GEOG 103 EXAM 3 WKU ch. 13, 14, & 16

cavern

(cave). An underground passageway above the zone of saturation.

sinkhole

(doline). roughly circular surface depression related to the solution of rock in karst areas.

rift valley

A deep valley lowland that forms where two plates diverge from tensional forces

geyser

A fountain of water and steam that builds up pressure underground and erupts at regular intervals. It is natural geothermal heating.

spring

A natural source of water formed when water from an aquifer percolates up to the ground surface.

Shale

A sedimentary rock that breaks apart very easily from lack of calcium

Theory of Plate Tectonics

A theory stating that Earth's lithosphere is broken into huge plates that move and change in size over time by abduction, subduction, and or grinding.

example of an island arc

Aleutian Islands off the coast of Alaska

flowing artesian well

Artificially dug outlet that allows naturally pressurized groundwater to flow to Earth's surface.

disappearing stream examples

Cedar Sink, Mammoth Cave Lost River Cave

igneous rocks

Form directly from cooling of magma or lava. intrusive ex: granite (magma) extrusive ex: obsidian (lava)

Anthrocite

Highly desirable coal because of its high heat content and low sulfur content. It is a metamorphic rocks that burns for a long time.

how does water move through the zone of aeration

It goes through the pores then collects in the zone of saturation.

Example of shield volcanoes that are made up of dome-shaped accumulations of multiple successive lava flows extruded from one or more vents or fissures

Mafic/low silica/effusive ex: Mauna Loa

earthquake intensity

Measure of damage; energy absorbed; changes from location to location

what mountain stopped settlers from reaching southeastern Kentucky and is broken by the Cumberland Gap?

Pine mountain

What is the major type of rock in Kentucky?

Sedimentary

Plutonism

The formation of intrusive igneous rock by solidification of magma beneath the earth's surface.

bituminous

The most common form of coal; produces a high amount of heat and is used extensively by electric power plants. It is located in Kentucky and is not shiny.

Theory of Continental Drift

Theory that at one point in time all of the continents were one super continent called Pangea and moved to form the Earth today.

sheltowee trace

This is the biggest trail in Kentucky around our streams and rivers. Daniel Boone stayed in this trace on the top of the mountains because the Native Americans wanted to kill him. Simon Kenton saved Boone's life here. Also, the Indian tribes didn't kill each other here because they just used it to hunt.

joint

a crack formed from when a rock cools and contrasts

what happens as a result of a rupture from folding?

a fault

Does the epicenter or a fault feel more shaking from an Earthquake?

a fault feels more shaking

thermal spring

a groundwater spring flowing with hot or warm water, often with a high dissolved mineral content.

fissure

a hole in the side of the volcano that lets lava spill out the side

Caldera

a large crater caused by the violent explosion of a volcano that collapses into a depression. ex: Crater Lake in Wizard Island, Yellowstone

stock

a pluton that started moving in igneous intrusion but then lost energy and created an irregular mass that's smaller than a batholith.

sedimentary rock

a rock formed by compaction and cementation of rock fragments, organic remains, or chemical precipitates

metamorphic rock

a rock formed by heat and pressure changing a pre-existing rock

Pahoehoe

a specific type of lava that's low in viscosity and cools on the surface but moves quickly underneath

Escarpment

a steep cliff or slope between a higher and lower land surface like the side of the horst and graben

Plug Dome Volcano

a steep-sided, explosive type of volcano with its central vent or vents plugged by the rapid congealing of its highly viscous, silica-rich lava. This is the most explosive volcano and has pyroclastic flow. Extremely viscous, felsic, and kind of small. MOST DANGEROUS ex: Mount Pelee

Which coal property is not true? a. Halite: White with shiney surfaces b. Lignite: Brown and soft c. Bituminous: Flat black and hard d. Anthracite: Hard with shiny surfaces

a. Halite: White with shiney surfaces

Which rock type fills most of the volume between the Rockies and the Appalachians? a. Igneous b. Metamorphic c. Sedimentary d. Iwanna

a. Igneous

What mountains appear older, lower, and more eroded? a. The Rocky Mountains b. The Appalachian Mountains

a. The Rocky Mountains

Which area of Earth has the newest, most recently crumpled surface? a. Western areas of North America b. Central areas of North America c. Eastern areas of North America d. Gulf coast areas of the US

