GEOG 103 EXAM 3 WKU ch. 13, 14, & 16
cavern
(cave). An underground passageway above the zone of saturation.
sinkhole
(doline). roughly circular surface depression related to the solution of rock in karst areas.
rift valley
A deep valley lowland that forms where two plates diverge from tensional forces
geyser
A fountain of water and steam that builds up pressure underground and erupts at regular intervals. It is natural geothermal heating.
spring
A natural source of water formed when water from an aquifer percolates up to the ground surface.
Shale
A sedimentary rock that breaks apart very easily from lack of calcium
Theory of Plate Tectonics
A theory stating that Earth's lithosphere is broken into huge plates that move and change in size over time by abduction, subduction, and or grinding.
example of an island arc
Aleutian Islands off the coast of Alaska
flowing artesian well
Artificially dug outlet that allows naturally pressurized groundwater to flow to Earth's surface.
disappearing stream examples
Cedar Sink, Mammoth Cave Lost River Cave
igneous rocks
Form directly from cooling of magma or lava. intrusive ex: granite (magma) extrusive ex: obsidian (lava)
Anthrocite
Highly desirable coal because of its high heat content and low sulfur content. It is a metamorphic rocks that burns for a long time.
how does water move through the zone of aeration
It goes through the pores then collects in the zone of saturation.
Example of shield volcanoes that are made up of dome-shaped accumulations of multiple successive lava flows extruded from one or more vents or fissures
Mafic/low silica/effusive ex: Mauna Loa
earthquake intensity
Measure of damage; energy absorbed; changes from location to location
what mountain stopped settlers from reaching southeastern Kentucky and is broken by the Cumberland Gap?
Pine mountain
What is the major type of rock in Kentucky?
Sedimentary
Plutonism
The formation of intrusive igneous rock by solidification of magma beneath the earth's surface.
bituminous
The most common form of coal; produces a high amount of heat and is used extensively by electric power plants. It is located in Kentucky and is not shiny.
Theory of Continental Drift
Theory that at one point in time all of the continents were one super continent called Pangea and moved to form the Earth today.
sheltowee trace
This is the biggest trail in Kentucky around our streams and rivers. Daniel Boone stayed in this trace on the top of the mountains because the Native Americans wanted to kill him. Simon Kenton saved Boone's life here. Also, the Indian tribes didn't kill each other here because they just used it to hunt.
joint
a crack formed from when a rock cools and contrasts
what happens as a result of a rupture from folding?
a fault
Does the epicenter or a fault feel more shaking from an Earthquake?
a fault feels more shaking
thermal spring
a groundwater spring flowing with hot or warm water, often with a high dissolved mineral content.
fissure
a hole in the side of the volcano that lets lava spill out the side
Caldera
a large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression. ex: Crater Lake in Wizard Island, Yellowstone
stock
a pluton that started moving in igneous intrusion but then lost energy and created an irregular mass that's smaller than a batholith.
sedimentary rock
a rock formed by compaction and cementation of rock fragments, organic remains, or chemical precipitates
metamorphic rock
a rock formed by heat and pressure changing a pre-existing rock
Pahoehoe
a specific type of lava that's low in viscosity and cools on the surface but moves quickly underneath
Escarpment
a steep cliff or slope between a higher and lower land surface like the side of the horst and graben
Plug Dome Volcano
a steep-sided, explosive type of volcano with its central vent or vents plugged by the rapid congealing of its highly viscous, silica-rich lava. This is the most explosive volcano and has pyroclastic flow. Extremely viscous, felsic, and kind of small. MOST DANGEROUS ex: Mount Pelee
Which coal property is not true? a. Halite: White with shiney surfaces b. Lignite: Brown and soft c. Bituminous: Flat black and hard d. Anthracite: Hard with shiny surfaces
a. Halite: White with shiney surfaces
Which rock type fills most of the volume between the Rockies and the Appalachians? a. Igneous b. Metamorphic c. Sedimentary d. Iwanna
a. Igneous
What mountains appear older, lower, and more eroded? a. The Rocky Mountains b. The Appalachian Mountains
a. The Rocky Mountains
Which area of Earth has the newest, most recently crumpled surface? a. Western areas of North America b. Central areas of North America c. Eastern areas of North America d. Gulf coast areas of the US
a. Western areas of North America
Define metamorphic a. a rock that has changed from its original form b. a rock that has been created through the weathering process c. a rock that exhibits "foliation" which is banding of clastic material d. a rock that is cooled slowly created bye molten rock called magma
a. a rock that has changed from its original form
