long as the crystals were collected together.
a. Steno's law explains that angles between equivalent crystals faces of the same mineral are consistent regardless of sample size, the size of crystal faces, or where the crystals were collected.
How do the lithosphere and asthenosphere differ? a. The lithosphere is a cool, rigid outer shell that overlies the asthenosphere, which is softer and weaker than the lithosphere. b. The asthenosphere is a cool, rigid outer shell that overlies the lithosphere, which is softer and weaker than the asthenosphere. c. The lithosphere is a warm, soft outer shell that overlies the asthenosphere, which is more rigid than the lithosphere. d. The asthenosphere is a warm, soft outer shell that overlies the lithosphere, which is more rigid than the asthenosphere. e. The lithosphere is a warm, rigid outer shell that overlies the asthenosphere, which is softer and weaker than the lithosphere.
a. The lithosphere is a cool, rigid outer shell that overlies the asthenosphere, which is softer and weaker than the lithosphere.
Why must geologists understand the magnitude of geologic time? a. The magnitude of geologic time spans billions of years and thus differs greatly from the magnitude of time people deal with on an everyday basis (e.g., hours, weeks). b. Most fossils are found in the very oldest rocks on Earth, dating back 4600 years ago. c. Most fossils are found in the very oldest rocks on Earth, dating back 4600 million years ago. d. Geologic time deals mostly in 1000-year increments. e. The magnitude of geologic time spans thousands of years and thus differs greatly from the magnitude of time people deal with on an everyday basis (e.g., hours, weeks).
a. The magnitude of geologic time spans billions of years and thus differs greatly from the magnitude of time people deal with on an everyday basis (e.g., hours, weeks).
a fold is divided into two equal halves by the
axial plane
In Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift, how did the continents and the ocean floor move with respect to one another? a. Wegener believed that the continents plowed through the thin ocean floor as they changed positions. b. Wegener believed that the ocean floor and the continents simply moved around each other without deformation to either. c. Wegener believed that the continents bent downwards and subducted under the ocean floor. d. Wegener believed that the ocean floor bent downwards and subducted under continents. e. Wegener believed that the continents floated over the ocean floor like ice floating across water.
a. Wegener believed that the continents plowed through the thin ocean floor as they changed positions.
a) In what kind of bonds are electrons shared in a common pool? b) In what kind of bonds are electrons are transferred between atoms? c) In what kind of bonds are electrons shared between two atoms? a. a) metallic, b) ionic, c) covalent b. a) covalent, b) metallic, c) ionic c. a) metallic, b) covalent, c) ionic d. a) ionic, b) covalent, c) metallic e. a) covalent, b) ionic, c) metallic
a. a) metallic, b) ionic, c) covalent
What are the three major layers of Earth from its center to its exterior? a. core (an iron-nickel alloy), mantle (which is composed mainly of peridotite), and crust (with a granitic or basaltic composition) b. core (which is composed mainly of peridotite), mantle (with a granitic or basaltic composition), and crust (an iron-nickel alloy) c. crust (with a granitic or basaltic composition), mantle (which is composed mainly of peridotite), and core (an iron-nickel alloy) d. crust (an iron-nickel alloy), mantle (which is composed mainly of peridotite), and core (with a granitic or basaltic composition) e. mantle (an iron-nickel alloy), core (which is composed mainly of peridotite), and crust (with a granitic or basaltic composition)
a. core (an iron-nickel alloy), mantle (which is composed mainly of peridotite), and crust (with a granitic or basaltic composition)
Where is continental rifting currently taking place? a. in the East African Rift Valley b. at the East Pacific Rise c. at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge d. along the Cascade Mountains e. between India and the rest of Asia
a. in the East African Rift Valley
At a transform plate boundary, the two plates move: a. laterally past each other. b. under and/or over each other. c. towards each other. d. away from each other. e. perpendicular to the length of the plate boundary.
a. laterally past each other.
