Geog 5 Final

Functional Region

defined by connections and interactions between space generally have vague borders and outlets

Thematic Region

defined by one or more objectively measured variables or themes- EX: soils and location there is no definite rigid border things tend to overlap

Descriptive models

describe existing spatial patterns of activities- why it is the way they are

Demographic Change Equation

describes regional population change: Pop. Final = (CBR) - (CDR) + (migration in) - (migration out) aka: Rate of Natural Change - Net migration

adoption of innovations

early or late adapters

literal meaning of the word "geography";

earth writing

assumptions of economically rational behavior

economic agents try maximize their own economic utility- that's the only thing that motivates them everything they do is designed to increase their economic utility- producer maximize utility by maximizing profit, consumers- maximize value 2. economic agents apply complete and accurate knowledge and reasoning relevant to their economic decisions- they know everything that you would need to know to optimize your utility, reasoning and knowledge is complete and accurate

NAFTA and CAFTA

economic alliance, "free" trade

ecotourism

form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism

culture hearth

formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail

Reference maps

general purpose map showing accurately the location of different types of features (rivers, mountains, elevation etc)

prime meridian

geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0 degrees

Huff Model

given a set of shopping centers predicts what percent of each neighborhood would go to a certain shopping center

extensive vs. intensive agriculture

extensive: uses large amounts of labor and capital relative to land area (EX: grain and wheat) intensive: over smaller land area, but more valuable because more labor needed (ex: rice farming)

extreme events vs hazard events

extreme events: "unusual physical magnitude," may or may not be hazardous to people—potential hazards -not hazardous if there's no people there -extreme events are potential hazards -if humans don't suffer then it's not a hazard hazard events:events or conditions actually detrimental to humans

decision-making heuristics

Heuristics are rapid, simple decision-making mechanisms or strategies, like rules-of-thumb. They often lead to good decisions and sometimes the best decisions possible. In other situations, they lead to mistakes and poor decisions. But they are often adaptive because at least they allow us to make a decision in a timely manner

Quaternary Economic Activity

Information & administration services, research, government, education

effect of accessibility and land value on the internal structure of North American cities

Internal Structure of Land Use- what activity is going on where- where commercial? Residential? -applicable to other cities outside US but not 100% A. Accessibility (how cheap is it to get to different parts of a city?) and Land Value 1. most accessible locations demand highest rent (how much you have to pay for a unit of land) -major and financial businesses 2. distance decay of land rent from center -move away from the center gets cheaper and cheaper

invasive cane toads

animal activists in Australia began using beer to promote humanitarian disposal of cane toads. For every cane toad delivered alive and well to the RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals)

crude birth rate

annual live births per 1000 people in a year crude because it ignores the demographics of the population (how many women and men and etc.)

hydrologic cycle

another name for the water cycle which we all learned in elementary school

secondary language

any other languages you might speak anything but primary language

hi-tech manufacturing

application of intensive scientific and engineering research to develop new new technologically advanced products

choice of projections

appropriate visualization of data

technological/material (artifacts)

architecture, sewing, crafts, etc

industrial parks

area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development

comparative advantage

areas can improve their economic standing and standard of living through specialization and trade

Two dimensional

areas or polygons EX: forest or neighbourhood

multi-state (supranational) organizations

associations of three or more states created for mutual benefit and achieve shared objectives everyone getting along political, economic, military alliances among > 2 states

changes in situ

at the location- traditions changing over time

place perception

attitudes about places

Spatially-variable costs

Vary considerably from location to location, only variable costs are relevant to location decisions

vegetative and seed planting

Vegetative ag- cutting plants- sticking a piece of a plant off and sticking it in the ground Women invented agriculture- they were the gatherers seed planting- you plant seeds in the ground

Absolute direction

based on cardinal points (directions) or the stars EX: sun setting in east, sky's location at noon

commodities

basic resources and agricultural products (sugar, tea, iron)

informal housing (squatter settlements)

becoming over urbanized- the resources (clean water etc) aren't enough for everyone "informal housing" -squatter settlements/ shanty towns -open sewers -disease -crime -poverty -nightmares

suburbs as bedroom communities

bedroom" communities- you sleep there but go to other places to do everything else

definition and varieties of cities

aggregated settlement of relatively high population size and density; internally structured (nucleated), serves multiple functions for own people and the surrounding area various terms: hamlet, village, town, city, city center, suburb, metropolitan area

agribusiness

agriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced technology. -mechanized -run by large corporations

location allocation problem

algorithms used primarily in a geographic information system to determine an optimal location for one or more facilities where do you put your business?

you-are-here (YAH) map orientation

aligned vs misaligned-different aspect maps You should always try to maintain alignment when reading maps

measures of population composition and change

all the rates, levels, expectancy's (TFR, CBR, RLF, CDR, etc.)

hydrosphere

all the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds

intervening opportunity

an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration

Gender-Related Development Index

an index designed as a measure of gender equality

terrorism

calculated use of violent acts against civilians and symbolic targets to publicize a cause, intimidate, or coerce a civilization population or affect the conduct of a government

geographic techniques

cartography, GIS, remote sensing, spatial statistics

centripetal and centrifugal forces in political states

centripetal: factors that bind together the people of a state that enable it to function and give it strength centrifugal: factors that destabilize and weaken a state

Demographic Transition Model

changes in human fertility and mortality associated with economic development and modernization

Parsimony

choose the simplest explanation that works is best

multiple nuclei

cities develop outward with several modes of growth not just the CBD

objects and masses

cities, soil, asphalt, mountains- all these things are there when you look at them immediately and will still be there when you look again later

Fields

continuously varying surfaces EX: landform elevations and average precipitation

proselytizing

convert or attempt to convert (someone) from one religion, belief, or opinion to another

behavior

coordinated and goal-directed action

navigation

coordinated- you go from A to B in a more or less direct way and destination-directed travel through

terminal costs

costs for paperwork, loading, packing, and unloading shipments

Administrative region

countries and states created by law or rules, land ownership, only type of region that has or can have precise boundaries

criminal range

criminals go to a different activity space so no one they know will see them

cultural syncretism

culture blending

cultural determinism/autonomy

culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels -culture causes the environment or is independent

calculating the carrying capacity

dN/dt = rN [K - N/K] where dN/dt = change in population size; r = intrinsic rate of increase; N = population size; K = carrying capacity

Reilly's Breaking Point Law of retail gravitation

given two cities find the line between them that you predict divides where people go shopping in city one vs city two- people on one side of the line should go to that respective store

Geometrical Projections: Location of Light Source

gnomonic (middle), stereographic (poles), orthographic (infinity)

offshoring

hiring foreign workers or having a foreign third party business take over operations

truck farming

horticultural practice of growing one or more vegetable crops on a large scale for shipment to distant markets. It is usually less intensive and diversified than market gardening

areal differentiation

how one area is different from another

ideological (mentifacts)

how you think about it, creation stories

environmental determinism

how your environment determines how you act -environment causes culture

topological subway (network) maps

hows stops and routes omits actual distance in miles or kilometers etc (1st) london subway maps

Three Domains in Human Geography

human travel (mobility), material/energy transport, communication

Demographic Transition Model (five stages)

i. High Stable: Pre-industrial society, high death rates and high birth rates. Balanced ii. Early Expanding: Falling death rates, high birth rates. Population Growth. iii. Late Expanding: Low death rates, falling birth rate. Population growth. iv. Low Stable: Low birth rates and low death rates. Balanced v. Post-Industrial: Low birth rates and low death rates, loss of population

