Geog 5 Final
Functional Region
defined by connections and interactions between space generally have vague borders and outlets
Thematic Region
defined by one or more objectively measured variables or themes- EX: soils and location there is no definite rigid border things tend to overlap
Descriptive models
describe existing spatial patterns of activities- why it is the way they are
Demographic Change Equation
describes regional population change: Pop. Final = (CBR) - (CDR) + (migration in) - (migration out) aka: Rate of Natural Change - Net migration
adoption of innovations
early or late adapters
literal meaning of the word "geography";
earth writing
assumptions of economically rational behavior
economic agents try maximize their own economic utility- that's the only thing that motivates them everything they do is designed to increase their economic utility- producer maximize utility by maximizing profit, consumers- maximize value 2. economic agents apply complete and accurate knowledge and reasoning relevant to their economic decisions- they know everything that you would need to know to optimize your utility, reasoning and knowledge is complete and accurate
NAFTA and CAFTA
economic alliance, "free" trade
ecotourism
form of tourism involving visiting fragile, pristine, and relatively undisturbed natural areas, intended as a low-impact and often small scale alternative to standard commercial mass tourism
culture hearth
formal or functional region within which common cultural characteristics prevail
Reference maps
general purpose map showing accurately the location of different types of features (rivers, mountains, elevation etc)
prime meridian
geographical coordinate system at which longitude is defined to be 0 degrees
Huff Model
given a set of shopping centers predicts what percent of each neighborhood would go to a certain shopping center
extensive vs. intensive agriculture
extensive: uses large amounts of labor and capital relative to land area (EX: grain and wheat) intensive: over smaller land area, but more valuable because more labor needed (ex: rice farming)
extreme events vs hazard events
extreme events: "unusual physical magnitude," may or may not be hazardous to people—potential hazards -not hazardous if there's no people there -extreme events are potential hazards -if humans don't suffer then it's not a hazard hazard events:events or conditions actually detrimental to humans
decision-making heuristics
Heuristics are rapid, simple decision-making mechanisms or strategies, like rules-of-thumb. They often lead to good decisions and sometimes the best decisions possible. In other situations, they lead to mistakes and poor decisions. But they are often adaptive because at least they allow us to make a decision in a timely manner
Quaternary Economic Activity
Information & administration services, research, government, education
effect of accessibility and land value on the internal structure of North American cities
Internal Structure of Land Use- what activity is going on where- where commercial? Residential? -applicable to other cities outside US but not 100% A. Accessibility (how cheap is it to get to different parts of a city?) and Land Value 1. most accessible locations demand highest rent (how much you have to pay for a unit of land) -major and financial businesses 2. distance decay of land rent from center -move away from the center gets cheaper and cheaper
invasive cane toads
animal activists in Australia began using beer to promote humanitarian disposal of cane toads. For every cane toad delivered alive and well to the RSPCA (Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals)
crude birth rate
annual live births per 1000 people in a year crude because it ignores the demographics of the population (how many women and men and etc.)
hydrologic cycle
another name for the water cycle which we all learned in elementary school
secondary language
any other languages you might speak anything but primary language
hi-tech manufacturing
application of intensive scientific and engineering research to develop new new technologically advanced products
choice of projections
appropriate visualization of data
technological/material (artifacts)
architecture, sewing, crafts, etc
industrial parks
area zoned and planned for the purpose of industrial development
comparative advantage
areas can improve their economic standing and standard of living through specialization and trade
Two dimensional
areas or polygons EX: forest or neighbourhood
multi-state (supranational) organizations
associations of three or more states created for mutual benefit and achieve shared objectives everyone getting along political, economic, military alliances among > 2 states
changes in situ
at the location- traditions changing over time
place perception
attitudes about places
Spatially-variable costs
Vary considerably from location to location, only variable costs are relevant to location decisions
vegetative and seed planting
Vegetative ag- cutting plants- sticking a piece of a plant off and sticking it in the ground Women invented agriculture- they were the gatherers seed planting- you plant seeds in the ground
Absolute direction
based on cardinal points (directions) or the stars EX: sun setting in east, sky's location at noon
commodities
basic resources and agricultural products (sugar, tea, iron)
informal housing (squatter settlements)
becoming over urbanized- the resources (clean water etc) aren't enough for everyone "informal housing" -squatter settlements/ shanty towns -open sewers -disease -crime -poverty -nightmares
suburbs as bedroom communities
bedroom" communities- you sleep there but go to other places to do everything else
definition and varieties of cities
aggregated settlement of relatively high population size and density; internally structured (nucleated), serves multiple functions for own people and the surrounding area various terms: hamlet, village, town, city, city center, suburb, metropolitan area
agribusiness
agriculture conducted on commercial principles, especially using advanced technology. -mechanized -run by large corporations
location allocation problem
algorithms used primarily in a geographic information system to determine an optimal location for one or more facilities where do you put your business?