The flat stable interior of a continent within a craton is called a ____. a. shield b. continental slope c. abyssal plain d. mountain belt e. continental rise
a. shield
What evidence first indicated to scientists that the continents were once connected? a. the apparent jigsaw-like fit of continents together, as in the case of South America and Africa b. the distribution of coal from tropical swamps of the past among North America, Europe, northern Africa, and Asia c. deformed igneous rocks in Brazil that highly resembled similar rocks in Africa d. the presence of Glossopterison fossils on five different continents e. the evidence of past isthmian links which allowed land animals to reach other landmasses across the ocean
a. the apparent jigsaw-like fit of continents together, as in the case of South America and Africa
What are the two characteristics of a rock that help geologists determine how the rock was created? a. the rock's composition and texture b. the rock's current geographic location and composition c. the size of the rock and its current geographic location d. the rock's texture and current geographic location e. the size of the rock and its composition
a. the rock's composition and texture
two ways that glaicers erode
abraison & plucking
the deep offshore ocean bottom
abyssal plain
These exotic areas of present North America actually formed in the tropical Pacific
accreted terrain
glacial retreat
accumulation < ablation
glacial advance
accumulation > ablation
These feature explosive volcanoes, seismicity, mountain building, offshore trenches, island arcs, and active faults
active margin
Hydraulic
air pressure
Shale's sediment
all clay sediment
Distinguish between a mineral species and a mineral variety. a. Mineral species differ from each other only in color, whereas mineral varieties differ from each other in color and internal structure. b. A mineral variety, which is a single type of mineral that varies due to the impurities that it contains, is a subsection within a mineral species, which is a collection of mineral specimens that exhibit similar internal structures and chemical compositions. c. Mineral varieties are assigned to mineral classes, whereas mineral species are subgroups of mineral varieties. d. Mineral species are differentiated solely by mineral composition, whereas mineral varieties are differentiated solely by mineral structure. e. A mineral species, which is a single type of mineral that varies due to the impurities that it contains, is a subsection within a mineral variety, which is a collection of mineral specimens that exhibit similar internal structures and chemical compositions.
b. A mineral variety, which is a single type of mineral that varies due to the impurities that it contains, is a subsection within a mineral species, which is a collection of mineral specimens that exhibit similar internal structures and chemical compositions.
Which of the following is consistent with the plate tectonic theory? a. Gravity-driven "ridge push" moves plates at convergent plate boundaries. b. As a plate subducts into the asthenosphere, it pulls the trailing plate along. c. Lunar tidal forces drive continental movement. d. Lithosphere convection drives mantle movement. e. Convection driven by cool rocks rising in the mantle moves the overlaying lithosphere.
b. As a plate subducts into the asthenosphere, it pulls the trailing plate along.
What is the most direct way to determine if a mineral is probably calcite? a. Hold a magnet to the mineral. If you feel a pull, the mineral is calcite. b. Drop dilute hydrochloric acid on the mineral. If it effervesces, it is probably calcite. c. If the mineral has cleavage in three directions, then it is calcite. d. Drop dilute hydrochloric acid on the mineral. If it does not effervesce, it is probably calcite. e. If the mineral has a conchoidal fracture, then it is calcite.
b. Drop dilute hydrochloric acid on the mineral. If it effervesces, it is probably calcite.