Under conditions of moderate precipitation and good drainage, water infiltrating into the ground first passes through a layer called the zone of _____. a. aeration b. alluviation c. adumbration d. ablation e. alleviation
a. aeration
compressional tectonic forces may result in the formation of a. anticlines and synclines b. horsts c. strike-slip faults d. normal faults e. grabens
a. anticlines and synclines
Circular surface depressions, called sinkholes, are also called _____. a. dolines b. dolomite c. dolichocephalies d. dermites e. dolostones
a. dolines
The two terms used to describe the conditions for how streams gain or lose groundwater, respectively, are _____. a. effluent and influent b. exfiltration and infiltration c. exfoliation and inundation d. effluvium and influence e. inflow and outflow
a. effluent and influent
An example of an _____ landforming process, one that originates in Earth, is _____. a. endogenic; tectonism b. endogenic; deposition c. exogenic; weathering d. endogenic; weathering e. exogenic; tectonism
a. endogenic; tectonism
Caves that foster active development of speleothems typically have air that is fully saturated with water, having a relative humidity near 100%, so _____ is minimal. a. evaporation b. precipitation c. transpiration d. dripping e. travertine
a. evaporation
The slippage or displacement of rocks along a fracture surface is called ________. a. faulting b. relief c. jointing d. plutonism e. folding
a. faulting
What is the basis for classifying rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic? a. formation b. shape c. color d. chemical composition e. location
a. formation
When basalt containing very small rock particles cools into rock, these iron particles a. give the rock a magnetic signature aligned with Earth's magnetic field at the time they cooled b. orient themselves towards Earth's surface while cooling c. oxidize to become iron oxide d. change their orientation several times every million years
a. give the rock a magnetic signature aligned with Earth's magnetic field at the time they cooled
Which of the following volcanic landform is the result of only effusive eruptions? a. lava flows b. calderas c. composite cones d. cinder cones e. plug domes
a. lava flows
What is Earth's largest layer by mass and volume? a. mantle b. asthenosphere c. crust d. outer core e. inner core
a. mantle
According to the rock cycle, what type(s) of rock(s) can a sedimentary rock become? a. metamorphic only b. sedimentary only c. igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic d. igneous only e. igneous and sedimentary only
a. metamorphic only
Alfred Wegener is well known for hypothesizing that a. over time the continents change their geographic position b. the inner core is molten c. new oceanic crust is formed at subduction zones d. the magnetic poles have reversed on occasion during geologic time e. mountain ranges only exist where erosion is very weak
a. over time the continents change their geographic position
Which branch of study relies on geologic and climatological evidence to reconstruct historical and geographical environments of Earth's features? a. paleogeography b. paleobiography c. paleomagnetism d. anthropology e. paleontology
a. paleogeography
Water will soon drain downward by gravity beyond the first subsurface zone to lower levels by the process of _____. a. percolation b. permutation c. perturbation d. permission e. persuasion
a. percolation
Which theory states that convection cells in the mantle cause the movement of lithospheric pieces on the asthenosphere? a. plate tectonics b. paleomagnetism c. continental drift d. seafloor spreading e. rock cycle
a. plate tectonics
Highly viscous molten rock material is _____ and is most likely to cause a(n) _____ volcanic eruption. a. resistant to flowing; explosive b. resistant to flowing; fissure-like c. thin and fluid; effusive d. resistant to flowing; effusive e. thin and fluid; explosive
a. resistant to flowing; explosive
Which type of rock forms from deposition, compaction, and sedimentation? a. sedimentary b. igneous c. metamorphic d. extrusive e. intrusive
a. sedimentary
A sinking of the land, called _____, can occur as a result of compaction related to water withdrawal. a. subsidence b. subsistence c. subjunctive d. subjective e. substantial
a. subsidence
Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is _____. a. thinner and denser b. thicker and denser c. thicker and colder d. thinner and less dense e. thicker and less dense
a. thinner and denser
composite cone volcano
also called a stratovolcano. formed from alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic materials; generally known for violent eruptions. It is bigger than a cinder cone but smaller than shield. Mafic and Flesic. ex: Vesuvius
moment magnitude
amount of energy released in a rupture in relevance to the earthquake's size
non flowing artesian well
an artesian well in which water does not rise all the way to the surface and we have to pump up the rest.
dip
angle where the rock structure goes into the ground. Inclination of a rock layer from the horizontal; always measured at right angles to the strike.
well
artificial opening that reaches the zone of saturation for the purpose of extracting groundwater.