a. Western areas of North America

Define metamorphic a. a rock that has changed from its original form b. a rock that has been created through the weathering process c. a rock that exhibits "foliation" which is banding of clastic material d. a rock that is cooled slowly created bye molten rock called magma

a. a rock that has changed from its original form

Under conditions of moderate precipitation and good drainage, water infiltrating into the ground first passes through a layer called the zone of _____. a. aeration b. alluviation c. adumbration d. ablation e. alleviation

a. aeration

compressional tectonic forces may result in the formation of a. anticlines and synclines b. horsts c. strike-slip faults d. normal faults e. grabens

a. anticlines and synclines

Circular surface depressions, called sinkholes, are also called _____. a. dolines b. dolomite c. dolichocephalies d. dermites e. dolostones

a. dolines

The two terms used to describe the conditions for how streams gain or lose groundwater, respectively, are _____. a. effluent and influent b. exfiltration and infiltration c. exfoliation and inundation d. effluvium and influence e. inflow and outflow

a. effluent and influent

An example of an _____ landforming process, one that originates in Earth, is _____. a. endogenic; tectonism b. endogenic; deposition c. exogenic; weathering d. endogenic; weathering e. exogenic; tectonism

a. endogenic; tectonism

Caves that foster active development of speleothems typically have air that is fully saturated with water, having a relative humidity near 100%, so _____ is minimal. a. evaporation b. precipitation c. transpiration d. dripping e. travertine

a. evaporation

The slippage or displacement of rocks along a fracture surface is called ________. a. faulting b. relief c. jointing d. plutonism e. folding

a. faulting

What is the basis for classifying rocks as igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic? a. formation b. shape c. color d. chemical composition e. location

a. formation

When basalt containing very small rock particles cools into rock, these iron particles a. give the rock a magnetic signature aligned with Earth's magnetic field at the time they cooled b. orient themselves towards Earth's surface while cooling c. oxidize to become iron oxide d. change their orientation several times every million years

a. give the rock a magnetic signature aligned with Earth's magnetic field at the time they cooled

Which of the following volcanic landform is the result of only effusive eruptions? a. lava flows b. calderas c. composite cones d. cinder cones e. plug domes

a. lava flows

What is Earth's largest layer by mass and volume? a. mantle b. asthenosphere c. crust d. outer core e. inner core

a. mantle

According to the rock cycle, what type(s) of rock(s) can a sedimentary rock become? a. metamorphic only b. sedimentary only c. igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic d. igneous only e. igneous and sedimentary only

a. metamorphic only

Alfred Wegener is well known for hypothesizing that a. over time the continents change their geographic position b. the inner core is molten c. new oceanic crust is formed at subduction zones d. the magnetic poles have reversed on occasion during geologic time e. mountain ranges only exist where erosion is very weak

a. over time the continents change their geographic position

Which branch of study relies on geologic and climatological evidence to reconstruct historical and geographical environments of Earth's features? a. paleogeography b. paleobiography c. paleomagnetism d. anthropology e. paleontology

a. paleogeography

Water will soon drain downward by gravity beyond the first subsurface zone to lower levels by the process of _____. a. percolation b. permutation c. perturbation d. permission e. persuasion

a. percolation

Which theory states that convection cells in the mantle cause the movement of lithospheric pieces on the asthenosphere? a. plate tectonics b. paleomagnetism c. continental drift d. seafloor spreading e. rock cycle

a. plate tectonics

Highly viscous molten rock material is _____ and is most likely to cause a(n) _____ volcanic eruption. a. resistant to flowing; explosive b. resistant to flowing; fissure-like c. thin and fluid; effusive d. resistant to flowing; effusive e. thin and fluid; explosive

a. resistant to flowing; explosive

Which type of rock forms from deposition, compaction, and sedimentation? a. sedimentary b. igneous c. metamorphic d. extrusive e. intrusive

a. sedimentary

A sinking of the land, called _____, can occur as a result of compaction related to water withdrawal. a. subsidence b. subsistence c. subjunctive d. subjective e. substantial

a. subsidence

Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is _____. a. thinner and denser b. thicker and denser c. thicker and colder d. thinner and less dense e. thicker and less dense

a. thinner and denser

composite cone volcano

also called a stratovolcano. formed from alternating layers of lava and pyroclastic materials; generally known for violent eruptions. It is bigger than a cinder cone but smaller than shield. Mafic and Flesic. ex: Vesuvius

moment magnitude

amount of energy released in a rupture in relevance to the earthquake's size

non flowing artesian well

an artesian well in which water does not rise all the way to the surface and we have to pump up the rest.

dip

angle where the rock structure goes into the ground. Inclination of a rock layer from the horizontal; always measured at right angles to the strike.

well

artificial opening that reaches the zone of saturation for the purpose of extracting groundwater.