Alfred Weber Model Assumptions

i. Isotropic plain ii. Manufacturing of single product to be shipped to known location with 1 market iii. Raw materials from more than one location iv. Infinite and fixed but immobile labor availability v. Transportation by shortest path, transport costs are constant vi. agents maximize profits and minimize costs (rational and know all) vii. Land rents are constant

culture subsystems

ideological, technological, sociological

relaxing von Thunen's assumptions

if there's a means of traveling faster among a certain route (river, road, etc.) the areas of distribution of greatest profit is stretched because there is the possibility of faster travel, creates modified rings

nation homeland as cognitive region

is a cognitive region because it is not recognized as an official country- for many nations their homelands is in their heads

nation homeland as thematic region

is a thematic region because shares the "theme" of everyone thinking its their homeland

moribund language

is going to be dead

ecumene

is the areas of the world permanently inhabited by people (approx. 17%)

primate cities

is the largest city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy

Gross Domestic Income/Product (GDI/P)

is the total value of all goods and services produced annually within a country's borders

risk perception vs. risk assessment

lay person's intuitive judgments about the risk from hazards is called risk perception formal research area that attempts to objectively identify, characterize, and quantify risks from hazards if called risk assessment

Mathematical tradition

legends, scales, geometry, statistics

animism

life exists in all objects

isoline

lines drawn to link different places that share a common value

three scholarly traditions in geography

literary, cartographic, mathematical

partial displacement migrations

local movements- staying within the same city -partially overlapping activity spaces

localized vs ubiquitous raw materials

localized: only found in certain places (ex: copper) ubiquitous: found everywhere (ex: air and water)

carrying capacity ("S-Curve")

logistic (restrictive) growth carrying capacity induced by size/density-dependent checks- we have barriers to unlimited growth

meridians

longitude- measures distance east to west- these are straight lines every one intersects the north and south poles

Cartographic tradition

map making

Cartographic Scale

map scales

Large scale phenomenon

map that shows a small area of the earth, more details

sketch maps

map you make- refers to things stored in your brain

preference maps

maps pf preferred areas

Absolute location

mathematical location (latitude and longitude)

distortions in cognitive maps

may be quite different than objective environment or cartographic map- you don't actually know where you're going- incomplete, fragmented and distorted

distance

measure of overcome separation between places

T-O map

medieval world map

nation state

members who live there are a part of the group (nation) -ideal, most stable way to make a country -easy to administer (common languages etc) -"nationalism"

concentric zones (circles)

middle- factories and inner city housing, next ring worker housing, next ring high income housing (apartments), outside ring- suburbs

relocation diffusion

migrators take with them their culture and traits

NATO

military alliance

Location models

models in economics that demonstrates consumer preference for particular brands of goods and their locations or relationships between markets, production, and distance.

contagious spatial pattern

mold growing on the bread -transmittal of innovation shows distance decay- -importance of direct contacts rather than mass media -results in clustered spread ("waves" of diffusion)

What does disrupted growth look like?

more of one population/age EX: russia had more women after WWII

trickle-down effects

more optimistic view that income disparities reduced as development levels increase. Benefits that tend to occur more easily at "core" centers will diffuse outward in the form of higher prices paid for needed materials or by dispersion of technology to lower-cost regions of production

classifying hazards by space-time parameters

more useful than causal agency classification for understanding implications for humans -if a hazard occurs more frequently they need to have better alarm systems spatio-temporal parameters influence the types of human responses required or allowed

autonomous nationalism

movement by a dissident minority intent to achieve partial or total independence of territory it occupies from the state within which it lies

communication

movement of ideas, information

channelized migration

multiple people moving from one place to another

combinations of states and nations

nation state, multinational state, multi state nation, stateless nation

Megalopolis

nearly continuous urban string that stretches from Boston to Washington DC

extinct language

no one speaks the language

self-identification and self-definition via place

people identify with place and define themselves via place they have a deep affection and attachment to place

discrediting risks

people tend to discredit or downplay the seriousness of some risks that are actually higher than people think, whether it be their chance of occurring, their consequences, or what they will be able to do about it

innovation laggards

people who do not accept the new innovation ever

assumption of economically rational behavior (behavioral approach)

people will always do what is most profitable for their situation

homogeneous reference

phenomenon is divisive and cumulative

heterogeneous reference

phenomenon neither divisive nor cumulative

philosophical liberalism

philosophical document about individual liberty- you have the right to act a certain way and do certain things

Absolute distance

physical separation between two places by a unit of measurement (i.e. miles)

natural (physical) vs. artificial (geometric) boundaries

physical: mountains or terrain geometric: precise boundaries (maps)

territory

pieces of earth's surface (type of region) claimed to be under a group or person's control

Relative location

place in relation to that of other places and activities

cultural convergence

place where concentration of culture traits that characterizes a region is greatest

break-of-bulk points

places where goods have to be transferred from one place to another

price supports

planned agriculture- money given out by government to help out farmers who are struggling

Zero dimensional features

points on a map EX: top of a mountain point or a well

hazardous and toxic wastes

poisonous byproducts of manufacturing, farming, city septic systems, construction, automotive garages, laboratories, hospitals, and other industries. The waste may be liquid, solid, or sludge and contain chemicals, heavy metals, radiation, dangerous pathogens, or other toxins

European Union

political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe

divinity

powers or forces that are universal, transcending human creation and capacities (including God or Gods)

Normative

prescriptive prescribe optimal patterns what should be rather than what is models

categories (sectors) of economic activities

primary, secondary, and tertiary activities

transnational corporations

private firms that have established branch operations in foreign nations

greenhouse effect

process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere. If a planet's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases (i.e., greenhouse gases) they will radiate energy in all directions

choroform

proportional area symbols (graduated circles)

push and pull factors

push- negative things pushing you away pull- positive things pulling you in

Monte Carlo modeling

random process model

hierarchical nesting of central places and polygons (urban hierarchy)

ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity

just-in-time manufacturing

reduce inventories by purchasing what you need just in time for when you need it

Perceptual (cognitive) Regions

regions that describe how people organize places in their minds, informal ways to organize the earth's surface into regions and culturally shared (vernacular regions)

migration

relatively permanent living/residential relocation-no intent to return home

extractive industries

removing nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic minerals (mining, oil)

renewable and nonrenewable resources

renewable: can be replenished by natural process nonrenewable:exist in finite amounts

temporary travel

return home and no intent to change residence

events and processes

riot, volcanic eruptions, erosion, migration

retail sales

sale of goods

precision agriculture

satellite farming or site specific crop management (SSCM) is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops.

masses and processes

say you have soil if you take away half you still have soil- you dont have half a soil. This reference is cumulative- dividing it doesn't make sense

clustered or agglomerated

scrunched together

selective breeding (artificial selection, hybridization)

selective breeding in response to human needs is key process- artificial selection, hybridization, characteristics that are beneficial to humans

subsistence agriculture

self-sufficiency farming for local requirements to feed selves, little/no surplus for trade

typical shape of decay function

shows a non linear pattern as the distance increases the rate of increase slows down

place stereotypes

simplified beliefs that don't capture the whole truth about something, people, place

pidgin

simplified combination language in order to converse

cultural hearth

site where important clusters of traits are invented that diffuse elsewhere

sanitary landfills

sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe. It is considered when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and physically

Analysis Scale

size that we measure and study phenomena

sociological

social patterns and rituals, political systems, hierarchy, mating systems, polygamy etc

definition of politics

social/cultural rules institutions for control and administration of people and resources

tourism as "place collecting"

some people visit as many places as they can as a hobby, crossing places off list

landlocked states

sovereign state entirely enclosed by land

Pattern

spatial arrangement or shape of distribution in space

spatial median

spatial measure of central tendencies

pervasive-intensive continuum for hazards

spatio-temporal parameters can be usefully combined into a single continuum of pervasive-intensive

Tribal (traditional) religion

special form of ethnic religions that distinguished by small size and unique identity

Mediterranean agriculture

specialized farming economy with crops that only do well in tropical weather -predictable weather -intensive

