GEO101 Module 7 Connect

Artificial beach nourishment, which places sand on the beach that has been dredged from offshore, is a method of offsetting the negative effects of

Blank 1: erosion or retreat

Barrier islands are important for protecting coastlines from high surf associated with ______.

ocean storms

The use of early warning systems that include seismograph stations for detecting subduction zone earthquakes help mitigate ______ hazards.

tsunami

are caused by the gravitational pull of the Moon and the Sun on the ocean, which changes throughout the day and year, resulting in changes in sea surface height on those time scales. (Use just one word for your answer.)

tides

True or false: Development on barrier islands is risky because of their inherent instability and risk of flooding.

true

From 1900 to 2000, global sea level has risen about ______.

0.6 feet (0.2 m)

Which of the following is a mitigation strategy for dealing with hurricane hazards?

Avoid developing coasts where hurricanes are known to frequently make landfall.

Using the image, the lettered region ______ indicates the eye of the hurricane, and the lettered region ______ indicates the eyewall of the hurricane.

B; C

currents transport sediment parallel to the beach and are the result of a wave reaching the beach at an angle, which causes the sand along the beach to move in a zigzag pattern. (Only add one word per blank.)

Blank 1: Longshore or Long-shore

Hurricane early warning systems have improved drastically but at the same time more and more people live in hurricane-prone areas. What is the result of these two influences on damage caused by hurricanes?

Deaths have decreased. Property damage has increased.

Why have hurricane-related deaths decreased but property losses increased?

Early-warning systems have given people notice to evacuate to safety, but at the same time more people have moved into coastal areas.

The table shows the

Saffir-Simpson scale

Which of the following are the three major hazards hurricanes pose to humans?

Storm surge High winds Inland flooding

Match the following type of weather system to its correct description, according to the Saffir-Simpson scale.

Tropical depression matches Choice, Maximum sustained winds are less than 39 miles per hour. Maximum sustained winds are less than 39 miles per hour. Tropical storm matches Choice, Maximum sustained winds are between 39 and 73 miles per hour. Maximum sustained winds are between 39 and 73 miles per hour. Category 1 hurricane matches Choice, Maximum sustained winds are between 74 and 95 miles per hour. Maximum sustained winds are between 74 and 95 miles per hour. Category 5 hurricane matches Choice, Maximum sustained winds are greater than 155 miles per hour. Maximum sustained winds are greater than 155 miles per hour.

True or false: Hurricanes get their energy from warm ocean water; they are expected to get both larger and more intense as both the atmosphere and oceans warm.

True

True or false: Inland flooding frequently occurs far inland from where a hurricane makes landfall.

True

pose a hazard to people and property because they are waves that move relatively fast and can reach great heights, and they occur relatively infrequently, making it more likely that people become ignorant or complacent regarding their dangers.

Tsunamis

Which of the following are other terms to describe tropical cyclones, depending on where they form in the tropics?

Typhoons Hurricanes

A leading driver of storm surge is the ______.

abnormally low air pressure found in the eye of the hurricane, beneath which a mound-shaped dome of water develops

Storm surge ______ causes great amounts of damage because ______.

along low-lying coastlines; water is able to move inland considerable distances

The storm's precipitation rate, the forward speed of the storm, and the presence of rugged or mountainous terrain are all factors that influence the ______.

amount of inland flooding resulting from a hurricane

Tsunamis pose a hazard to people and property because they ______.

are waves that move relatively fast and can reach great heights occur relatively infrequently, making it more likely that people become ignorant or complacent regarding their dangers

Coastlines with elongated deposits of sediment that are separated from the mainland by open water, lagoons, tidal mudflats, or saltwater marshes are known as ______ islands.

barrier

As the circular path of a wave in the water column gets progressively smaller with depth, it will eventually die out at what is called the wave ______.

base

The worst natural disaster in U.S. history involved a ______.

category 4 hurricane, accompanied by a destructive storm surge, in Galveston, Texas, that resulted in the loss of 6,000 to 10,000 people

Climate experts predict that sea level will rise 0.9 to 3.2 feet (0.98 m) within the next ______.

century

Undertows are ______.

common along beaches with a relatively steep slope outward-flowing currents that move downward along the sea floor found in areas where underwater sandbars are lacking

During sediment transport along a shoreline, areas that have a net loss of sediment are said to experience , whereas areas that have a net gain of sediment are said to experience .

erosion, deposition

In 1883, a(n) ______ in Indonesia generated a series of tsunami waves that killed over 36,000 people.

eruption of the Krakatau volcano

Avoiding the development of coasts where hurricanes are known to frequently make landfall is a hurricane ______ strategy.

mitigation

The highest storm surge associated with a hurricane can be found on the ______ side of the eye (in the Northern Hemisphere) because ______. Multiple choice question. south; that is where the air pressure is lowest

northeastern; hurricanes rotate counterclockwise, and in this region, the storm's forward motion is combined with the rotational winds

When the best method to sustain a shoreline is being considered, the ______ has several drawbacks including a high expense and a need to be done repeatedly because the underlying cause of the beach retreat is not being addressed.