you-are-here (YAH) map orientation
aligned vs misaligned-different aspect maps You should always try to maintain alignment when reading maps
measures of population composition and change
all the rates, levels, expectancy's (TFR, CBR, RLF, CDR, etc.)
hydrosphere
all the waters on the earth's surface, such as lakes and seas, and sometimes including water over the earth's surface, such as clouds
intervening opportunity
an environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration
Gender-Related Development Index
an index designed as a measure of gender equality
terrorism
calculated use of violent acts against civilians and symbolic targets to publicize a cause, intimidate, or coerce a civilization population or affect the conduct of a government
geographic techniques
cartography, GIS, remote sensing, spatial statistics
centripetal and centrifugal forces in political states
centripetal: factors that bind together the people of a state that enable it to function and give it strength centrifugal: factors that destabilize and weaken a state
Demographic Transition Model
changes in human fertility and mortality associated with economic development and modernization
Parsimony
choose the simplest explanation that works is best
multiple nuclei
cities develop outward with several modes of growth not just the CBD
objects and masses
cities, soil, asphalt, mountains- all these things are there when you look at them immediately and will still be there when you look again later
Fields
continuously varying surfaces EX: landform elevations and average precipitation
proselytizing
convert or attempt to convert (someone) from one religion, belief, or opinion to another
behavior
coordinated and goal-directed action
navigation
coordinated- you go from A to B in a more or less direct way and destination-directed travel through
terminal costs
costs for paperwork, loading, packing, and unloading shipments
Administrative region
countries and states created by law or rules, land ownership, only type of region that has or can have precise boundaries
criminal range
criminals go to a different activity space so no one they know will see them
cultural syncretism
culture blending
cultural determinism/autonomy
culture in which we are raised determines who we are at emotional and behavioral levels -culture causes the environment or is independent
calculating the carrying capacity
dN/dt = rN [K - N/K] where dN/dt = change in population size; r = intrinsic rate of increase; N = population size; K = carrying capacity
Reilly's Breaking Point Law of retail gravitation
given two cities find the line between them that you predict divides where people go shopping in city one vs city two- people on one side of the line should go to that respective store
Geometrical Projections: Location of Light Source
gnomonic (middle), stereographic (poles), orthographic (infinity)
offshoring
hiring foreign workers or having a foreign third party business take over operations
truck farming
horticultural practice of growing one or more vegetable crops on a large scale for shipment to distant markets. It is usually less intensive and diversified than market gardening
areal differentiation
how one area is different from another
ideological (mentifacts)
how you think about it, creation stories
environmental determinism
how your environment determines how you act -environment causes culture
topological subway (network) maps
hows stops and routes omits actual distance in miles or kilometers etc (1st) london subway maps
Three Domains in Human Geography
human travel (mobility), material/energy transport, communication
Demographic Transition Model (five stages)
i. High Stable: Pre-industrial society, high death rates and high birth rates. Balanced ii. Early Expanding: Falling death rates, high birth rates. Population Growth. iii. Late Expanding: Low death rates, falling birth rate. Population growth. iv. Low Stable: Low birth rates and low death rates. Balanced v. Post-Industrial: Low birth rates and low death rates, loss of population
Alfred Weber Model Assumptions
i. Isotropic plain ii. Manufacturing of single product to be shipped to known location with 1 market iii. Raw materials from more than one location iv. Infinite and fixed but immobile labor availability v. Transportation by shortest path, transport costs are constant vi. agents maximize profits and minimize costs (rational and know all) vii. Land rents are constant
culture subsystems
ideological, technological, sociological
relaxing von Thunen's assumptions
if there's a means of traveling faster among a certain route (river, road, etc.) the areas of distribution of greatest profit is stretched because there is the possibility of faster travel, creates modified rings
nation homeland as cognitive region
is a cognitive region because it is not recognized as an official country- for many nations their homelands is in their heads
nation homeland as thematic region
is a thematic region because shares the "theme" of everyone thinking its their homeland
moribund language
is going to be dead
ecumene
is the areas of the world permanently inhabited by people (approx. 17%)
primate cities