Thematic maps

specific purpose map showing the distribution of one or few themes or variables

religion

specific system of belief concerning divinity or the divine, often involving rituals, a code of ethics, a philosophy of life, and various sociological and material aspects of culture

space-time compression (convergence)

speed of interactions is getting better- transportation hasn't changed as much the friction of distance is decreasing but the interest is still of things nearby

medical geography

spread of diseases

Dispersed or scattered

spread out from each other more so than you would expect to happen by chance

tapering principle

spreads fixed costs over a larger distance base -total cost for shipping varies among modes

deforestation

the action of clearing a wide area of trees

complementarity

the actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions

atmosphere

the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet

reciprocal interaction of humans and natural environment

the environment influences human activity and existence, and humans reciprocally influence the environments of our planet. The environment influences humans positively or negatively EX: humans contribute to species extinctions, or humans protect species diversity in natural preserves

space time prisms

this is not where you go but where you're able to go- your potential movement not actual movement

What is demographic momentum (or population momentum)

this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing even after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution (EX: like when a car has momentum- youre going 70 even if you hit the breaks it takes a long time to stop)

historical trends in hazard outcomes during 20th century

ver last century, more people and more living in hazardous areas (along the coast), along with increased economic development (more construction, material things, etc) -loss of life ↓ -evactuation planning, medical care, construction, is better- less death -economic loss ↑ (in constant $)- cost of prevention, tourism, etc

administrative boundaries (borders)

very precise or can be made precise

Three dimensional

volumetric EX: oil wells

electoral geography

voting patterns related to demographic variables

leachate

water that has percolated through a solid and leached out some of the constituents

animal domestication (herding)

we breed large amounts of animals for our own use (food, labor, etc)

ethnicity, language, and religion

when different ethnic groups move to the US they take their religious practices with them

counter migration

when people go from A to B there will also be people that go from B back to A

margin of cultivation

when production costs + transport cost = value at market this is considered at the margin of cultivation

conurbation (Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas)

when separate urban regions are connected by transportation lines and merge

ZPG

when the birth rate equals the death rate (zero population growth)

market (commercial) economies

where commodities exchange based on the law of supply and demand

maritime boundaries

where does a country's border end in the ocean? 2. for a couple centuries, 3 miles; rest was subject to 'freedom of the seas'- any sovereign nation had control of 3 miles within the ocean 3. some countries unilaterally extended throughout 20th c.- minerals and fishing rights, extended up to 200 miles ) Sealand- britain extended territorial waters 12 miles from coast and so did sealand -lawsuits about land

aquifers

underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well

continental shelf

underwater landmass which extends from a continent, resulting in an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea

intuitive statistics

use of adaptive if imperfect decision-making procedures such as the application of heuristics

planar projection

usually used at poles

Variable membership functions

vague boundary lines opposite of uniform membership function

fields

value of human density- stuff

dialect

variations in everyday speech that are comprehensible- you can understand each other even if you're speaking slightly different languages

culture-environment interactionism

various topics: land and resource use, pollution, energy, deforestation and desertification, causes and effects of climate change, environmental hazards, nature appreciation, environmental aesthetics, outdoor recreation and tourism, role of nature in religious ideology, etc.

subsistence economy

where production in any given period is just enough to meet survival needs, no accumulation of wealth

planned economies

where the central government manages economy through central control or through a system of influence, subsidies, grants, and taxes

Endurant

wholly exist at moment in time and continue to exist over time (atemporal-time did not play a factor)

sex-role division of labor

women were gatherers and men were hunters

United Nations

example of multi-state organization -united nations political alliance

Weber's Least-Cost model of factory location

"Where to put factory" Where should a factory be located? (normative) Optimal location of a manufacturing plant is a location that minimizes costs of transportation and labor to yield max profit Tries to account for/minimize: transportation costs, labor costs, agglomeration costs

Hotelling's Model

"Where to put services" Used to predict the location of services -Competition-oriented -Locational interdependence -Focus on revenue

von Thünen model

"Why are crops grown where they are" Goal: -Spatial model of agricultural land use- why are grains, dairy, and vegetables grown where they are? -First human geographic model ever -Distribution of agricultural land use to achieve greatest profit Agricultural products are grown in a place where farmers can afford the land as well as transport their goods and still make a profit

availability heuristic

"availability." We judge how likely it is that a hazard event will occur and affect us based on how easily it comes to mind (how available it is)

One dimensional

"lines" EX: rivers or highways

natural vs. anthropogenic (built) environment

"nature" as before and outside humans, unmodified -opposed to human made environment "built," "cultural" or "anthropogenic" environment

natural change

(CBR) - (CDR)

systematic approach

(Specific) - 19th and 20th century -analysis of specific topics (systems) across regions -They develop theories that apply across rivers not specifically to one location -"Scientists" in the sense that they seek out a general truth to theorize -UCSB's method

regional approach

(general) -20th century to today -much cartography and travel logs (exploration) -description of specific places or "regions" -comprehensive—physical and human landscape, and their interaction -National Geographic approach; typical layperson's conception -Focused on a specific spot if cannot be transferred to multiple areas

Graticule

(latitude and longitude) is grid laid over globe like x and y axis of the earth's surface

net migration

(migration in) - (migration out)

primary language

(mother tongue)- the first native language- the one you use at home

hazard perception

(nonspecialists) beliefs and attitudes about the likelihood of hazard events or conditions occurring, their consequences, and possible responses individuals and groups can make to hazards

world population distribution: 3 major concentrations

--major concentrations in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, NE US/SE Canada - continental margins (coast line)- people love living close to the ocean 40% of the populations lives within 60 miles of the ocean -arable (you can farm in it) land- flatlands like river valleys and floodplains -Climate

world population distribution

--mostly living on 20% of the land area --lower elevation (except jump at Mexico City) --northern hemisphere --closer to ocean (~40% population within 60 miles) --mostly urban since 2008

territorial waters

-12 miles from country border territorial waters (part of the country)

Hägerstrand model of diffusion

-1950s diffusion of a farm subsidy program into rural areas of Sweden -model of contagious expansion diffusion- people who don't practice the trait learn about it and decide whether they are going to practice it or not

contiguous zone

-24 miles from a country's border contiguous zone

stateless nation

-Basque of spain, palestinians, syrians -they are nations without land

multinational state

-Canada US belgium -country with 2 or more national groups -can identify if two languages are different

Computerized Geographic Information

-Comes from paper maps, census, fieldwork, remote sensing, etc.- volunteer graphic information-people get on a website and give information about an area -tables or layers of geoinformation or data -hardware, software, data

Hotelling

-Customer and competitor locations affect locational controls for services -A clustered pattern of service locations may occur under one set of conditions whereas a dispersed pattern may occur for another set -"A location solution that optimizes revenue for sellers may not be optimal from the point of view of the customers"

no-need-to-limit-growth arguments (critics of Malthus, religion, economics)

-Karl Marx says overpopulation is just unemployed surplus labor population needed by capitalist system -religious arguments- "Gods" job to regulate life and death not ours, judeo chirstian bible- go forth and multiply not go forth and subtract -economic arguments (both Capitalist and Marxist)- new populations leads to new tech innovation and increased economic output, we need a sufficient workforce and consumers Efforts to control fertility and family size seem to focus on lower social classes and race- no one seems to control the pop of rich people- just another way to subjectify the lower class, feminists say who are they to tell them what to do with their body -this position tends to focus only on material needs- population is just a problem of distribution not how many resources we have Ignores people need of a natural world privacy and crowding on stress and mental health

types of natural hazards

-Meteorological (snow, heat, tornado) -Geomorphic (avalanches, earthquake) Biological_ -floral - plant based -fawnal-animal based

Santa Barbara earthquake of 1925

-Santa Barbara and the surrounding areas were hit with an earthquake -epicenter offshor measured 6.8 on the Richter scale -IX on the Mercalli scale -Thirteen people were killed -Many buildings were damaged (damage costs ran about $111 million in today's dollars) -downtown was almost completely destroyed ----Influential people in Santa Barbara (Thomas Storke)pushed to create a new architectural style for commercial buildings -lead to modern SB

aggregate (multivariate) measures of development

-about Well-being -seeks to look at the collective and individual well-being: safe environment, freedom from want, opportunity for personal growth and enrichment, and access to goods and services beyond absolute minimum to sustain life