Aside from avoiding geological hazards, why else do we study geology? a. Geology is also studied to learn how to completely prevent geological hazards from occurring b. Geology is also studied to learn how to locate and extract resources that are necessary for life and industry c. Geology is also studied in an attempt to cause the global sea level to rise d. Geology is studied as a sole resource to place monetary values on precious metals e. Geology is studied as an attempt to figure out how to colonize other planets in the solar system
b. Geology is also studied to learn how to locate and extract resources that are necessary for life and industry
How did Aristotle's explanations about the natural world influence progress in geological research? a, His explanations propelled geologic research over the next several centuries, resulting in the presently accepted principle of uniformitarianism b. His explanations were considered to be the authority on the subject, which inhibited the acceptance of novel scientific ideas for many centuries c. His explanations were and still are considered to be the authority on the subject. d. His explanations were immediately rejected, which led to a lull in scientific progress e. His explanations propelled geologic research over the next several centuries, resulting in the presently accepted doctrine of catastrophism
b. His explanations were considered to be the authority on the subject, which inhibited the acceptance of novel scientific ideas for many centuries
How did Vine and Matthews relate the seafloor-spreading hypothesis to magnetic reversals of the Earth's poles? a. New crust created at a transform fault recorded high magnetism during periods of normal polarity and low magnetism during periods of reversed polarity. Older crust of alternating magnetism is pushed away from the ocean ridge as new crust is created. b. New crust created at an ocean ridge recorded high magnetism during periods of normal polarity and low magnetism during periods of reversed polarity. Older crust of alternating magnetism is pushed away from the ocean ridge as new crust is created. c. New crust created at an ocean ridge recorded low magnetism during periods of normal polarity and high magnetism during periods of reversed polarity. Older crust of alternating magnetism is pushed away from the ocean ridge as new crust is created. d. New crust created at an ocean ridge recorded high magnetism during periods of normal polarity and low magnetism during periods of reversed polarity. Newer crust of alternating magnetism is pushed away from the ocean ridge as new crust is created. e. New crust created at deep-sea trench recorded high magnetism during periods of normal polarity and low magnetism during periods of reversed polarity. Older crust of alternating magnetism is pushed away from the ocean ridge as new crust is created.
b. New crust created at an ocean ridge recorded high magnetism during periods of normal polarity and low magnetism during periods of reversed polarity. Older crust of alternating magnetism is pushed away from the ocean ridge as new crust is created.
Which of the following features would you find in an ocean basin? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. circum-Pacific mountain belt b. Peru-Chili Trench c. Mid-Atlantic Ridge d. the Alps e. Canadian shield
b. Peru-Chili Trench c. Mid-Atlantic Ridge
How do transform faults and the spreading centers that they transect relate to the direction of movement of the plates they border? a. Plates move parallel to both the spreading center and the transform fault that transects it. b. Plates move parallel to the transform fault as they both move away from the spreading center. c. Plates move parallel to the transform fault as they both move toward the spreading center. d. Plates move perpendicular to the transform fault as they both move toward the spreading center. e. Plates move perpendicular to the transform fault as they both move away from the spreading center.
b. Plates move parallel to the transform fault as they both move away from the spreading center.
Before the 1960s, how did geologists view the ocean basins and continents of the Earth? a. Scientists believed that continents and ocean basins changed shape and location over time through the repeated erosion and deposition of sediments. b. Scientists believed that all ocean basins and landmasses were permanently fixed in their positions. c. Scientists believed that the formation of mountain chains and new ocean basins caused the movement of continents and oceanic sea floor. d. Scientists believed that continents moved over time as a result of convection in the mantle. e. Scientists believed that continents moved over time by plowing through oceanic crust.
b. Scientists believed that all ocean basins and landmasses were permanently fixed in their positions.
What is the tenacity of a mineral, and how can it be described? a. Tenacity is the mineral's resistance to breaking, bending, or otherwise deforming, although the deformation always reverts to the original shape of the mineral. A mineral's tenacity can be described as tenacious, very tenacious, or not tenacious. b. Tenacity is the mineral's resistance to breaking, bending, or otherwise deforming. A mineral's tenacity can be described as brittle, elastic, malleable, or sectile. c. Tenacity is the mineral's resistance to breaking, bending, or otherwise deforming. A mineral's tenacity can be described as tenacious, very tenacious, or not tenacious. d. Tenacity is the mineral's crystal's ability to stay attached to other crystals. It can be described as tenacious, very tenacious, or not tenacious. e. Tenacity describes how easily a mineral crystal can be separated from other crystals and is described as brittle, elastic, malleable, or sectile.
b. Tenacity is the mineral's resistance to breaking, bending, or otherwise deforming. A mineral's tenacity can be described as brittle, elastic, malleable, or sectile.
Which is an example of Steno's Law? a. A microscopic crystal of garnet will have a different crystalline shape from a gemstone-grade crystal of garnet. b. The crystal faces of quartz, regardless of the size of the crystal, are always 120 degrees apart. c. Only large, well-developed minerals are crystalline. d. The polymorphs graphite and diamond have the same crystal shape. e. Fluorite, magnetite, and garnet have unit cells that are the same shape and therefore have the same crystal structure.
b. The crystal faces of quartz, regardless of the size of the crystal, are always 120 degrees apart.