An increase in earthquake magnitude by one whole number means that the energy released has increased by a factor of approximately _____. a. 100 b. 30 c. 2 d. 1,000 e. 300

b. 30

How do the lithosphere and asthenosphere differ? a. The lithosphere is a liquid, and the asthenosphere is a solid. b. The lithosphere is an elastic solid, while the asthenosphere is a plastic solid. c. The asthenosphere is an elastic solid, while the lithosphere is a plastic solid. d. The asthenosphere is a liquid, and the lithosphere is a solid. e. The asthenosphere is above the lithosphere.

b. The lithosphere is an elastic solid, while the asthenosphere is a plastic solid.

Where is Earth's greatest concentration of severe earthquakes and volcanic eruptions found? a. at normal faults b. along the Pacific Ring of Fire c. in Antarctica d. at the mid-ocean ridges e. along the San Andreas fault

b. along the Pacific Ring of Fire

Inclination (dip) is always measured a. at right angles to the dip b. at right angles to the strike c. based on a 360 degree scale d. from the left based on the compass direction of the strike

b. at right angles to the strike

What is the largest type of igneous intrusion? a. dike b. batholith c. laccolith d. sill e. stock

b. batholith

What is not correct? a. plates that collide head on are called convergent boundaries b. boundaries where the plates are being stretched apart are unknown c. plate boundaries that are grinding past each other are called transform d. boundaries where the plates are being pulled apart are called divergent

b. boundaries where the plates are being stretched apart are unknown

What type of volcano is Capulin Mountain in New Mexico? a. composite cone b. cinder cone c. caldera d. plug dome e. shield volcano

b. cinder cone

Rock layers are frequently tilted. What term describes the angle at which a rock layer is tilted? a. declination b. dip c. strike d. slip e. tilt

b. dip

Choose the best answer to explain the distribution of earthquakes a. earthquakes occur only at the surface along plate boundaries b. earthquakes occur along the subducting plate c. earthquakes get smaller as you get closer to the surface plate boundary d. earthquakes get larger the farther you are away from the plate boundary

b. earthquakes occur along the subducting plate

What is the physical point inside Earth at which an earthquake originates? a. epicenter b. focus c. hot spot d. Richter point e. fault trace

b. focus

Sills are _______. a. composed of extrusive igneous rock b. horizontal sheets of intrusive igneous rock between rock layers c. the largest type of igneous intrusion d. mushroom-shaped flows of basalt e. vertical walls of intrusive rock cutting across rock layers

b. horizontal sheets of intrusive igneous rock between rock layers

Which rock type seems most likely to have formed first on Earth's surface considering that smaller pieces of space dust melted to form the Earth? a. metamorphic b. igneous c. sedimentary d. clastic

b. igneous

Caverns most commonly develop in _____.​ a. schist b. limestone c. shale d. ​sandstone e. granite

b. limestone

Of the various scales used to measure earthquakes, the _____ scale is currently used to measure damage done by earthquake shaking, while the _____ scale is now used to measure the amount of energy released in an earthquake. a. endogenic; exogenic b. modified Mercalli; moment magnitude c. Richter; moment magnitude d. Richter; Mercalli e. moment magnitude; modified Mercalli

b. modified Mercalli; moment magnitude

Earth processes operate slowly most of the time, but occasionally a major event causes a dramatic change in a short time. This concept is referred to as _____. a. uniformitarianism b. punctuated equilibrium c. gradualism d. episodic progression e. cyclical progression

b. punctuated equilibrium

Icicle-shaped rock spikes hanging from the ceiling of caverns are called _____.​ a. ​columns b. stalactites c. disappearing streams d. stalagmites e. tower karst

b. stalactites

Which rocks are formed from continental crust? a. the darker brown and black rocks like Gabbro and Basalt. b. the lighter white, gray, and light pink rocks like Rhyolite c. Lava like Pahoehoe and AA. d. Slate, marble and shale

b. the lighter white, gray, and light pink rocks like Rhyolite

What is the idea that Earth processes operated historically in much the same ways as they act today? a. geological stasis b. uniformitarianism c. isostasy d. catastrophism e. shielding

b. uniformitarianism

The zone of aeration _____.​ a. lies directly above the zone of porosity b. ​lies directly above the intermediate zone c. lies directly beneath the zone of saturation d. is an aquiclude e. lies directly beneath the water table

b. ​lies directly above the intermediate zone

erosion process from bowling green to the ocean

barren river, green river, Ohio river, Mississippi River, Gulf of Mexico

Tephra

bits of rock or solidified lava dropped from the air after an eruption ex: pyroclastic material

