geo101-final
Approximately. what % of earth's surface is exposed above sea level?
29 percent
Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following?
Climate, regional steepness and relief, and variations in rock resistance
Physical weathering is the main process that contributes to the dissolved load of streams.
False
The greatest loss of human life (250,000) this century resulted from which earthquake event?
Tangshan, China, 1976
Which of the following is not an example of an age-relationship based on absolute dating?
The Coconino formation in the Grand Canyon is older than the Kaibab formation.
Which of the following tends to occur when an area experiences tectonic uplift in its headwater region?
The channel will begin to erode downward at a faster rate.
Which of the following is likely to occur if the gradient of a stream increases? (Assume that the discharge and sediment load remain unchanged.)
The stream will begin to erode its channel and/or its banks.
.Which of the following is incorrect regarding floodplain?
They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls
Which of the following is false regarding floodplains? -They are formed by recurrent flooding in the area adjacent to the stream. -They are generally low-lying areas. -They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls. -Natural levees on either side of a stream are formed during times when the stream is at flood stage and overflows the bank.
They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls.
Which of the following is true regarding floodplains?
They are formed by recurrent flooding in the area adjacent to the stream. Natural levees on either side of a stream are formed during times when the stream is at flood stage and overflows the bank. They are generally low-lying areas.
This drainage pattern is characteristic of dipping or folded topography.
Trellis
Which drainage pattern is controlled by rock structures of variable resistance and folded strata? (a) radial (b) trellis (c) dendritic (d) deranged
Trellis
The construction of levees can actually increase the risk of a catastrophic flood.
True
Which of the following landforms is correctly matched with a drainage pattern?
Volcano-- radial. Folded mountain belt-- trellis. Eroded dome-- annular.
Which of the following lists of processes are in the CORRECT sequence from beginning to end?
Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition
Which of the following lists of processes are in the correct sequence as to their occurrence in nature? ANSWER: (a) weathering, erosion, deposition, transport (b) weathering, deposition, erosion, transport (c) weathering, erosion, transport, deposition (d) deposition, erosion, transport, weathering
Weathering, erosion, transport, deposition
Braided streams are characterized by
a and b
When a river reaches a base level, its forward velocity rapidly decelerates as it enters a larger body of standing water and is formed.
a delta
Orogenesis refers to
a general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust
Which of the following may act as a local base level?
a lake that a river flows into
The the idea of base level refers to
a level below which a stream cannot erode its valley.
A yazoo tributary stream cannot join with the main river in an area because
a natural levee on the main river prevents joining
The Hawaiian Islands were formed as a result of
a rising plume of magma from the mantle
The construction of a dam across a river is likely to cause____ upstream and____ downstream.
aggradation; erosion
Which of the following can lead to the formation of mountains?
all of the above
The San Andreas system in California is an example of
all of the above- strike-slip fault, right-lateral fault, transform fault,
Stream drainage patterns are determined by which of the following? (a) slope (b) differing rock resistance (c) climatic and hydrologic variability (d) all of these
all of these; Slope, differing rock resistance, climatic and hyrdrologic variability.
Cone-shaped deposits of sediment often found at mouth of canyons in arid and semiarid climates are called
alluvial fans
The general term for clay, silt, and sand deposited by running water is (a) dirt. (b) mud. (c) soil. (d) alluvium.
alluvium
Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form
an anticline
Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest form while the layers near the trough form
an anticline; a syncline
A cutoff on a meandering stream results in the formation of ANSWER: a terrace. a levee. an oxbow lake. a point bar.
an oxbow lake
Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the trough form
an syncline.
Volcanic activity generally does not occur
around the perimeter of the Atlantic Ocean basin
Maximum velocity in a stream is found
at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel
The maximum velocity line in a stream is ANSWER: -near the bottom. -near the inside of a meander. -at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the shallowest parts of the stream channel. -at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel.
at the center and near the surface, corresponding with the deepest parts of the stream channel.