How much of the surface of the Earth do oceans cover, and what percentage of Earth's total water supply do they represent? a. The oceans of the Earth collectively cover 97% of its surface, thus representing 97% of the Earth's total water supply. b. The oceans of the Earth collectively cover 71% of its surface, and represent 97% of the Earth's total water supply. c. The Earth's oceans cover 3800 square meters of the Earth, and represent 71% of the Earth's total water supply. d. The oceans of the Earth collectively cover 97% of its surface, and represent 71% of the Earth's total water supply. e. The oceans of the Earth collectively cover 71% of its surface, thus representing 71% of the Earth's total water supply.
b. The oceans of the Earth collectively cover 71% of its surface, and represent 97% of the Earth's total water supply.
How old are the oldest sediments that have been recovered by deep-sea drilling? Are they younger or older than the oldest continental rocks? a. The oldest ocean sediments are 180 million years old and are older than the oldest continental rocks on Earth. b. The oldest ocean sediments are 180 million years old and are younger than the oldest continental rocks on Earth. c. The oldest ocean sediments are 4 billion years old and are the same age as the oldest continental rocks on Earth. d. The oldest ocean sediments are 4 billion years old and are younger than the oldest continental rocks on Earth. e. The oldest ocean sediments are 4 billion years old and are older than the oldest continental rocks on Earth.
b. The oldest ocean sediments are 180 million years old and are younger than the oldest continental rocks on Earth.
Which of the following pieces of evidence supports the plate tectonic theory? a. The polar wandering paths of Europe show that the magnetic north pole has migrated from near Hawaii to its current position over the Arctic Ocean. b. The stripe patterns of high- and low-intensity magnetism are the same on both sides of an oceanic ridge. c. The volcanic islands that make up the Hawaiian Island chain are all the same age. d. The seafloor is oldest at the ridge crest. e. Ocean-floor sediments are thickest at the ridge crest.
b. The stripe patterns of high- and low-intensity magnetism are the same on both sides of an oceanic ridge.
Which nonsilicate mineral has carbonate as a negatively charged complex ion? a. gypsum b. calcite c. quartz d. halite e. olivine
b. calcite
When contrasting catastrophism with uniformitarianism, a. catastrophism was published first and proposed that all of Earth's landscapes were formed by a single catastrophic event, whereas uniformitarianism, which was published over a century later, proposed that the physical, chemical, and biological processes that operate today have also operated in the geologic past. b. catastrophism was published first, and it proposed that Earth's landscapes were formed by catastrophic events. On the other hand, uniformitarianism was published over a century later and proposed that the physical, chemical, and biological processes that operate today have also operated in the geologic past. c. catastrophism was published first and proposed that Earth's landscapes were formed by catastrophic events, whereas uniformitarianism, which was published over a century later, proposed that all of Earth's landscapes were formed by a single event. d. uniformitarianism was published first and proposed that all of Earth's landscapes were formed by a single event, whereas catastrophism, which was published over a century later, proposed that Earth's landscapes were formed by catastrophic events. e. uniformitarianism was published first, and it proposed that the physical, chemical, and biological processes that operate today have also operated in the geologic past. On the other hand, catastrophism was published over a century later and proposed that Earth's landscapes were formed by catastrophic events.
b. catastrophism was published first, and it proposed that Earth's landscapes were formed by catastrophic events. On the other hand, uniformitarianism was published over a century later and proposed that the physical, chemical, and biological processes that operate today have also operated in the geologic past.