What process below is not an exemplary use of sedimentary rocks? a. Sand, gravel, and limestone make concrete b. Gypsum makes drywall for modern homes c. Coal, oil and gas help produce energy. d. Salt is used for melting ice or seasoning food.

c. Coal, oil and gas help produce energy.

How do Plutonic rocks compare to Volcanic rocks? a. Plutonic rocks have much smaller crystals, and the ocean crust or basalt is felsic b. Continental crust is more dense and darker in color. c. Plutonic rocks have much larger crystals, and the ocean crust or basalt is mafic d. Plutonic rocks just want to have a regular "friendly" relationship with Volcanic rocks even though they are "hot"

c. Plutonic rocks have much larger crystals, and the ocean crust or basalt is mafic

A sequence of porous and permeable layers of sediment or rock that acts as a storage medium and transmitter of water is called a(n) _____.​ a. spring b. geyser c. aquifer d. water table e. aquiclude

c. aquifer

Isostasy is similar to a. volume b. inertia c. buoyancy d. conductivity e. convection

c. buoyancy

Which line of evidence did Alfred Wegener use to support the continental drift hypothesis? a. age of mid-ocean ridge rocks b. paleomagnetism and continental fit c. continental fit and fossil distributions d. rock types and numerical dates of rocks e. paleomagnetism and mid-ocean ridge locations

c. continental fit and fossil distributions

What patterns are visible where earthquakes occur? a. earthquakes occur just around continents b. earthquakes occur just around oceans c. earthquakes define plate edges (with a few exceptions)

c. earthquakes define plate edges (with a few exceptions)

To be an artesian spring, a spring must _____. a. lie below a cone of depression b. contain salt water c. flow upward to a level above the local water table d. ​have been drilled or dug by people e. flow for only part of the year

c. flow upward to a level above the local water table

Choose the best comparison and contrast between endogenic and exogenic processes a. end/exogenic processes are both responsible for geomorphology, but endogenic processes describe weathering and exogenic processes describe tectonism b. the geomorphic endo/exogenic processes influence the Earth, but endogenic processes are responsible for erosion and exogenic processes are responsible for the development of relief c. geomorphic agents associated with exogenic processes are different than tectonism, but both combine to develop local relief d. endogenic processes exaggerate locational relief, where exogenic processes limit topographic contrast in local area

c. geomorphic agents associated with exogenic processes are different than tectonism, but both combine to develop local relief

The most common soluble rock is _____, the chemical precipitate sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). a. greywacke b. sandstone c. limestone d. coquina e. mudstone

c. limestone

Earth's least abundant freshwater resource is _____. a. atmosphere b. lakes c. rivers d. soil moisture e. groundwater

c. rivers

What is sediment? a. fragments of volcanic rock, dust-sized or larger that settle out of the air onto the ground. b. small pieces of crystalized minerals that have been reoriented into wavy bands c. small pieces of broken rock that have fallen to the bottom of moving streams d. molten rock that is beneath Earth's surface that changes to a solid (freezes) when it forms creating layers of sediments.

c. small pieces of broken rock that have fallen to the bottom of moving streams

The site where a surface stream disappears into the cavern system is referred to as a _____ hole. a. stunted b. shallow c. swallow d. stilted e. stubborn

c. swallow

By what criteria are faults classified? a. earthquake potential b. rock type(s) c. type of force exerted d. size e. surface location

c. type of force exerted

What is formed when stalactites and stalagmites come together?

column

strike

compass direction of the line formed at the intersection of a tilted rock layer and a horizontal plane.