Maximum velocity in a meandering stream is
at the outer portion of the meander curve.
A brittle rock is likely to respond to stress by _____, whereas a ductile rock is likely to respond by _______.
breaking; bending
High mountains consisting of tightly folded and overthrust sedimentary rock layers, as well as metamorphic rocks, are formed
during plate collisions ex) Himalayan mountains
The downstream portion of a river
generally is of higher velocity, although it is masked by reduced turbulence
A(n) ________ is a stream that maintains an equilibrium between the processes of erosion and deposition and, therefore degradation and aggradation
graded stream
The suspended load of a stream consists of particles that are (a) in solution. (b) held aloft in the stream flow. (c) rolled and bounced along the stream bed. (d) dragged along the stream bed.
held aloft in the stream flow
This graph, showing the effects of urbanization on streamflow over time, is an example of a
hydrograph
The science of water and its global circulation, distribution, and properties is known as
hydrology
Consider the equation Q = wdv. According to the equation, if Q (discharge) remains constant, but w and d decrease (as when a channel becomes more narrow and shallow), the velocity will
increase
Which of the following is a cuse of warping?
isostatic adjustment
Which of the following is true of the longitudinal profile of most rivers? ANSWER: -It is convex in shape. -It is concave in shape. -It always changes at a constant rate from the headwater region to the sea. -It is gentle upstream and steep downstream.
it is concave in shape
An interruption in a stream's graded profile of equilibrium is called a (a) base level. (b) longitudinal interruption. (c) nickpoint. (d) gradation.
nickpoint
Tensional stress along a fauly can result in a dropped hanging-wall block relative to the footwall side, producing a
normal fault
Peope often say that CA is going to "fall into the ocean". This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a _____ fault associated with ____ forces for this to happen.
normal; tension
People often say that California is going to "fall into the ocean". This idea is totally wrong because the San Andreas fault would have to be a fault associated with forces for this to happen.
normal; tension
The Basin and Range Province in the western U.S. is a result of ____ faulting produced by _____ forces.
normal; tensional
Drainage basins are ________ systems.
open
A(n) ________ is a meander that becomes isolated from the rest of the river
oxbow lake
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
point bar - area of substantial erosion
A mass of water above base level in a stream has ________ energy; as it flows downstream, this energy becomes ________ energy
potential; kinetic
Compressional stress along a fault can result in a dropped footwall block relative to the hanging-wall side, producing a
reverse fault
The North Anatolian fault in Turkey and the San Andreas fault in California are
right- lateral, strike slip, transform faults
The ultimate base level is (a) an interior basin. (b) sea level. (c) a dam. (d) all of these
sea level
An instrument used to record vibrations in the crust is the
seismograph
Which of the following is incorrectly matched?
shearing- stretching or faulting
If you wanted to avoid earthquakes, which of the following areas would be the safest to live?
shield
The general term for channelized water flow, regardless of size, is
stream
Normal faults are associated with
tensional forces
________ is the general term for unconsolidated clay, silt, sand, gravel, and mineral fragments deposited by running water.
Alluvium
Of the world's largest rivers, which has the greatest discharge? (a) Chang Chiang (Yangtze) of Asia (b) Amazon River (c) Zaire (Congo) River (d) Missouri-Ohio-Mississippi river system
Amazon River
Rivers east of the continental divide in the Rockies drain into the (a) Pacific drainage. (b) Gulf/Atlantic drainage. (c) Hudson Bay/Arctic drainage. (d) interior West drainage.
Atlantic/Gulf drainage
John Wesley Powell put forward the idea of base level, which refers to (a) an imagined surface that extends inland from sea level, and is inclined gently upward. (b) a level below which a stream cannot erode its valley. (c) flat plateaus. (d) an evolutionary cycle of landscape development. (e) Both A and B are correct.
Both A and B are correct. - An imagined surface that extends inland from sea level, and is inclined gently upward. - A level below which a stream cannot erode its valley.