An increase in earthquake magnitude by one whole number means that the energy released has increased by a factor of approximately _____. a. 100 b. 30 c. 2 d. 1,000 e. 300
b. 30
How do the lithosphere and asthenosphere differ? a. The lithosphere is a liquid, and the asthenosphere is a solid. b. The lithosphere is an elastic solid, while the asthenosphere is a plastic solid. c. The asthenosphere is an elastic solid, while the lithosphere is a plastic solid. d. The asthenosphere is a liquid, and the lithosphere is a solid. e. The asthenosphere is above the lithosphere.
b. The lithosphere is an elastic solid, while the asthenosphere is a plastic solid.
Where is Earth's greatest concentration of severe earthquakes and volcanic eruptions found? a. at normal faults b. along the Pacific Ring of Fire c. in Antarctica d. at the mid-ocean ridges e. along the San Andreas fault
b. along the Pacific Ring of Fire
Inclination (dip) is always measured a. at right angles to the dip b. at right angles to the strike c. based on a 360 degree scale d. from the left based on the compass direction of the strike
b. at right angles to the strike
What is the largest type of igneous intrusion? a. dike b. batholith c. laccolith d. sill e. stock
b. batholith
What is not correct? a. plates that collide head on are called convergent boundaries b. boundaries where the plates are being stretched apart are unknown c. plate boundaries that are grinding past each other are called transform d. boundaries where the plates are being pulled apart are called divergent
b. boundaries where the plates are being stretched apart are unknown
What type of volcano is Capulin Mountain in New Mexico? a. composite cone b. cinder cone c. caldera d. plug dome e. shield volcano
b. cinder cone
Rock layers are frequently tilted. What term describes the angle at which a rock layer is tilted? a. declination b. dip c. strike d. slip e. tilt
b. dip
Choose the best answer to explain the distribution of earthquakes a. earthquakes occur only at the surface along plate boundaries b. earthquakes occur along the subducting plate c. earthquakes get smaller as you get closer to the surface plate boundary d. earthquakes get larger the farther you are away from the plate boundary
b. earthquakes occur along the subducting plate
What is the physical point inside Earth at which an earthquake originates? a. epicenter b. focus c. hot spot d. Richter point e. fault trace
b. focus
Sills are _______. a. composed of extrusive igneous rock b. horizontal sheets of intrusive igneous rock between rock layers c. the largest type of igneous intrusion d. mushroom-shaped flows of basalt e. vertical walls of intrusive rock cutting across rock layers
b. horizontal sheets of intrusive igneous rock between rock layers
Which rock type seems most likely to have formed first on Earth's surface considering that smaller pieces of space dust melted to form the Earth? a. metamorphic b. igneous c. sedimentary d. clastic
b. igneous
Caverns most commonly develop in _____. a. schist b. limestone c. shale d. sandstone e. granite
b. limestone
Of the various scales used to measure earthquakes, the _____ scale is currently used to measure damage done by earthquake shaking, while the _____ scale is now used to measure the amount of energy released in an earthquake. a. endogenic; exogenic b. modified Mercalli; moment magnitude c. Richter; moment magnitude d. Richter; Mercalli e. moment magnitude; modified Mercalli
b. modified Mercalli; moment magnitude
Earth processes operate slowly most of the time, but occasionally a major event causes a dramatic change in a short time. This concept is referred to as _____. a. uniformitarianism b. punctuated equilibrium c. gradualism d. episodic progression e. cyclical progression
b. punctuated equilibrium
Icicle-shaped rock spikes hanging from the ceiling of caverns are called _____. a. columns b. stalactites c. disappearing streams d. stalagmites e. tower karst
b. stalactites
Which rocks are formed from continental crust? a. the darker brown and black rocks like Gabbro and Basalt. b. the lighter white, gray, and light pink rocks like Rhyolite c. Lava like Pahoehoe and AA. d. Slate, marble and shale
b. the lighter white, gray, and light pink rocks like Rhyolite
What is the idea that Earth processes operated historically in much the same ways as they act today? a. geological stasis b. uniformitarianism c. isostasy d. catastrophism e. shielding
b. uniformitarianism
The zone of aeration _____. a. lies directly above the zone of porosity b. lies directly above the intermediate zone c. lies directly beneath the zone of saturation d. is an aquiclude e. lies directly beneath the water table
b. lies directly above the intermediate zone
erosion process from bowling green to the ocean
barren river, green river, Ohio river, Mississippi River, Gulf of Mexico
Tephra
bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air after an eruption ex: pyroclastic material
What process below is not an exemplary use of sedimentary rocks? a. Sand, gravel, and limestone make concrete b. Gypsum makes drywall for modern homes c. Coal, oil and gas help produce energy. d. Salt is used for melting ice or seasoning food.