3 tectonic forces

compression, tension, shearing

An increase in earthquake moment magnitude by one whole number (for example, from 6-7) on the Richter scale means that the energy released has increased by a factor of about a. 330 b. 31,000 c. 3,000 d. 32

d. 32

In what different ways can sedimentary rocks not form? a. They can form from water that is evaporated. b. The can form from the weathering process c. They can form from fossilized animals d. They can form from plants being compressed and turned into anthracite coal

d. They can form from plants being compressed and turned into anthracite coal

A rock layer that is relatively impermeable, such as shale or slate, restricts the passage of water and therefore is called _____. a. aquitube b. aqualube c. aguaclude d. aquiclude e. aquicity

d. aquiclude

To be classified as a mineral, a substance must be a. foliated b. accreted c. organic d. crystalline e. regolith

d. crystalline

A type of low viscosity basalt that solidifies on the surface while continuing to flow underneath. a.AA lava b. Pahoehoe Lava c. Columnar-jointed lava flow d. fissure lava

d. fissure lava

What does the term "seafloor spreading" refer to? a. presence of youngest rocks far from mid-ocean ridges b. formation of new rocks at ocean trenches c. magnetic reversals in seafloor rocks d. formation of new crust at mid-ocean ridges e. presence of oldest rocks at mid-ocean ridges

d. formation of new crust at mid-ocean ridges

Where geothermal water flow is intermittent and somewhat eruptive, it produces a _____. a. well b. perched water table c. drainage pond d. geyser e. spring

d. geyser

Most of Earth's freshwater is found in _____.​ a. lakes b. groundwater c. clouds and the atmosphere d. glaciers, ice, and snow e. ​rivers

d. glaciers, ice, and snow

Which type of rocks can become metamorphic rocks? a. igneous only b. metamorphic only c. sedimentary only d. igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic e. igneous and sedimentary only

d. igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic

Water from precipitation, or meltwater from frozen precipitation, that soaks into the ground does so by the process of _____. a. infarction b. infabrication c. inflection d. infiltration e. influxion

d. infiltration

Clay sediments and shale generally have _____.​ a. no permeability and no porosity b. high permeability and low porosity c. high permeability and high porosity d. low permeability and high porosity e. low permeability and low porosity

d. low permeability and high porosity

Which properties must a mineral have? a. synthetic, inorganic, crystalline solid b. synthetic, inorganic, specific chemical composition c. naturally occurring, organic, specific chemical composition d. naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid e. naturally occurring, organic, crystalline solid

d. naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid

Which common substance in the extensive coal deposits of the eastern United States can create acidic conditions when it interacts with water? a. sodium b. calcium c. lead d. pyrite e. magnesium

d. pyrite

Which type of collapse that creates sinkholes involves the surface cover of the land? a. pluton b. bedrock c. batholith d. regolith e. shield

d. regolith

What is the primary method scientists have used to learn about the interior structure and composition of Earth? a. direct physical observations b. drilling c. studies of asteroids d. seismic waves e. geological surveys of other planets

d. seismic waves

Which two processes form most sinkholes?​ a. freeze-thaw and mass wasting b. carbonation and oxidation c. acid mine drainage and evaporation d. solution and collapse e. ​hydration and hydrolysis

d. solution and collapse

Water occupies all void spaces in which subsurface zone? a. the well zone b. zone of artesian spring c. zone of sanguination d. zone of saturation e. zone of water table fluctuation

d. zone of saturation

Acid mine drainage can result from the oxidation of _____.​ a. quartz (SiO2) b. nitrogen (N) c. phosphorus (P) d. ​pyrite (FeS2) e. calcium carbonate (CaCO3)

d. ​pyrite (FeS2)

What type of fault is the San Andreas

dip-slip and right/left lateral

epicenter

directly above the focus on Earth's surface

shield volcano

dome-shaped accumulation of multiple successive lava flows extruded from one or more vents or fissures. effusive, mafic, and biggest volcano. ex: Mauna Loa

Speleothems

dripstone cave formations

Which term best describes the action of two plates moving towards each other? a. collision-coalescence b. shielding c. divergence d. transform movement e. convergence

e. convergence

What is the term for a fracture in Earth materials along which rock movement has occurred? a. fold b. anticline c. syncline d. joint e. fault

e. fault

Tower karst is most common in _____.​ a. caverns b. tropical deserts c. high latitudes d. marine west coast climates e. humid tropics

e. humid subtropics

Where in the Earth would you find the Mohorovicic discontinuity? a. the center of the outer core b. the top of the inner core c. just below the end of the mantle d. the top of the crust e. just below the crust

e. just below the crust

Mafic igneous rocks are a. only low in silica b. high in silica and high in heavy minerals c. low in silica and low in heavy minerals d. high in silica and low in heavy minerals e. low in silica and high in heavy minerals

e. low in silica and high in heavy minerals

What type of faults do tensional forces create? a. longitudinal b. reverse c. strike-slip d. transverse e. normal

e. normal

An island forms where a. oceanic crust collides with continental crust b. oceanic crust diverges from continental crust c. continental crust collides with continental crust d. continental crust diverges from continental crust e. oceanic crust collides with oceanic crust

e. oceanic crust collides with oceanic crust

Which is the largest type of volcano? a. plug dome b. cinder cone c. composite cone d. batholith e. shield volcano

e. shield volcano

What minerals used to found in local water that make your teeth strong?