Which of the following were used by Wegener to support the continental drift hypothesis? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. evidence for glacial ice near the North Pole b. matching geologic units in the Appalachian and Caledonian Mountains c. Mesosaurus fossils found on South America and Africa d. major coal fields found in the eastern United States e. the jigsaw fit of the continents
b. matching geologic units in the Appalachian and Caledonian Mountains c. Mesosaurus fossils found on South America and Africa d. major coal fields found in the eastern United States e. the jigsaw fit of the continents
Where are the two broad expanses of the Earth's youngest mountains (i.e., those that are younger than 100 million years)? a. the Appalachians and the Andes b. the circum-Pacific Mountain belt and the belt that extends eastward from the Alps all the way into southern Indonesia c. the Appalachians and the Himalayas d. the Andes and the circum-Pacific mountain belt e. the circum-Pacific mountain belt and the Appalachians
b. the circum-Pacific Mountain belt and the belt that extends eastward from the Alps all the way into southern Indonesia
How does an atom become a positive or a negative ion? a. An atom becomes a positive ion by gaining a proton; it becomes a negative ion by losing a proton. b. An atom becomes a positive ion by gaining a proton; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron. c. An atom becomes a positive ion by losing an election; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron. d. An atom becomes a positive ion by losing a neutron; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron. e. An atom becomes a positive ion by gaining an electron; it becomes a negative ion by losing an electron.
c. An atom becomes a positive ion by losing an election; it becomes a negative ion by gaining an electron.
Please compare and contrast muscovite and biotite. a. Both muscovite and biotite are feldspars that have cleavage in two directions and have a shiny luster. However, unlike clear muscovite, biotite is black because it contains iron and magnesium. b. Both muscovite and biotite are micas that have cleavage in two directions and have a shiny luster. However, unlike clear muscovite, biotite is black because it contains iron and magnesium. c. Both muscovite and biotite are micas that have cleavage in one direction and have a shiny luster. However, unlike clear muscovite, biotite is black because it contains iron and magnesium. d. Both muscovite and biotite are micas that have cleavage in one direction and have a shiny luster. However, unlike clear biotite, muscovite is black because it contains iron and magnesium. e. Both muscovite and biotite are feldspars that have cleavage in one direction and have a shiny luster. However, unlike clear muscovite, biotite is black because it contains iron and magnesium.
c. Both muscovite and biotite are micas that have cleavage in one direction and have a shiny luster. However, unlike clear muscovite, biotite is black because it contains iron and magnesium.
Which of the following can be used to measure the rate of plate motion? CHOOSE ALL THAT APPLY. a. the frequency of volcanic activity in continental volcanic arcs b. the rate of uplift of the Himalayan Mountains c. GPS satellites d. the number of transform faults near a divergent plate boundary e. the ages of the seafloor at different locations
c. GPS satellites e. the ages of the seafloor at different locations
Which of the following is a mineral? a. Sugar b. Granite c. Ice d. Obsidian e. Bronze
c. Ice
Which of the choices below is a diagnostic characteristic of a mineral? a. Minerals lack a repetitive geometric structure. b. Minerals may occur naturally or may be synthetically made. c. Minerals only occur as solids. d. Each mineral has a defining chemical composition with no possibility for variation or the substitution of elements. e. Minerals are only made of organic material from living organisms.
c. Minerals only occur as solids.
Why is talc a slippery mineral whereas quartz is a hard mineral? a. Quartz is composed of sheet structures, whereas talc is composed of single chain structures. b. Quartz has sheet structures that are held together very strongly by magnesium ions, whereas talc lacks such strong bonds between its sheet structures. c. Quartz only has silicon-oxygen bonds, which are equally strong in all directions, whereas talc is made of sheet structures. d. Quartz is composed of single chain structures, whereas talc is composed of sheet structures. e. Talc only has silicon-oxygen bonds, which are equally strong in all directions, whereas quartz is made of sheet structures.
c. Quartz only has silicon-oxygen bonds, which are equally strong in all directions, whereas talc is made of sheet structures.
Which two geologic processes result from vertical circulation within the mantle? a. The upwelling of hot rock at trenches results from the mantle's downward circulation, while the subduction of oceanic plates along oceanic trenches results from the mantle's upward circulation. b. The upwelling of hot rock along oceanic ridges results from the mantle's downward circulation, while the subduction of oceanic plates at trenches results from the mantle's upward circulation. c. The upwelling of hot rock along oceanic ridges is the result of the mantle's upward circulation, while the subduction of oceanic plates at trenches is the result of the mantle's downward circulation. d. The subduction of hot rock along oceanic ridges results from the mantle's downward circulation, while the upwelling of oceanic plates at trenches results from the mantle's upward circulation. e. The upwelling of hot rock along oceanic ridges is the result of the mantle's upward circulation, while the subduction of oceanic plates at trenches is the result of the mantle's downward circulation.
c. The upwelling of hot rock along oceanic ridges is the result of the mantle's upward circulation, while the subduction of oceanic plates at trenches is the result of the mantle's downward circulation.