Dimensionality

-all features actually spatially 3-D, but can be modeled at lower dimension -points (0), lines (1), areas (2), volumes (3) -appropriate dimensionality depends on scale

San Francisco earthquake of 1906

-along the San Andreas fault -7.7-7.9 on the Richter scale -XI on the Mercalli scale -caused over 3,000 deaths and 225,000 injuries -Damage from the quake and the subsequent raging fires has been estimated at $8 billion -events strain worldwide banking and insurance companies -insurers only offer quake insurance in the U.S. because the Federal government forces them to

U.N.'s Human Development Index

-an aggregate measure -is one index consisting of 3 dimensions, 4 indicators -Health (life expectancy at birth) -Education (Mean years of schooling & expected years of schooling) -Income (Gross national income per capita together)

externalities

-are costs that are "external" to the actions of the economic agent -Exist whenever one agent's actions affects well being of others (positively and negatively)

reasons for shifts

-automation/automation-advances in technology -economic globalization- cost of transporting goods continues to go down, jobs in secondary sectors have been outsourcing- wages are lower in other countries, less regulations, bringing in immigrants for low wages and poor benefits -greater wealth in education- decreasing traditions in the primary sectors, we have lots of disposable income for tourists and luxuries -growth of the public sector (government)- jobs at all levels have increased and are increasing international to local, in many places the largest employer is the government- may service jobs

basic and nonbasic industries

-bring in resources outside city to make money- basic moving money from one part of the city to another part- nonbasic

multi state nation

-people from the same nation live in different countries EX: Arabs

economic indicators of development

-percent labor force in agriculture -energy consumption per capita (technological advances) -work productivity -availability of consumer goods

regular market area polygons (hexagons)

-cities are not all the same size 1. order of commodities and, thus, of central places- some goods and services that are rare and can only be found in the big cities. Low level- can be found in small cities as well as all the rest Big city with big market area polygon and then smaller cities 2. different commodities have different "thresholds" of market areas (minimum area or population required to support)-if youre selling luxury shit you have to make sure there are enough people that able to go to your store 3. different commodities have different "ranges" (distance people willing to travel for it, given elastic demand)- the distance people are willing to travel for it

Gross National Happiness (GNH) and its four ideas

-coined in 1972 by Bhutan's former King, who wanted to build economy -based on Bhutan's cultural connection to Buddhist spiritual values- introduced the concept -concept further refined by international scholars, empirical surveys created to measure it four core ideas: -promotion of sustainable development -preservation and promotion of cultural values -conservation of natural environment -establishment of good governance

characteristic state shapes

-compact -enlongagated -prorupt -fragmented -perforated -inside another country

hurricanes in the U.S. since 1900

-deadliest hurricanes are through the first part of the century -costliest hurricanes are from the last 10-20 years -Katrina is on both lists

non-economic measures of development (social welfare and demographic indicators)

-demographic indicators (total fertility rate, death rate, infant/ child mortality) -Human Welfare indicators (education, literacy, food security, safe drinking water and sanitation)

Projections

-develop earth's surface: show round globe surface onto flat map -like "peeling" earth orange -impossible to do without distorting spatial properties -many projections (infinitely many possible)

origins of agriculture (agricultural hearths)

-evidence points to a couple handfuls of original sites of innovation Developed by sedentary people who had enough time for domestication experiments -Carl Sauer (1952) Agricultural Origins and Dispersal- how ag came about as an innovation and where it came about, independant sites of innovation in new world (north and south america) and old world (africa), ag invented in several places independently

Green Revolution

-fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides -hybrid seeds -biotechnology

hunting and gathering

-gather plant materials, insects, eggs; hunt animals- gathering was more important because it was more reliable, hard to support a large number of people (dense population) -all humans originally hunter-gatherers; <<1% now

foot-loose industries

-has to do with tertiary sector services, where something like e-commerce doesn't have such a strain on where to be located AND -has to do with Webers Least Cost Theory of Manufacturing where firms are industries that their raw material and finished product are so light, compact, and valuable that there is little bearing on where production takes place

Density

-how many are there are per unit area- number of features in dimensionality

voting demographics

-how people vote and where they are voting -assumes certain kinds of people vote in certain ways in districting

environmental hazards

-human action always has as much effect on what hazards do as the natural environment does

physical magnitude vs. hazard magnitude

-human interpretation of events is hazard magnitude - physical magitude is the number scale we put to a hazard EX: richter scale

cause of hazards in nature

-humans and the environment interact to create hazards -influence hazards -resilience to a hazard -human activity is always central EX: fires can be caused by lightning or arsonist EX: AIDS- virus but human behavior plays a role in its transmission

nature as "constructed"

-humans can create natural looking things but by definition is not nature -variable attitudes, conceptions about nature across history, cultures (nature as "socially constructed") -environment is in fact both natural and anthropogenic, so we specify "natural"

Hierarchical spatial pattern

-innovation "jumps" between major nodes (places) -special communication/transportation links between nodes (networks) -hierarchy of nodes varying in importance -results in formation of new clusters

intensive and extensive land use in cities

-intensive (commerical stores, offices, banks, bc they are the only ones who can afford it) -high income residents and extensive (farm land low income residency) urban land use -nucleus where traffic lines converge -making that land most accessible therefore more valueable

definition and characteristics of development

-is the the material condition of inhabitants and the extent to which a region's resources are brought into full productive use -characterized by: --large amount of capital or wealth --high production and consumption --modernization and urbanization --particular social, cultural, and political changes

locational interdependence (linkages and ancillary activities)

-locational interdependence is the dependency of the people in the same location to each other -linkages are channels for flow of knowledge, materials, or money between a company, its suppliers, and the market -ancillary activities provide necessary support services for primary activities of an industry (hauling, security, etc.)

need-to-limit-growth arguments (Malthusianism and Neo-Malthusianism)

-not enough food and water -Paul Ehrlich's point on environmental preservation & impact -calls for government intervention to reduce birth rates to balance decreased mortality rates Neo-Malthusianism: The advocacy for population control so the world won't run out of supplies/space for people. Malthusian: An idea that if not checked, the population can increase too much for food supplies.

high seas (international waters)

-outside 200 miles from country's border high seas

globalization of manufacturing

-outsourcing and offshoring corporations are the transnational corporations -conglomerate corporations is made-up of several (seemingly unrelated) business

Remote Sensing

-pictures of earth from outer space-satellites -modern way to collect large amounts of GI (geographic information) -originally came from optical photography (hot air balloons- mid 19th century) Now taken from electromagnetic waves

world history and pattern of growth rates

-pop. growth impeded by wars, epidemics (Black Death in 1300s, native americans in 1500's), natural disasters, etc -first billion in year 1800, increasing with industrial revolution -medical revolution at end of 1800's increases very drastically -maximum growth rate was in 1960's (baby boom)

mercator projection

-preserves direction and shape -helpful for planning sailing -doesn't preserve size

physical factors related to distribution

-proximity to ocean -elevation -arable/fertile soil

gerrymandering

-redistricting to give particular candidate or class of candidates an electoral advantage -packing: give others a majority power in few districts but lose power in the other districts Racial (discriminatory) gerrymandering- all districts blacks are in the minority Cracking- gerrymandering strategy take opponent and distribute them instead of concentrating them Representativeness- district lets different sub groups of people have representation