florine and fluoride

shearing

force that moves two objects past each other in opposite directions

Is there more sediment close to the mid ocean ridge or further away from it?

further away

what makes disposition possible

geomorphic agents like storms, weathering, and droughts

Aa lava

higher in silica but has a blocky appearance

cinder cone volcano

hill composed of fragments of volcanic rock (pyroclastics) erupted from a central vent. It is the smallest type of volcano and is explosive. ex: Wizard Island

what makes some rocks red?

iron

what is happening to the area within a ring of earthquakes (plates)?

it is moving as one piece, so no collisions are taking place inside the plate

exogenic processes

land forming process originating at or very near the Earth's surface ex: volcanoes, weathering, erosion, glacial movement

endogenic processes

land forming process originating within the Earth ex: earthquakes, folding, faulting

angle of repose

maximum angle at which a slope of loose sediment can stand without particles tumbling or sliding downslope. It becomes steeper when it is high in silica.

artesian spring

natural flow of groundwater to the surface from below due to pressure from s dip changing and a crack opening up.

Are there tensional forces in Kentucky? If so, where?

no

Can you have a volcano without an earthquake?

no

Which is heavier: the ocean crust or the continental crust?

ocean crust because it is mafic and more dense than the felsic continental crust

Describe the physical and chemical strength of limestone

physically strong but chemically weak

Describe the physical and chemical strength of sandstone

physically weak but chemically strong

another name for intrusive igneous rock

plutonic

focus

point where the rupture occurred inside the Earth

tension

pulling two adjacent areas of rock away from each other (divergence)

Compression

pushing together from opposite sides (convergence)

Paleomagnetism

record of the strength and direction of the Earth's magnetic field

reverse fault

results from compression. high angle break with rocks on one side pushed up relative to those on the other side. hanging wall up, footwall down.

thrust fault

results from compression. low angle break with rocks on one side pushed over those of the other side. creates a mountain on one side.

dip-slip fault

results from shearing forces. It's a vertical fault where the movement is up and down the dip of the fault surface.

normal fault

results from tension. breakage zone with rocks on one side sliding down relative to rocks on the other side. footwall up, hanging wall down.

Where are the youngest rocks located on the surface of the ocean floor?

right where the lava comes out

organic sedimentary rock

rock created from deposits of organic material, such as carbon from plants (coal).

chemical precipitate sedimentary rock

rock created from dissolved minerals that have precipitated out of water

clastic sedimentary rock

rock formed by the compaction and cementation of preexisting rock debris.

what is a rock low in when it is not shiny?

silica

Viscosity

state of being thick, sticky, and semifluid because of internal friction and resistance to flowing

What hotspot is associated with Mauna Loa?

the Hawaiian volcanoes

Paleogeography

the ancient geographic setting of an area: era, period, epoch

Subsidence

the sinking of an air parcel to a lower altitude, or the sinking or lowering of a land surface. ex: Florida Everglades, fracking, and Ogallala Auquifier

Swallow hole

the site where a surface stream is diverted to the subsurface, such as into a cavern system. ex: Lost river cave

speleology

the study of caves

Catastrophism

the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted chiefly from sudden violent and unusual events.

Uniformitarianism

the theory that changes in the earth's crust during geological history have resulted from the action of continuous and uniform processes and continues to form the Earth today.

strike-slip fault

this horizontal movement takes place along the strike of the fault. put a foot on each plate and the way they move and make you twist is either right or left. Also called a right/left lateral fault

Karst Landforms

unique landforms and landscapes derived by the solution of soluble rocks, particularly limestone that create huge rocks at the surface with big cracks in between them. They are located at the top of the hill at western. ex: the burren

valley sink

uvala. large surface depression resulting from coalescing of sinkholes in karst areas.

another name for extrusive igneous rock

volcanic

In what type of environment are haystack hill formed most quickly in?

warm and wet ones

geothermal water

water heated by contact with hot rocks in the subsurface.