c. Coal, oil and gas help produce energy.
How do Plutonic rocks compare to Volcanic rocks? a. Plutonic rocks have much smaller crystals, and the ocean crust or basalt is felsic b. Continental crust is more dense and darker in color. c. Plutonic rocks have much larger crystals, and the ocean crust or basalt is mafic d. Plutonic rocks just want to have a regular "friendly" relationship with Volcanic rocks even though they are "hot"
c. Plutonic rocks have much larger crystals, and the ocean crust or basalt is mafic
A sequence of porous and permeable layers of sediment or rock that acts as a storage medium and transmitter of water is called a(n) _____. a. spring b. geyser c. aquifer d. water table e. aquiclude
c. aquifer
Isostasy is similar to a. volume b. inertia c. buoyancy d. conductivity e. convection
c. buoyancy
Which line of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the continental drift hypothesis? a. age of mid-ocean ridge rocks b. paleomagnetism and continental fit c. continental fit and fossil distributions d. rock types and numerical dates of rocks e. paleomagnetism and mid-ocean ridge locations
c. continental fit and fossil distributions
What patterns are visible where earthquakes occur? a. earthquakes occur just around continents b. earthquakes occur just around oceans c. earthquakes define plate edges (with a few exceptions)
c. earthquakes define plate edges (with a few exceptions)
To be an artesian spring, a spring must _____. a. lie below a cone of depression b. contain salt water c. flow upward to a level above the local water table d. have been drilled or dug by people e. flow for only part of the year
c. flow upward to a level above the local water table
Choose the best comparison and contrast between endogenic and exogenic processes a. end/exogenic processes are both responsible for geomorphology, but endogenic processes describe weathering and exogenic processes describe tectonism b. the geomorphic endo/exogenic processes influence the Earth, but endogenic processes are responsible for erosion and exogenic processes are responsible for the development of relief c. geomorphic agents associated with exogenic processes are different than tectonism, but both combine to develop local relief d. endogenic processes exaggerate locational relief, where exogenic processes limit topographic contrast in local area
c. geomorphic agents associated with exogenic processes are different than tectonism, but both combine to develop local relief
The most common soluble rock is _____, the chemical precipitate sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). a. greywacke b. sandstone c. limestone d. coquina e. mudstone
c. limestone
Earth's least abundant freshwater resource is _____. a. atmosphere b. lakes c. rivers d. soil moisture e. groundwater
c. rivers
What is sediment? a. fragments of volcanic rock, dust-sized or larger that settle out of the air onto the ground. b. small pieces of crystalized minerals that have been reoriented into wavy bands c. small pieces of broken rock that have fallen to the bottom of moving streams d. molten rock that is beneath Earth's surface that changes to a solid (freezes) when it forms creating layers of sediments.
c. small pieces of broken rock that have fallen to the bottom of moving streams
The site where a surface stream disappears into the cavern system is referred to as a _____ hole. a. stunted b. shallow c. swallow d. stilted e. stubborn
c. swallow
By what criteria are faults classified? a. earthquake potential b. rock type(s) c. type of force exerted d. size e. surface location
c. type of force exerted
What is formed when stalactites and stalagmites come together?
column
strike
compass direction of the line formed at the intersection of a tilted rock layer and a horizontal plane.