process of beach nourishment

The melting of ice sheets covering Greenland and Antarctica, associated with global climate change, causes sea level to

rise

Strong onshore winds associated with storms can result in unusually high water levels piling water up against the land, a phenomenon known as ______.

storm surge

During a hurricane, airborne projectiles that strike and penetrate a building's windows allow high winds to enter. Then wind flowing ______. This is how most structures are severely damaged in a hurricane.

through the structure and passing over the structure generates vertical lift on the roof, due to differences in air pressure

The periodic rise and fall of sea level, primarily driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon, is called a ______. The movement of water molecules from one location to another, driven by various forms of energy, is a ______, and the rhythmic rise and fall of the waters surface, often driven by the transfer of energy from wind to water, is a ______.

tide; current; wave

Outward-flowing currents that move downward along the seafloor and are common along beaches with a relatively steep slope and no underwater sandbars are known as ______.

undertows

Tsunamis generally form from ______.

volcanic eruptions earthquakes landslides asteroid impacts

Compared to a regular wave, tsunamis have a circular motion of water molecules that extends all the way to the ______, so tsunamis traveling through deep ocean waters have exceptionally long wavelengths.

wave base

Tsunamis generally form from all of the following except ______.

wind

Most coastal hazards are related to storm events because ______ peak.

wind and wave energy

Ocean currents are driven by ______.

wind consistently blowing in the same direction mechanical energy from Earth's rotation

Most coastal hazards are related to storm events because that is when ______.

wind energy peaks wave energy peaks

People have about 50 ______ to evacuate an area to avoid an incoming hurricane because that is both the most accurate and longest time period for predicting the path of the storm.

hours

The Saffir-Simpson scale measures ______.

hurricane intensity or strength, based on maximum sustained winds

Tropical cyclones are large, rotating, low-pressure storm systems, and when they become especially strong, they are known as ______.

hurricanes

Increasing temperatures on Earth cause sea level to ______, in part because continental ice melts and this freshwater enters the ocean.

increase

Intense precipitation can occur far inland from where a hurricane makes landfall, resulting in ______.

inland flooding

As a hurricane forms, evaporation occurs within the low-pressure disturbance and warm humid air begins to rise. Then ______ heat transfer occurs, as large quantities of heat energy and water are removed from the ocean.

latent

Swells sweeping into the shoreline at an angle and pushing water down the length of the beach in one direction cause ______ currents to form, which flow parallel to the shore.

longshore

In a wave form, water molecules rise and fall locally in circular orbits that grow ______ with depth.

smaller

Shoreline retreat is occurring very rapidly in Louisiana because the delta is ______ and sea level is ______.

subsiding; increasing

Click and drag on elements in order Put the events related to hurricane activity in order, beginning at the top with the evaporation that occurs in a low-pressure disturbance.

1. evaporation occurs 2. warm humid air rises 3.rising air masses cool 4.heavy rains and thunderstorms are produced

Click and drag on elements in order Put the following steps in order beginning with wave formation at the top and ending with wave backflow off the beach at the bottom

1. wind generates 2.the wave base comes 3.the circular water motion 4.waves pile up 5.the waves break 6.water is pushed to the beach

Modern forecasting models can predict where a hurricane will make landfall and its projected path, usually depicted as a cone shape, about ______ in advance, with a high degree of accuracy. (Select the greatest and most accurate time period.)

48 hours

What area will experience the most damage from storm surge and why?

C; the intense winds will add to the already high water from the surge

Up to 10,000 people perished in the 1900 Galveston, Texas, hurricane because they were stranded on the and could not flee before the storm struck.

Blank 1: barrier Blank 2: island

Large linear structures known as are built, usually out of large rocks placed on the seafloor or lake bottom, parallel to the shore, to create a protected area.

Blank 1: breakwaters

In a hurricane, the convective movement combined with Earth's spinning motion creates a rotating system centered around an area of low pressure known as the . The wall of clouds surrounding this feature is called the , and here one finds high winds and thunderstorm activity.

Blank 1: eye Blank 2: eyewall

Sea level began to rise about 18,000 years ago as continental

Blank 1: glaciers

The force of from the Moon causes the highest tides to be on the side of Earth closest to the Moon.

Blank 1: gravity

Hurricane Katrina was not a direct hit on the city of New Orleans yet it created a natural disaster because storm surge water pushed up the canals and the failed.

Blank 1: levees

Structures are destroyed during hurricanes because of flying debris and differentials that lift roofs off of buildings.

Blank 1: pressure

During a storm, onshore winds pile water against the shore, resulting in a higher-than-normal water level known as storm

Blank 1: surge

High are caused by the increased gravitational pull on the side of Earth closest to the Moon.

Blank 1: tides

The daily changes in sea surface height are known as the , of which there are usually two highs and two lows each day.

Blank 1: tides

On the east coast of the United States, islands are migrating the coast at an average rate of 2 meters year, as the result of barrier island retreat.

Blank 1: toward, towards, or nearer

Which of the following construction techniques is depicted in the image and aims to minimize the amount of structural damage caused by hurricanes?