Agricultural Revolution

-selective breeding in response to human needs -a period of transition of techniques for obtaining resources (food) -started with the plant and animal domestication -Neolithic Era or the New Stone Age -Agricultural hearths (centers) -selective breeder plants bc agricultural would win over hunting and gathering

deception of maps

-selective presentation, Political, marketing, or ideological reasons why some info is included or not included -generalization (averaging over detail)-the details of a map will be straighter -distortion for graphical clarity- exaggerate size of features so you can see them easier -potentially misleading symbolism -Scale- things are never shown what their actual size is, translating between scales is misleading and confusing at times -they distort area- scale isnt the same on different parts of the same map -Projection-distort spatial properties- maps always have interruptions

cottage and guild industries

-self regulated industries of skilled craft people Industries -handmade; human, animal power

Power of maps

-takes advantage of visual and spatial cognition, even things that you can't see in the actual world (cancer rates) -viewing perspective -maps never show everything, they generalize and omit irrelevant information

material index

-tells us where to locate a factory to minimize transportation costs -bigger the MI means closer to the raw materials Ratio between the weight of raw material and the weight of the finished product -Tells us which location is better because it brings together all raw material (transportation costs are different for different material) -(total weight of materials used to manufacture a specific product)/(total weight of the finished product)

land rent (locational rent)

-the value of the land based on costs to transport farm products to market -amount of profit for particular activity/area

Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population

-unchecked population increasing geometrically (exponential) while food increasing only arithmetically (linear) -If humans didn't have "private" checks like delayed marriage and celibacy then nature would enact "destructive checks" (extreme poverty, disease, malnutrition, etc.) -argued against charity because it would increase population of lower social class and discourage thrift and hard work -food and sex is necessary

exclusive economic zone (EEZ)

-up to 200 miles from country's border exclusive economic zones (EEG)

functions of cities

-whole sale manufacturing, communication, etc- this is all clustered in cities and that's why they exist -bringing everything together is highly efficient

technological changes and carrying capacity

-with more and more technological changes, carrying capacity changes drastically -they are revolutionary when there is a revolution there is a jump in population growth

What is the current world growth and fertility rates

-world growth is 1.2% per year (declining) developing nations=1.7% developing countries (except China)=3 fertility rate Sub-Saharan Africa=5.2 fertility rate

computational modeling in geography

.-model is simulation or simplified representation of reality-simulation created intentionally to stand for something else (representation) -parts of a system and their interrelationships, represented as -mathematical equations, computer programs- that's why its called computational modeling or physical model (globe)

Characteristics of Regions

1. location 2. size (area) 3. varying boundary sharpness 4. varying boundary permeability 5. often hierarchically organized -regions of different levels of importance

Results of von Thunen's Model

1. Dairying and market gardening 2. Specialty farming 3. Cash grain and livestock 4. Mixed farming 5. Extensive grain farming or stock raising Diminished soil quality with increasing distance to the primary market

Problems with Rostow's Model

1. Developmentalism is the idea that every country and region will eventually make economic progress toward "high mass consumption" provided that they compete to the best of their ability (unlikely and destructive) 2. Increased dependence on More Developed Countries and markets 3. Undue influence on many global policies, including those of U.N. and World Bank 4. Market Stagnation for low-cost manufactured good with markets that grow slowly today 5. Undervalues the obstacles and competitive disadvantages faced by late starters versus those more developed

origin and diffusion of Industrial Revolution

1. mechanized manufacturing: machine-made replaces handmade 2. fuels replace human-animal: water power, then steam (coal)- coal is very important 3. Textiles- cloth and clothing first (from cottage industry) -Diffusion of Industrial Revolution-radical dramatic effects over the people who lived there 1. wars, revolution, secrecy by England slowed diffusion by 50-100 years- industrial espionage 2. first to Western Europe, than US (early 1800s) 3. Japan, Russia (1850-1900) 4. Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Mexico (mid-20th century) 5. much of the rest of the world recently

edge cities

1. no longer just bedroom communities; new CBDs formed as part of what have been called "urban realms" 2. malls, shopping centers, business parks: why go downtown? 3. cities become polynucleated centers organized around freeway networks 4. continued decentralization of employment

Central Business District (CBD)

1. original urban site, convergence of transit lines 2. intensive development, high rent 3. population density also shows distance decay from center

reasons for post-WWII increase in U.S. suburbanization

1. ascendency of the automobile -investing in controlling gas prices -creating highways -originally highway system was for national defense- inspired by german autobahn -intended to bypass cities -mayors said no that it has to go into a city 2. reduction of work week just before WWII -number of days and hours per week was shortened -more time to commute and spend at home 3. flight of industry to cheaper periphery (jobs follow) -industry moved away from the city center as soon as it could becasue its cheaper -jobs moved away from center 4. government-sponsored housing loans -low interest and guaranteed loans for veterans coming back from the war -loans can only be for new construction -the only place that could happen was in the periphery 5. Baby Boom -more people more land 6. new values and attitudes -public space vs private space -attitudes towards people who live in the inner city -birth of the modern american dream (suburbian life)

urban land-use/social demographic patterns (internal structure)

1. concentric rings (zones)-intensive land in the center more extensive land as you go out 2. Sectors- different areas of land are being used (transportation lines) 3. multiple nuclei-ethnicity in various groups (EX: chinatown)

internal administrative regions

1. counties within U.S. states (some exceptions) -Louisiana parishes 2. townships 3. school districts, sewer, fire, water, trash, voting, etc. 4. private property: cadastral regions (legal geography)

problems of suburbanization

1. deterioration of inner-city-the rest is left to an urban underclass, mainly female, low income, ethnic 2. lack of support, decline of mass-transportation/automobile dominance-congestion pollution, depedence of petrolium 3. sprawling development- checkerboard or leapfrog development -loss of farm lands to build houses 4. homogenization of the built environment -everything is the same (starbcuks, walmart, etc)

gentrification and demographic inversion (counter-suburbanization)

1. gentrification 2. recent trends-1960s and 70s -upper middle class white adults "yuppies" -buy cheaply and renovate -displaces poor and middle class residents -changes ethnic composition 3. changing some cities but still much weaker trend than suburbanization -demographic inversion- new contrunction -downtowns are cleaner -waiting more to start families -older people living longer -co inhabiting (roommates)

geography and the natural environment

1. geography as "the study of Earth as the home of humanity"

worldwide urbanization trend

1. higher proportion of population worldwide; in addition to overall population growth 2. bigger cities and growing

two motivations for behavioral/cognitive geography

1. improve models of spatial behavior and interaction 2. geographic problems in their own right (space, place, environment)

general space-cost functions

1. incorporate all costs, not just material transport costs 2. also, influence of planned economies

innovations in agriculture

1. irrigation (gravity, pumps) 2. new hybrid strains of crops and animals 3. mechanical tractors, other equipment (sometimes called 2nd agricultural revolution — mechanical, fuel powered farming) 4. chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides 5. Green Revolution (1940s-1960s)- third ag revolution, chemical fertilizers, chem ag in general, a great deal more food was able to be produced on the same land at the same time, saved many people 6. innovation continues- food radiation, things won't spoil, biotechnology, direct genetic modification

legal gambling in the U.S.