When contrasting a scientific hypothesis from a scientific theory, a. a theory requires that predictions be made before it can be tested, supported, and ultimately become a hypothesis. b. a scientific theory must first be established before the hypothesis can be tested. c. a hypothesis is a yet untested explanation for a phenomenon, whereas a theory is a repeatedly-tested and widely accepted explanation for a phenomenon. d. a hypothesis is a repeatedly-tested and widely accepted explanation for a phenomenon, whereas a theory is a yet untested explanation for a phenomenon. e. a hypothesis must first be established before the theory can be tested.
c. a hypothesis is a yet untested explanation for a phenomenon, whereas a theory is a repeatedly-tested and widely accepted explanation for a phenomenon.
Please select the proper description of the silicon-oxygen tetrahedron. a. a pyramidal shape with four triangular faces, an oxygen ion at three vertices and one oxygen ion in the center, and a silicon ion at the remaining vertex b. a pyramidal shape with four triangular faces, a silicon ion at each vertex, and an oxygen ion at the center of the pyramid c. a pyramidal shape with four triangular faces, an oxygen ion at each vertex, and a silicon ion at the center of the pyramid d. a pyramidal shape with three triangular faces, an oxygen ion at each vertex, and a silicon ion at the center of the pyramid e. a pyramidal shape with three triangular faces, a silicon ion at each vertex, and an oxygen ion at the center of the pyramid
c. a pyramidal shape with four triangular faces, an oxygen ion at each vertex, and a silicon ion at the center of the pyramid
Which of the following is a basic structural component of the most common mineral group? a. a sulfate ion b. a water molecule c. a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron d. metallic bonds e. a carbonate ion
c. a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron
The air we breathe is part of the __________. a. asthenosphere b. geosphere c. atmosphere d. biosphere e. all of the above
c. atmosphere
Diagenesis Compaction
compaction by burial squeezes out water
Transform faults are different from convergent and divergent plate boundaries because: a. there is neither the creation nor the destruction of lithosphere at a transform fault, and plate movement is perpendicular to the length of a transform fault. b. transform faults are only found within ocean basins. c. there is neither the creation nor the destruction of lithosphere at a transform fault, and plate movement is parallel to the length of a transform fault. d. there are both the creation and the destruction of lithosphere at a transform fault, and plate movement is parallel to the length of a transform fault. e. transform faults never offset any other plate boundary types.
c. there is neither the creation nor the destruction of lithosphere at a transform fault, and plate movement is parallel to the length of a transform fault.
this type of glacier flows into the sea
calving glacier
____ describes the total sediment load transported by a stream
capacity
Greenhouse gases include all of the following. Which gas is thought to have the greatest effect on global warming or increasing global temperatures?
carbon dioxide
the acid that creates most karst features
carbonic acid
Surface Processes of the rock cycle: erosion
carries away particles produced by weathering
Which type of limestone consists mainly of tiny, marine fossils composed of calcite?
chalk
This common sediment is very porous but not permeable
clay
Mudstone's sediment
clay and fine silt
these pelagic sediments are clastic
clay and silt
which major component of detrital sedimentary rocks only rarely occurs as a primary mineral in igneous rocks
clays
studies of deep-sea sediment cores have contributed greatly to scientific knowledge of _______
climatic changes
What is the average rate of seafloor spreading occurring in the Atlantic Ocean and occurring in the Pacific Ocean? a. The rate of seafloor spreading at the East Pacific Rise is 2 centimeters per year, whereas the rate of seafloor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is 15 centimeters per year. b. The seafloor at both the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise is spreading at the rate of 5 centimeters per year. c. The seafloor at both the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise is spreading at a rate of 2 centimeters per year. d. The rate of seafloor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is 2 centimeters per year, whereas the rate of seafloor spreading at the East Pacific Rise is 15 centimeters per year. e. The seafloor at both the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the East Pacific Rise is spreading at a rate of 15 centimeters per year.
d. The rate of seafloor spreading at the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is 2 centimeters per year, whereas the rate of seafloor spreading at the East Pacific Rise is 15 centimeters per year.