3 tectonic forces
compression, tension, shearing
An increase in earthquake moment magnitude by one whole number (for example, from 6-7) on the Richter scale means that the energy released has increased by a factor of about a. 330 b. 31,000 c. 3,000 d. 32
d. 32
In what different ways can sedimentary rocks not form? a. They can form from water that is evaporated. b. The can form from the weathering process c. They can form from fossilized animals d. They can form from plants being compressed and turned into anthracite coal
d. They can form from plants being compressed and turned into anthracite coal
A rock layer that is relatively impermeable, such as shale or slate, restricts the passage of water and therefore is called _____. a. aquitube b. aqualube c. aguaclude d. aquiclude e. aquicity
d. aquiclude
To be classified as a mineral, a substance must be a. foliated b. accreted c. organic d. crystalline e. regolith
d. crystalline
A type of low viscosity basalt that solidifies on the surface while continuing to flow underneath. a.AA lava b. Pahoehoe Lava c. Columnar-jointed lava flow d. fissure lava
d. fissure lava
What does the term "seafloor spreading" refer to? a. presence of youngest rocks far from mid-ocean ridges b. formation of new rocks at ocean trenches c. magnetic reversals in seafloor rocks d. formation of new crust at mid-ocean ridges e. presence of oldest rocks at mid-ocean ridges
d. formation of new crust at mid-ocean ridges
Where geothermal water flow is intermittent and somewhat eruptive, it produces a _____. a. well b. perched water table c. drainage pond d. geyser e. spring
d. geyser
Most of Earth's freshwater is found in _____. a. lakes b. groundwater c. clouds and the atmosphere d. glaciers, ice, and snow e. rivers
d. glaciers, ice, and snow
Which type of rocks can become metamorphic rocks? a. igneous only b. metamorphic only c. sedimentary only d. igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic e. igneous and sedimentary only
d. igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
Water from precipitation, or meltwater from frozen precipitation, that soaks into the ground does so by the process of _____. a. infarction b. infabrication c. inflection d. infiltration e. influxion
d. infiltration
Clay sediments and shale generally have _____. a. no permeability and no porosity b. high permeability and low porosity c. high permeability and high porosity d. low permeability and high porosity e. low permeability and low porosity
d. low permeability and high porosity
Which properties must a mineral have? a. synthetic, inorganic, crystalline solid b. synthetic, inorganic, specific chemical composition c. naturally occurring, organic, specific chemical composition d. naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid e. naturally occurring, organic, crystalline solid
d. naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid
Which common substance in the extensive coal deposits of the eastern United States can create acidic conditions when it interacts with water? a. sodium b. calcium c. lead d. pyrite e. magnesium
d. pyrite
Which type of collapse that creates sinkholes involves the surface cover of the land? a. pluton b. bedrock c. batholith d. regolith e. shield
d. regolith
What is the primary method scientists have used to learn about the interior structure and composition of Earth? a. direct physical observations b. drilling c. studies of asteroids d. seismic waves e. geological surveys of other planets
d. seismic waves
Which two processes form most sinkholes? a. freeze-thaw and mass wasting b. carbonation and oxidation c. acid mine drainage and evaporation d. solution and collapse e. hydration and hydrolysis
d. solution and collapse
Water occupies all void spaces in which subsurface zone? a. the well zone b. zone of artesian spring c. zone of sanguination d. zone of saturation e. zone of water table fluctuation
d. zone of saturation
Acid mine drainage can result from the oxidation of _____. a. quartz (SiO2) b. nitrogen (N) c. phosphorus (P) d. pyrite (FeS2) e. calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
d. pyrite (FeS2)
What type of fault is the San Andreas
dip-slip and right/left lateral
epicenter
directly above the focus on Earth's surface
shield volcano
dome-shaped accumulation of multiple successive lava flows extruded from one or more vents or fissures. effusive, mafic, and biggest volcano. ex: Mauna Loa
Speleothems
dripstone cave formations
Which term best describes the action of two plates moving towards each other? a. collision-coalescence b. shielding c. divergence d. transform movement e. convergence
e. convergence
What is the term for a fracture in Earth materials along which rock movement has occurred? a. fold b. anticline c. syncline d. joint e. fault
e. fault
Tower karst is most common in _____. a. caverns b. tropical deserts c. high latitudes d. marine west coast climates e. humid tropics
e. humid subtropics
Where in the Earth would you find the Mohorovicic discontinuity? a. the center of the outer core b. the top of the inner core c. just below the end of the mantle d. the top of the crust e. just below the crust
e. just below the crust
Mafic igneous rocks are a. only low in silica b. high in silica and high in heavy minerals c. low in silica and low in heavy minerals d. high in silica and low in heavy minerals e. low in silica and high in heavy minerals
e. low in silica and high in heavy minerals
What type of faults do tensional forces create? a. longitudinal b. reverse c. strike-slip d. transverse e. normal
e. normal
An island forms where a. oceanic crust collides with continental crust b. oceanic crust diverges from continental crust c. continental crust collides with continental crust d. continental crust diverges from continental crust e. oceanic crust collides with oceanic crust
e. oceanic crust collides with oceanic crust
Which is the largest type of volcano? a. plug dome b. cinder cone c. composite cone d. batholith e. shield volcano
e. shield volcano
What minerals used to found in local water that make your teeth strong?