1. part of the entertainment industry 2. gambling most rapidly growing U.S. industry recently 3. > $ than spent on recorded music, sport and non-sport live entertainment, theme parks, video games, movies 4. many types, legality varies by state (1 or 2 without) 5. History-lotteries were common in 1800s in the us, first legalized in nevada in 1933-1976- legalized in new jersey atlantic city, cruises in international waters, riverboat casino-1989

market control mechanism

1. relationship among supply, demand, prices, as determined independent of government control- independent of government control, law of supply and demand 2. controlling for Price (taking Y-axis as fixed) 3. controlling for Supply or Demand (taking X-axis as fixed) 4. either way, intersection of two curves is hypothetical "market equilibrium"

exurbia (counter-urbanization)

1. residences outside traditional urban and suburban areas- forest 2. rural and wilderness areas (counter-urbanization trend) 3. long-distance commuting and telecommuting

ways location affects economic activities

1. subsistence economies- location is related to variations in climate, soils, availability of materials, cultural ideas on how to use goods and services 2. commercial economies- location affects the variables of the market control mechanism and economic rationality, costs and revenues, supply and demand, availability and cost of materials and labor vary between places, physical characteristics restrain economic activity, cities with lots of people have lots of people therefore lots of consumers 3. planned economies- different govs have different economic policies that affect different things

tourism

1. temporary travel for entertainment/leisure/business 2. world's largest private industry (value, jobs)- more than 10% of the worlds job and one the biggest industries 3. various specialized forms

major world languages

1.) Mandarin Chinese 2.) Spanish 3.) English 4.) Hindi 5.) Bengali 6.) Portuguese 7.) Russian 8.) Japanese 9.) Arabic

changing structure of workforce in U.S.A

1850- 66% primary, 16% secondary, 18% tertiary 1900- 40% primary, 28% secondary, 32% tertiary 1950- 16% primary, 33% secondary, 51% tertiary 2010- 1% primary, 13% secondary, 86% tertiary 1. decline of primary to very small % 2. rise and then decline of secondary 3. continuing shift to tertiary 4. similar shifts in other developed countries

human-environment relations

2. at least as long ago as 19th c., this was interpreted by many to mean "human-environment relations" -how are they related 3. various conceptual models of human-environment relations -recognize environment does influence culture but it does not determine it (environment and culture flexiblism)

today's largest cities and fastest growing large cities

20 largest are in developing world- mexico, mumbai, kyro, deli, manila -1700 -constantinople- istanbul in turkey -tokyo -bejing -paris -france -london -england

Indian casinos

2000- state proposition gave indians legal right for full casino gambling, conflicts continue, over 450 indian casinos in US- 240 tribes operate casinos in 30 states, tribal groups have a special status of near sovereign nations-don't pay taxes, have a lot of independence- 6 billion a year in federal taxes

number of languages

4,000-7,000

suburbanization

: Movement From City Center A. Role of Transit Mid 19th and Early 20th Centuries -you couldn't live very far out of town because you needed to get to town every day -rich people go to outskirts and rural parts of city- not a new thing 1. streetcars and light rail in mid-19th c British and American cities -they were able to live outside city central and travel back and forth for work and entertainment 2. work, shop, entertainment in city center — live outside 3. light rail in L.A. early 1900s

megacities

>10 million people

maquiladora operations

A maquiladora in Mexico is a factory that operates under preferential tariff programs established and administered by the United States and Mexico. Materials, assembly components, and production equipment used in maquiladoras are allowed to enter Mexico duty-free. Products made can be exported into the U.S. at lower tariffs than those from other countries. Recently, the term "maquiladora" has been used for similar operations in Latin America and Asia as well, though its roots are deeply imbedded in Mexico. As such, a maquiladora in Mexico, and especially Tijuana, has advantages.

shifting cultivation (swidden)

A nomadic form of farming that happens in warm, moist tropical areas where nutrients lost easily. These are swidden and slash-and-burn where vegetation is cut, burned to release nutrients into the soil, and then crops are planted

Rostow Modernization Model

According to the Rostow Modernization model, each stage is a function of productivity, economic exchange, technological improvements, and income. Economic growth occurs when advancing from one stage to another. 1. Traditional Society 2. Transitional Society 3. Take-off 4. The Drive to maturity 5. High Mass Consumption 6. Post- Industrial

ethnic/racial "majority-minority" districts

Affirmative racial gerrymandering- done to ensure a minority group has representation minority majority district -not compact

types of anthropogenic hazards

Agricultural diseases & pests nuclear disaters social or technological

primary sectors

Agriculture (Subsistence & Commercial) & Resource Extraction -extensive are less valuable products and supports fewer people per area (shifting cultivation, range livestock) -intensive are greater inputs with more valuable products and can support more people per area (sedentary agriculture, truck farming)

Indian Gaming Regulatory Act by U.S. Congress

American Indian gaming-may tribes gambled as a social activity, us gov made all forms of gambling illegal on reservations, Gov would try to shut down bingo 1988- indian gaming regulatory act

social gravity

Amount of interaction between two places

personal communication field

An area defined by the distribution of an individual's short-range informal communication

Assumptions of von Thunen's Model

Assumptions: -Flat plain (isotropic) -Uniform arability -One market (higher value land near market) -One mode of transportation (cost increases with distance) -Farmers are economically rational Features: -With increased distance, transportation costs increase -Land value (i.e. land rent) decreases as one moves away from the market

crude death rate

Annual number of deaths per 1000 people

political status of Antarctica

Antarctica (non-state and non-country) 1959- treaty if antarctica- set it aside from scientific research- prohibits military and mining use

technology and distance decay

technology changes things, online shopping changes how far away youll go

dependency theory

expands core-periphery model to international scale; developing nations are held to the power of developed nations

human travel (mobility)

temporary travel, migration-moving grain, rocks, cars etc

cores and capitals of states

Capital: principle city in a state or country Cores: most developed economic base, densest population and largest cities, highly developed transportation systems

world population distribution: Top 10 countries

China, India, US, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia, and Japan

major world religions

Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, nonreligious

compactness of electoral districts

Compactness- perimeter equally close to the center in all directions Most compact shape: Circle -compactness is not necessary for a district Many states list compactness as desireable quality

GIS: Geographic Information Systems

Computerized systems with geographic information

agglomeration

Concentration of factories into industrial regions or zone to create economies of scale, companies benefit from shared facilities, labor force, infrastructure, services and raw materials if they are sited in the same place as existing factories

consequent vs. superimposed subsequent boundaries

Consequent: A boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language superimposed subsequent: This boundary ignores the cultural organizations on this landscape types of international boundaries precise delineation is were used to separate territories political entities Superimposed subsequent: forced boundaries on existing cultures by a conquering or colonizing power that is unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns

U.S. Census definition of Core Based Statistical Areas (Metropolitan/ Micropolitan SAs)

Core-Based Statistical Areas (Metropolitan and Micropolitan- small core nucleus Statistical Areas)- a county or counties with at least one population nucleus plus adjacent communities with high degree of economic relations with it -people in the suburbs who also go to the city EX: it only has to be one county- San Bernardino has a lot of nothing except in the southern corner but it still counts

crop rotation

Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons. It is done so that the soil of farms is not used for only one set of nutrients

line-haul costs

expenses for the actual movement of commodities once they have been loaded

standard language

the way you are supposed to speak the language officially in education, business,

Rule of 70

Doubling time = 70 / growth rate (ex: if 2% growth rate then 70/2 = 35 yrs to double)

Spatially fixed costs

Don't vary with location

early history of geography

Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Arabs

elastic and inelastic demand

Elastic-the price and effort changes-how many people want to buy it changes EX: if its too far away or too expensive you wont buy it vs. inelastic- does not vary with effort to buy EX: milk, bread, gas, water- you're going to get these things no matter how much you have to spend demand

Objects

Entities with sharp boundaries separated by "empty" space EX: mountain peaks or roads

characteristics of materials or products other than weight that are relevant to factory location

Externalities 1. costs not charged directly to economic agent who incurred them; benefits not resulting directly from activity of agent who enjoys them 2. in context of manufacturing, costs and benefits not due to individual company's actions but to those of other companies in that industry or within that region, or society more generally 3. externalities influence costs and benefits for locational choices

Biotechnology

Genetically modified foods cost more but are able to resist pests better

gambler's fallacy

It is the belief in the non-independence of events that are actually independent, or at least non-independent in ways people misunderstand -poor statistical reasoning

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

It is the correction applied to GNI to account for price differences (the ability to purchase stuff based on the amount of money you are able to make) EX: if one place things are twice as much and they get paid twice as much it doesn't mean they're richer- this accounts for that

market orientation

MI<1: the finished product is heavier than the raw material and the plant should be at the market location

raw-material (resource) orientation

MI>1, the finished product is lighter than the raw and the plant is more profitable to be at the raw material location

redistricting

Main purpose of census- how to portion the senate in different parts of the country

biotic potential ("J-Curve")

exponential (un-restrictive) growth and biotic potential is the maximum capacity of a population with no checks