After World War II, what was discovered about the ocean floor? a. Earthquakes occur at extreme depths at oceanic ridges. b. The seafloor is much thicker than was previously expected. c. A deep-sea trench system winds through the centers of all the major oceans. d. There is no oceanic crust older than 180 million years old. e. There is no oceanic crust that is younger than 180 million years old.
d. There is no oceanic crust older than 180 million years old.
What is the particular significance of valence electrons? a. Unlike electrons in other shells, valence electrons have no charge. b. Valence electrons always balance the charge produced within the nucleus. c. The number of valence electrons is the atomic number for that element. d. Valence electrons form chemical bonds between atoms by being transferred or shared. e. The number of valence electrons defines the type of element.
d. Valence electrons form chemical bonds between atoms by being transferred or shared.
Which of the choices below is a feature of the oceanic ridge system? a. a transform fault b. the destruction of lithosphere c. a mountain range d. a rift valley e. a deep-sea trench
d. a rift valley
What are plate boundaries at which lithospheric plates that a) move toward each other, b) move past each other, and c) move away from each other called? a. a) transform, b) divergent, and c) convergent b. a) transform, b) convergent, and c) divergent c. a) convergent, b) divergent, and c) transform d. a) convergent, b) transform, and c) divergent e. a) divergent, b) transform, and c) convergent
d. a) convergent, b) transform, and c) divergent
Which of the below is studied under the discipline of historical geology but not physical geology? a. physical aspects of Earth materials b. how the Earth works as a whole c. processes that operate on the Earth's surface d. biological changes overtime e. processes that operate below the Earth's surface
d. biological changes overtime
Correctly complete the following sentence using the terms in the lists below: ____ is the chemical name of the mineral ____, which is secreted by most marine organisms. This makes up the rock ____. a. silicon dioxide, calcite, limestone b. calcium carbonate, quartz, limestone c. silicon dioxide, quartz, chert d. calcium carbonate, calcite, limestone e. calcium carbonate, calcite, chert
d. calcium carbonate, calcite, limestone
The doctrine of _________ held that the major features of the surface of the earth were created by sudden, short-lived, violent events. a. uniformitarianism b. gradualism c. metamorphism d. catastrophism e. evolution
d. catastrophism
Based on the definition of a mineral, which of the choices below lists only minerals? a. water, ice, gold, and synthetic diamonds b. ice, water, wood, gold, and synthetic diamonds c. wood, ice, and gold d. gold and ice e. synthetic diamonds and gold
d. gold and ice
The ______ determines the chemical and physical properties of an atom. a. number of electrons b. electrical charge c. size of the valence electron shell d. number of protons e. size of the nucleus
d. number of protons
Which of the below is an example of a feature associated with an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary? a. the San Andreas Fault b. the Himalayas c. the Mariana Islands d. the Cascade Mountain Range e. the East African Rift
d. the Cascade Mountain Range
A mineral's streak is _________. a. the appearance of light reflected from the mineral's surface b. the tendency to break along weak bonds c. the common shape of an aggregate of crystals d. the color of the mineral in powdered form e. the mineral's resistance to breaking
d. the color of the mineral in powdered form
What did Wegener propose as the driving force behind continental drift? a. the formation of the supercontinent Pangaea b. convection within the Earth's mantle c. pressure from ocean tides moving the continents around d. the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon e. momentum from the Earth's rotation
d. the gravitational forces of the sun and the moon
What is luster? a. a mineral's ability to transmit light through itself b. the color of a mineral in powdered form c. an indication that a mineral has double refraction d. the quality of light reflected from a mineral's surface e. the color of a mineral
d. the quality of light reflected from a mineral's surface
What type of rock results from the crystallization of molten rock? a. calcium carbonate b. salt c. evaporites d. igneous rock e. chert
d.igneous rocks
folding of rocks occur
deep within the crust
The removal of fine-grained material from the desert surface
deflation
A blowout on the desert surface
deflation basin/ hollow