florine and fluoride
shearing
force that moves two objects past each other in opposite directions
Is there more sediment close to the mid ocean ridge or further away from it?
further away
what makes disposition possible
geomorphic agents like storms, weathering, and droughts
Aa lava
higher in silica but has a blocky appearance
cinder cone volcano
hill composed of fragments of volcanic rock (pyroclastics) erupted from a central vent. It is the smallest type of volcano and is explosive. ex: Wizard Island
what makes some rocks red?
iron
what is happening to the area within a ring of earthquakes (plates)?
it is moving as one piece, so no collisions are taking place inside the plate
exogenic processes
land forming process originating at or very near the Earth's surface ex: volcanoes, weathering, erosion, glacial movement
endogenic processes
land forming process originating within the Earth ex: earthquakes, folding, faulting
angle of repose
maximum angle at which a slope of loose sediment can stand without particles tumbling or sliding downslope. It becomes steeper when it is high in silica.
artesian spring
natural flow of groundwater to the surface from below due to pressure from s dip changing and a crack opening up.
Are there tensional forces in Kentucky? If so, where?
no
Can you have a volcano without an earthquake?
no
Which is heavier: the ocean crust or the continental crust?
ocean crust because it is mafic and more dense than the felsic continental crust
Describe the physical and chemical strength of limestone
physically strong but chemically weak
Describe the physical and chemical strength of sandstone
physically weak but chemically strong
another name for intrusive igneous rock
plutonic
focus
point where the rupture occurred inside the Earth
tension
pulling two adjacent areas of rock away from each other (divergence)
Compression
pushing together from opposite sides (convergence)
Paleomagnetism
record of the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field
reverse fault
results from compression. high angle break with rocks on one side pushed up relative to those on the other side. hanging wall up, footwall down.
thrust fault
results from compression. low angle break with rocks on one side pushed over those of the other side. creates a mountain on one side.
dip-slip fault
results from shearing forces. It's a vertical fault where the movement is up and down the dip of the fault surface.
normal fault
results from tension. breakage zone with rocks on one side sliding down relative to rocks on the other side. footwall up, hanging wall down.
Where are the youngest rocks located on the surface of the ocean floor?
right where the lava comes out
organic sedimentary rock
rock created from deposits of organic material, such as carbon from plants (coal).
chemical precipitate sedimentary rock
rock created from dissolved minerals that have precipitated out of water
clastic sedimentary rock
rock formed by the compaction and cementation of preexisting rock debris.
what is a rock low in when it is not shiny?
silica
Viscosity
state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid because of internal friction and resistance to flowing
What hotspot is associated with Mauna Loa?
the Hawaiian volcanoes
Paleogeography
the ancient geographic setting of an area: era, period, epoch
Subsidence
the sinking of an air parcel to a lower altitude, or the sinking or lowering of a land surface. ex: Florida Everglades, fracking, and Ogallala Auquifier
Swallow hole
the site where a surface stream is diverted to the subsurface, such as into a cavern system. ex: Lost river cave
speleology
the study of caves
Catastrophism
the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events.
Uniformitarianism
the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes and continues to form the Earth today.
strike-slip fault
this horizontal movement takes place along the strike of the fault. put a foot on each plate and the way they move and make you twist is either right or left. Also called a right/left lateral fault
Karst Landforms
unique landforms and landscapes derived by the solution of soluble rocks, particularly limestone that create huge rocks at the surface with big cracks in between them. They are located at the top of the hill at western. ex: the burren
valley sink
uvala. large surface depression resulting from coalescing of sinkholes in karst areas.
another name for extrusive igneous rock
volcanic
In what type of environment are haystack hill formed most quickly in?
warm and wet ones
geothermal water
water heated by contact with hot rocks in the subsurface.