Quinary Economic Activity

Management, executive decision making in business, government

secondary sectors

Manufacturing and processing -material orientation -ubiquitous industries (global) -elastic and inelastic -mechanized manufacturing -transportation and freight rate

more developed and less developed countries (know general world patterns)

More developed countries fall "North" of Brandt line while less developed countries fall "South" of Brandt line

nomadic herding

Moving from one place to another with cattle or other animals in search of pasture. Pastoralists sell their animals to get products that they don't produce, and they also depend on the animals for food.

parallels

latitude- measure distance north is south-not straight lines

nation as grouping of people (with or without homeland region)

Nation- group of people with common ancestry in culture actually or imagined -claim to a territory "homeland" -still don't have their own territories

classifying hazards as natural or anthropogenic

Natural- environment induced Anthropogenic: man made disasters

movement bias

People's favoring of distance and direction, control or regulation of movement of people commodities or communication

Barriers

Physical Social Psychological

region

Pieces of Earth-Surface -2-D geographic feature -internally similar-same things inside -externally dissimilar-different from things outside the region -recognition of regions is a cognitive act

equal direction

Preserve direction but only from a central point

equidistant

Preserve distance, but only along one direction or along lines

equishape

Preserve shapes, loses size/area - good for zoomed in

equal area/equivalent

Preserves relative areas, used for area-based thematic maps

Demographic Momentum on population pyramids

Rapid growth, stability, decline and disrupted growth

micro state of Sealand

Sealand- self declared unrecognized entity claims Rex platform as its territory -independent state (country) -Prince Roy and Princess Joan -Sighted in debates of international law in territory -invented countries exist in the mind of the citizens but actual countries are basically the same thing

tertiary sectors

Services -shifts in labor because of economic globalization, greater wealth and higher education, growth of the public sector, and mechanization -consumer services: provides services to individuals -producer services: provides services to other businesses

population (age-sex) pyramids

Shows a population's age and gender comparison. Rapid growth, decline, stable, disrupted growth

culture

Socially Shared and Transmitted-dont get it from your genes, taught by parents and teachers and environment

spatial diffusion

Spread of cultural traits across a landscape

core/periphery/semi-periphery

Stage one: preindustrial structure of independent local centers with small market areas and little interaction Stage two: early industrialization brings concentration of investment, wealth and power into single strong core; periphery provides raw materials and labor to the core and core provides manufactured goods to the periphery Stage three: as industry develops, the core remains the dominant center, but regional subcenters begin to develop Stage four: mature and functionally interconnected space economy emerges in which periphery has been absorbed modernization happens in a modern "core" of capitalist production and is surrounded by traditional "periphery" subsistence wages core seen as more prosperous while periphery gets milked of profit

state as administrative region

State- Country example of administrative region -bounded territory -internationally recognized -under its own sovereign control

definition of geography

Study of Earth as Home of Humanity

Hotelling's Locational Interdependence model of retail location

Tertiary activities are market-oriented Go where customers are Don't have to worry about raw materials

Aspect of projection

The aspect describes the mutual position of the axis of the earth and the axis of the projection

total fertility rate

The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years

transferability

The costs involved in moving goods from one place to another

critical distance

The distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play a determining role in the willingness of the people to travel

dependency ratio

The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force

Spatial Association (Covariation)

The study of two or more geographic distributions which vary over the same area, such as unemployment and crime

What is the world population growth- linear or exponential growth?

The world population is increasing exponentially

Deglomeration

Too many companies in close proximity create crowdedness, congestion, excess competition for labor, so firms/plants move elsewhere

UNCLOS

UN Conventions on the Law of the Seas) for several decades (1950s to 1980s)-UN meetings 1950s-80s creation of three zones in 1982 UNCLOS

U.S. Census definition of Urban Areas and Rural Areas

Urban Areas- densely developed territory and densely settled census block with a population of at least 2500- based on urban form and this the appearance of the landscape -everything outside urban areas is called rural

planned agriculture

Uses government subsidies to control production and distribution

tragedy of the commons

With widely available resources, users often think they are best served by maximally exploiting the resource, although, the consequence of this is eventual resource depletion, this is the absences of collective controls to the resource

Gross National Income (GNI)

adds total foreign income earned by its citizens (can never account for informal economy or other factor that skew this data)

ecosystems

a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment

cultural landscape

a geographic area the includes cultural resources and natural resources associated with the interactions between nature and human behavior

biomes

a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g., forest or tundra

isochrone

a line drawn on a map connecting points at which something occurs or arrives at the same time

creole

a pidgin that becomes the primary language- children's invention

cadastral regions

a register of property showing the extent, value, and ownership of land for taxation

networks

a set of related things

land area and water area on Earth surface

about 71% water, 29% land

Site

absolute location concept- internal features of location EX: avg rainfall of SB

perception

acquiring beliefs and knowledge about world through senses

services

action that someone is hired to do

home range

activity space around residence

Phenomenon Scale

actual size of a phenomenon in reality

environmental attitudes

beliefs with emotional responses

agglomeration economies and diseconomies

benefits of agglomeration economies come from linkages between firms and savings from shared facilities, worker training programs, social services, public utilities, communication facilities, and forms of industrial infrastructure -diseconomies can occur due to congestion

total displacement migration

between continents, countries and regions (external and internal migration) -when you move too a new activity space

objects

bounded entities separated by empty space/individuals

aquaculture

breeding of fish in safe places

acid rain

broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic

Earth's shape

bumpy oblate spheroid

ambiguous cases

college students move to IV and then live there for 4 yrs and move home or seasonal farm workers-moving from farm to farm but go home eventually or nomads-no permanent home or refugees-people who are forced to move

anticipated place utility

combination of positive and negatives of a place- you think that place is better than where you are that place will have more utility than where you are now

Time geography

combines time with activity space-when are they doing what they're doing?

material/energy transport

commodity exchange (buy, sell, trade)

culture region

concentration of culture traits

modal ring shift

concentric zone, sector, multi nuclei model

diffusion of innovation

concept spreads from a place or person of power or other places

Geometric Projections

conical, cylindrical, planar

space time budgets

constraints, how long you have, your options to get there

external contact

diffusion-cultural practices from one place move to other places

Vector

directed line (points connected with edges)

Relative direction

directions relative to where you are EX: "middle eastern" states relative to the united states

land disputes and war

disputes over control of territory and its resources leading cause of wars

space time paths

dist against y-axis at multiple times of the day tells you how much time it takes you to get there and how long they are there, repeating patterns

GDI/GNI per capita

divides the total value of income by the population

Brandt (north-south) line

dividing the world between the global north (developed) and south (underdeveloped)

potential reasons for historical emergence of Western European core

economically dominant part of the world 1. starting around 15th century (500 years ago) 2. several different theories, much debate 3. physical (environmental) factors- difference between temperate latitude (western hemisphere) and tropical climates -environmental determinism- the environment influences behavior technological innovations- transportation and navigation, good time piece that could be taken on a ship and tell longitude and latitude Military- weapons, satellites, ammunition Primary and secondary- mechanized ag and industrial revolution Having these things would give you certain advantages 5. cultural belief systems- protestant work ethic- they have a certain set of beliefs that values frugality and hard work don't "waste" your money on luxuries 6. business/finance innovations- development of capitalism -credit systems, reliable markets 7. exploration, colonialism, imperialism (1492)

informal economy

economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government. Unlike the formal economy, activities of the informal economy are not included in the gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. Ex: ebay, self-employment, bartering, domestic workers, street vending

geopolitics

effects of spatial properties of regions on their current and past political activities and relations EX: core-periphery model of development is political as well as economic -demographic patterns that are spatially distributed -how black, poor, white people vote -red states and blue states (political and cultural impacts)

affect

emotions, moods, attitudes

Gender Empowerment Index (GEM)

emphasizes female participation in political management, professional, technological positions

enclaves and exclaves

enclave: a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory exclave: is a piece of land which is politically attached to a larger piece but not physically coterminous with it because of surrounding foreign territory