Elevating buildings above the expected storm-surge leve

Which of the following are construction techniques that minimize the amount of structural damage caused by hurricanes?

Elevating buildings above the expected storm-surge level Using metal straps to secure the roof to the main structure

Match the shoreline process to its correct description. Erosion

Erosion matches Choice, A process resulting in a net loss of sediment from a shoreline A process resulting in a net loss of sediment from a shoreline Deposition matches Choice, A process resulting in a net gain of sediment on a shoreline A process resulting in a net gain of sediment on a shoreline

Why has there been a coastal development boom in the United States, despite the risks of hurricane damage

Flood insurance became widely available. There have been relatively few major hurricanes that have hit the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts during the post-World War II construction boom. Pro-development policies occurred at state and local levels.

Why do many scientists concur that future hurricanes will likely be more severe and produce more rainfall?

Global warming creates higher ocean temperatures, which is associated with greater evaporation and thus increased precipitation.

Of the three 2017 hurricanes listed, which was both the weakest but produced the most rain and flooding?

Harvey

Match the 2017 hurricane to its description.

Harvey matches Choice, Largest tropical rainfall event in US; caused flooding in Houston Largest tropical rainfall event in US; caused flooding in Houston Irma matches Choice, Category 5 in the Caribbean, Category 3 in Florida Category 5 in the Caribbean, Category 3 in Florida Maria matches Choice, Category 5 that hit Puerto Rico directly causing extensive and long-lasting damage Category 5 that hit Puerto Rico directly causing extensive and long-lasting damage

Which of the following are strategies to mitigate tsunami hazards?

Implementing education programs regarding tsunamis Development of early warning systems that include seismograph stations for detecting subduction zone earthquakes Use of electronic warning systems that may include emergency sirens and a public address system

Which of the following are drawbacks to beach nourishment?

It is expensive. It has to be done repeatedly because the underlying cause of the beach retreat is not being addressed. The sand used to resupply the beach may have a texture that is coarse, causing it to be uncomfortable to walk on

Why did Hurricane Katrina have such a devastating impact on New Orleans, despite the hurricane tracking to the east and weakening before making landfall?

The Mississippi River Gulf Outlet acted as a conduit that brought the storm surge directly into the city. Poorly constructed levee panels fell over as the levees filled with water from the storm surge.

Which of the following are factors that influence the amount of inland flooding resulting from a hurricane?

The storm's precipitation rate The presence of rugged or mountainous terrain The forward speed of the storm

Match the type of ocean current to its correct description.

Tidal currents matches Choice, Strong, localized currents that are generated by mechanical energy from the force of Earth's rotation Strong, localized currents that are generated by mechanical energy from the force of Earth's rotation Surface currents matches Choice, Mainly driven by winds that consistently blow in the same direction Mainly driven by winds that consistently blow in the same direction Density currents matches Choice, Form in response to differences in ocean temperature and salinity Form in response to differences in ocean temperature and salinity

Match each coastal process to its correct description.

Tide matches Choice, The periodic rise and fall of sea level, primarily driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon The periodic rise and fall of sea level, primarily driven by the gravitational pull of the Moon Current matches Choice, The movement of water molecules from one location to another, driven by various forms of energy The movement of water molecules from one location to another, driven by various forms of energy Wave matches Choice, The rhythmic rise and fall of the water's surface, often driven by the transfer of energy from wind to water The rhythmic rise and fall of the water's surface, often driven by the transfer of energy from wind to water

Which of the following statements is true for water waves?

Water waves vibrate in a circular manner.

Match the phrases to describe processes involved in the movement of waves.

Waves encounter little resistance matches Choice, in the open water. in the open water. Wave base encounters the sea floor matches Choice, so waves slow down. so waves slow down. Waves become taller and shorter matches Choice, and eventually break. and eventually break.

The three major hazards hurricanes pose to humans are ______.

high winds; storm surge; inland flooding

Water waves transport energy in a ______ manner, but the ______ motion of water causes physical objects to move in a ______ manner.

horizontal; circular; vertical

One of the primary components of the new flood protection system in New Orleans is ______

a 2-mile long barrier to stop storm surge from moving up the canals

Favorable construction policies, flood insurance, and a scarcity of major hurricanes have lead to ______ along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf Coasts.

a development boom

Global sea level began to rise ______.

at the end of the last glacial period, about 18,000 years ago

A groin or jetty is an example of a hard structure for shoreline stabilization that uses a long, narrow obstacle built ______ to the shoreline.

perpendicular

Rip currents are dangerous because swimmers can be ______.

pulled rapidly across the ocean's surface into deep water (far from the shoreline) and then drown when exhausted and unable to swim back to shore

Barrier island ______ is a problem because, as a result of significant wave energy on their seaward sides, barrier islands tend to migrate landward over time.

retreat

Large amounts of energy are contained in tsunamis, and the circular motion of water molecules extends all the way to the wave base. Then when tsunamis eventually break and push water far above the normal surf zone, this process is called ______.

run-up

Longshore or beach drift describes the gradual movement of ______ down a beach by longshore currents

sand

Dredging is a process in which

sediment is removed from the bottom of a river, harbor, or coastal inlet