Which of the following stream channel forms is likely to develop when aggradation greatly exceeds erosion?
Braided channels.
The main process contributing material in solution in sediment load is
chemical weathering
As a stream's carrying capacity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last? (a) silt (b) gravel (c) clay (d) sand
clay
As a stream's velocity decreases, which of the following sizes of sediments will be deposited last?
clay
Explosive eruptions tend to build up
composite volcanoes
A drainage divide that separates drainage basins that empty into different bodies of water surrounding a continent are known as
continental divides
The Himalayan Mountains were primarily formed by
continental plate to continental plate collision
The nucleus of old crystalline rock in each of the principal continental masses is called a
continental shield, or craton
The effect of urbanization on a typical stream hydrograph is to -increase lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge. -create a base flow. -decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge. -decrease runoff.
decrease lag time between storm peak and peak stream discharge.
As base level is approached by a stream, the ability of a stream to erode its bed (a) remains constant. (b) decreases. (c) increases.
decreases
A meandering stream is one that is
delicately balanced between equilibrium and chaos.
This tree-like drainage pattern efficiently moves water and sediment through its system due to minimization of the total length of each branch.
dendritic
Which of the following stream channel types is likely to develop on gently sloping surfaces composed of rocks or sediments with approximately the same resistance to erosion? (Also assume that there are no structural controls on the pattern's development.) (a) deranged (b) annular (c) radial (d) dendritic
dendritic
The glaciated shield regions of Canada and northern Europe have disrupted surface drainage patterns that are called ________ patterns. (a) trellis (b) annular (c) parallel (d) deranged
deranged
The sediment load that travels in solution is
dissolved load
Watersheds are defined by (a) drainage divides. (b) fluvial units. (c) continental divides. (d) stream orders.
drainage divides
The area at the surface directly above the subsurface location where seismic waves are initiated is termed the
epicenter
The motion of seismic waves is initiated in a subsurface location along the fault plane called the
epicenter
A stream becomes graded when
erosion and deposition are in equilibrium.
The hanging wall moves down in a reverse fault.
false
Natural levees are created during -low flow conditions. -normal flow conditions. -floods. -None of the above-all levees are manmade.
floods
Rectangular drainage patterns form as a result of ________. ANSWER: (a) domal uplift (b) differential resistance to erosion (c) flow through a faulted landscape (d) flow through anticlinal and synclinal topography
flow through a faulted landscape
Processes that are related expressly to streams and rivers are termed
fluvial
Stream-related processes are termed (a) hydrological. (b)geomorphological. (c) fluvial. (d) erosion.
fluvial
Stream capture refers to ANSWER: (a) the merging of two streams flowing in the same valley. (b) the legal process by which a state secures rights to the waters of a river basin. (c) the process by which one channel erodes through a drainage divide and captures the headwater regions of another stream. (d) the illegal withdrawal of water from a river.
the process by which one channel erodes through a drainage divide and captures the headwater regions of another stream.
Fault types are defined by
the relative motion of the hanging wall and footwall.
The concept of "orders of relief" refers to
the scale of features
If you live in an area that was flooded by the 100-year flood last year, you can conclude that -you do not have to worry about another flood of that size during your lifetime. -the next 100-year flood will occur in exactly 99 years. -the next 100-year flood will occur in exactly 100 years. -you could be flooded by the 100-year flood again this year
there is a 1% chance you could be flooded by the 100-year flood again this year. -you could be flooded by the 100-year flood again this year
Which of the following landforms is incorrectly matched with a drainage pattern? (a) folded mountain belt trellis (b) topographically disrupted areas. parallel (c) eroded dome. annular (d) volcano radial
topographically disrupted areas - parallel
Deforestation in the headwater regions of a river can cause the river to flood more frequently downstream.
true
In most rivers in humid regions, discharge increases downstream.
true
The most active tectonic regions of North and South America are on the
western coasts