Mathematical projections

equal area/equivalent, equal direction, equidistant, equishape

multiplier effect

every new basic sector job creates nonbasic sector jobs

Uniform membership function

every place is equally and totally inside the region

1st law of geography

everything is related to everything else but closer things are more related than distant things

Raster

field of pixels to fill in- discrete pieces

Pictorial Models of Reality

flat pictures and they are symbolic representations of places- rep. Parts of earth surface and things on that surface, can even represent imaginary places -use symbols to represent reality

nodes

focal point

plantation agriculture

form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Large land areas are needed for this type of agriculture. Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience tropical climate with high annual temperatures and receive high annual rainfall -foreign investment in native farming

attachment to place

people are very territorial- in group biases around a place

culture trait

group of traits that define a particular culture

resources and hazards reflect human needs and values

harm or benefit of the human-environment relationship is never purely a property of environmental characteristics, but always reflects human needs and values and conditions. The planet Earth probably doesn't care if it is bespoiled or destroyed or conserved or restored, but we care and our descendants will care. It is people—not mother nature or father nature or anything else—that transform the environment into resources and hazards, by using natural features of the environment for their economic, social, and experiential purposes

gathering industries

harvesting natural bounty of renewable resources (fishing, trapping, forestry)

polytheism

having multiple gods

monotheism

having one god

sectors

high rent sectors by natural amenities (lakes beach etc) and go outward (not in a ring), low income is ear transportation corridors and industry, middle income fills up the rest

lithosphere

includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth

subsistence rice farming

intensive agriculture where farmers use their small land holdings to produce enough, for their local consumption, while remaining produce is used for exchange against other goods. It results in much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns. In the most intensive situation, farmers may even create terraces along steep hillsides to cultivate rice paddies.

simple gravity model

interaction between places depends on distance and characteristics of places-how close places are together and how much they are attracted to each other

hierarchies

interaction is facilitated around the network makes integration easier, important EX:airports

expansion diffusion

interpersonal contact and interaction- increase in the number of people who practice the trait

market equilibrium

intersection of supply and demand curve is hypothetical "market equilibrium"

Relative distance

takes that measurement and translates it to other units EX: talking things as a distance in time

friction of distance

it's more "expensive" to go further- the farther you want to go the more force you have to apply

goods

items you buy (food, clothing)

orientation

knowing where you are and/or which way to go to reach your destination

cognition

knowledge and beliefs/knowing—thinking, reasoning, language, memory, learning (conscious- you are aware of "it" and unconscious-we don't why we do what we do)

cognitive (mental) maps

knowledge of the layout of the environment in memory

early motivations for studying geography

land surveying, agriculture, astronomy, trade, military activity

lingua franca

language that colonizers use to communicate with locals

Small scale

large territory-small (less) details

largest and smallest states

largest-Russia 11% of earth's land surface, Canada, US, China- half the size of Russia smallest-Vatican city 2/10 of a square mile- in Rome, separate country, monnoco- france 6/10 or square mile, sealand-.002 square miles

historical origins of urban areas (when, where, why)

not really hunter-gatherer cities; small agglomerations-cant support many people to begin with 2. agriculture likely led to urbanization- necessary precursor to urbanization -cultivation of constant food supplies at a fixed location -accumulation of material artifacts and possesions -stratified societies (before hunting and gathering was the only two classes- now there are seperate classes now) -control of water for irrigation - requires coordination between families- promotes people coming together and living in a stable place 3. early cities also had trade, military, religious functions 4. 1st cities- eridu- dated to have originated 5400 7000 years ago, nile valley, india, china, areas of mediterranean, 2000-0 cities emerge in west africa and andes

language family

origin of language

ozone in the upper and lower atmosphere

ozone molecules in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) and the lower atmosphere (troposphere) are chemically identical, because they all consist of three oxygen atoms and have the chemical formula O3. ... Ozone thus plays a key role in the temperature structure of the Earth's atmosphere

chain migration

pairs of locales with much in- and out-migration

concentric ring pattern for agricultural land use

starts from center and goes out with: city -> perishable like dairy -> cash grains like corn -> mixed farming -> livestock and extensive grain farming

demography

statistical study of human populations (spatial analysis)

residential inertia

staying put is more likely than moving, even beyond the time it would be rational to move. And some people just do not have the resources or freedom to move -people are attached to place

Ethnic religions

strong territorial and cultural group identification

human geography

study of human activity, culture and society

cultural ecology

study of human adaptations to social and physical environments

physical (natural) geography

study of landforms, soil, etc (earth science)

political geography

study of spatial distribution & organization of political phenomena; the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes

outsourcing

subcontracting production and service sector to outside companies

antecedent vs. subsequent boundaries

subsequent boundary: a political boundary that developed contemporaneously with the evolution of the major elements of cultural landscape antecedent: A boundary that already existed before the present settlement in that area occurred

the three types of economies

subsistence, market, and planned economies

supply-demand curve

supply: has a positive slope in respect to quantity demand: has a negative slope in respect to price

perdurants

takes place over time and gone in a moment (temporal-a moment EX: a kiss)

replacement fertility rate (replacement rate)

the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing) -need 2.1 on avg to account for childhood mortalities -developing nations need higher replacement because it has higher levels of mortality

basic/nonbasic ratio and city size

the number of nonbasic grows faster than basic

rank-size rule

the principle that many things all over the world, for example the sizes of cities or businesses, or how rich people are, follow the same pattern in relation to their rank on a list: According to the rank-size rule, a rank 3 city would have ⅓ the population of a country's largest city, a rank four city would have ¼ the population of the largest city, and so on.

desertification

the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture

technology transfer

the process of transferring skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments or universities and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users

foreign direct investment

the purchase of other factories by transnational corporations

infant mortality

the ratio of deaths of infants aged 1 year or under per 1000 live births

biosphere

the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms

sovereignty

the right to make decisions about territory

isotropic plain

the spread of the diffusion must be equally easy in all directions- no barriers evenly distributed population no diversity, everyone is the same

definition of economics

the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of commodities

doubling time

the time required for the population to double in size or value if current rate remains constant

market area tessellation

there are several market areas and surrounding towns next to each other that create a market area tessellation 1. assumptions produce regular configuration (regular array) of central places; maximally "scattered" as opposed to random or clustered 2. optimal "tiling" or "tessellation": regular hexagons-voronoi How have places have been centrally sited to a large extent Convex polygon- polygons that bulge outward- no matter where you are inside you dont have to cross a boundary No concave polygons 3. irregular configuration when isotropic plain relaxed

Christaller's Central Place Theory (CPT)

to explain pattern of central place settlements and market areas based on economic functions of towns and cities Pattern of "Urban Systems" in a Region 1. inspired by pattern of cities in Bavaria, early 1930s 2. where are cities of different sizes? 3. explain pattern of "central place" settlements and "hinterlands" (rural areas) (market areas), based on economic functions of towns and cities (commodities offered) You dont have to travel far for basic need items but you do have to travel far for luxuries

commercial agriculture

trade and exchange in market responding to demand by larger society rather than individual and family needs

independent innovation

trait with many hearths that developed independent of each other

universalizing religions

transmit their beliefs through missions and conversion

multimodal freight movement

transportation of goods under a single contract, but performed with at least two different means of transport

Literary tradition

travel logs

activity space

travel spaces on an everyday bases usually centered around their home-places you go to before you go home

shamanism

tribal religion involving the acceptance of a shaman

short-haul penalty

two short hauls is more expensive then one long haul because there are two sets of fixed costs

forced migration

you have to move

frontier zones

zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control

Earth's size

~8,000 miles diameter (27 miles more at equator than poles); ~25,000 miles in circumference