At which type of convergent plate boundary did the Himalaya mountain belt form, and why? a. at a continental-continental convergent boundary because when one of the continental plates subducted under the other continental plate, debris was scraped off the top of the plate and that formed the Himalayas b. at an oceanic-continental convergent boundary because when the oceanic plate subducted under the continental plate, a volcanic chain was formed which later cooled and became the mountains now known as the Himalayas c. at an oceanic-oceanic boundary because when the two oceanic plates collided, they crumpled up at the zone of collision to form a landmass with mountains d. at an oceanic-continental convergent boundary because when the oceanic plate subducted under the continental plate, debris was scraped off the top of the oceanic plate and formed the Himalayas e. at a continental-continental convergent boundary, because the two continental plates buckled and thickened vertically when they collided
e. at a continental-continental convergent boundary, because the two continental plates buckled and thickened vertically when they collided
Groundwater dissolving limestone bedrock is an example of interactions between the _______. a. biosphere and hydrosphere b. geosphere and biosphere c. hydrosphere and atmosphere d. geosphere and atmosphere e. hydrosphere and geosphere
e. hydrosphere and geosphere
Which bond would you expect to find in halite (NaCl)? a. valence electron bonds b. covalent bonds c. metallic bonds d. hybrid bonds e. ionic bonds
e. ionic bonds
What are the six common nonsilicate mineral groups? a. oxides, feldspars, carbonates, halides, sulfides, sulfates b. feldspars, micas, pyroxenes, amphiboles, olivines, clays c. oxides, native elements, carbonates, halides, sulfides, pyroxenes d. oxides, native elements, carbonates, micas, sulfides, sulfates e. oxides, native elements, carbonates, halides, sulfides, sulfates
e. oxides, native elements, carbonates, halides, sulfides, sulfates
What theory describes how our solar system was created? a. catastrophism b. the big bang theory c. uniformitarianism d. the theory of planetary evolution e. the nebular theory
e. the nebular theory
What are the two sources of energy for the Earth system? a. the revolution of the Earth along its orbit, which drives external processes, and heat inside the Earth, which drives internal processes b. the sun, which drives external processes, and the Earth's rotation, which drives both external and internal processes c. the revolution of the Earth along its orbit, which drives external processes, and the Earth's rotation, which drives internal processes d. the sun, which drives external processes, and the Earth's rotation, which drives internal processes e. the sun, which drives external processes, and heat inside the Earth, which drives internal processes
e. the sun, which drives external processes, and heat inside the Earth, which drives internal processes
How can minerals and/or rocks form? a. by the cooling of sediments into rock b. by the melting of sediments directly into a rock c. by the undersaturation of ions in water d. through the accumulation of mineral matter from the dissolved organic material by organisms e. through the accumulation of mineral matter from the dissolved inorganic material by organisms
e. through the accumulation of mineral matter from the dissolved inorganic material by organisms
Long linear stratified
esker
long snake-like ridges of stratified glacial cave deposits
eskers
Which of the following describes the correct order for relative solubility of minerals in sedimentary rocks?
evaporate minerals are more soluble than calcite and quartz
Which of the following best describes bedded gypsum and halite?
evaporates
______ are components of the hydrologic cycle that release water vapor directly to the atmosphere
evaporation and transpiration
water transpired by plants and evaporated from soil
evapotranspiration
Select all the things that can occur BEFORE a catastrophic landslide.
extensional cracks near the top of a slope slumping of soils and sediments on a slope small landslides
The three main types of tectonic regimes studied by structural geologists
extensional, contractional, strike-slip
A landslide occurs when the resisting forces exceed the downslope forces.
false
Adding water to a slope increases it's stability
false
Groundwater contamination stays close to the source.
false
Ozone is responsible for the greenhouse effect.
false
Positive feedbacks are generally good for the Earth.
false
Shield volcanoes have viscous, explosive felsic lava.
false
When a glacier is retreating, it reverses the direction it is flowing.
false