is the largest city in its country or region, disproportionately larger than any others in the urban hierarchy
Gross Domestic Income/Product (GDI/P)
is the total value of all goods and services produced annually within a country's borders
risk perception vs. risk assessment
lay person's intuitive judgments about the risk from hazards is called risk perception formal research area that attempts to objectively identify, characterize, and quantify risks from hazards if called risk assessment
Mathematical tradition
legends, scales, geometry, statistics
animism
life exists in all objects
isoline
lines drawn to link different places that share a common value
three scholarly traditions in geography
literary, cartographic, mathematical
partial displacement migrations
local movements- staying within the same city -partially overlapping activity spaces
localized vs ubiquitous raw materials
localized: only found in certain places (ex: copper) ubiquitous: found everywhere (ex: air and water)
carrying capacity ("S-Curve")
logistic (restrictive) growth carrying capacity induced by size/density-dependent checks- we have barriers to unlimited growth
meridians
longitude- measures distance east to west- these are straight lines every one intersects the north and south poles
Cartographic tradition
map making
Cartographic Scale
map scales
Large scale phenomenon
map that shows a small area of the earth, more details
sketch maps
map you make- refers to things stored in your brain
preference maps
maps pf preferred areas
Absolute location
mathematical location (latitude and longitude)
distortions in cognitive maps
may be quite different than objective environment or cartographic map- you don't actually know where you're going- incomplete, fragmented and distorted
distance
measure of overcome separation between places
T-O map
medieval world map
nation state
members who live there are a part of the group (nation) -ideal, most stable way to make a country -easy to administer (common languages etc) -"nationalism"
concentric zones (circles)
middle- factories and inner city housing, next ring worker housing, next ring high income housing (apartments), outside ring- suburbs
relocation diffusion
migrators take with them their culture and traits
NATO
military alliance
Location models
models in economics that demonstrates consumer preference for particular brands of goods and their locations or relationships between markets, production, and distance.
contagious spatial pattern
mold growing on the bread -transmittal of innovation shows distance decay- -importance of direct contacts rather than mass media -results in clustered spread ("waves" of diffusion)
What does disrupted growth look like?
more of one population/age EX: russia had more women after WWII
trickle-down effects
more optimistic view that income disparities reduced as development levels increase. Benefits that tend to occur more easily at "core" centers will diffuse outward in the form of higher prices paid for needed materials or by dispersion of technology to lower-cost regions of production
classifying hazards by space-time parameters
more useful than causal agency classification for understanding implications for humans -if a hazard occurs more frequently they need to have better alarm systems spatio-temporal parameters influence the types of human responses required or allowed
autonomous nationalism
movement by a dissident minority intent to achieve partial or total independence of territory it occupies from the state within which it lies
communication
movement of ideas, information
channelized migration
multiple people moving from one place to another
combinations of states and nations
nation state, multinational state, multi state nation, stateless nation
Megalopolis
nearly continuous urban string that stretches from Boston to Washington DC
extinct language
no one speaks the language
self-identification and self-definition via place
people identify with place and define themselves via place they have a deep affection and attachment to place
discrediting risks
people tend to discredit or downplay the seriousness of some risks that are actually higher than people think, whether it be their chance of occurring, their consequences, or what they will be able to do about it
innovation laggards
people who do not accept the new innovation ever
assumption of economically rational behavior (behavioral approach)
people will always do what is most profitable for their situation
homogeneous reference
phenomenon is divisive and cumulative
heterogeneous reference
phenomenon neither divisive nor cumulative
philosophical liberalism
philosophical document about individual liberty- you have the right to act a certain way and do certain things
Absolute distance
physical separation between two places by a unit of measurement (i.e. miles)
natural (physical) vs. artificial (geometric) boundaries
physical: mountains or terrain geometric: precise boundaries (maps)
territory
pieces of earth's surface (type of region) claimed to be under a group or person's control
Relative location
place in relation to that of other places and activities
cultural convergence
place where concentration of culture traits that characterizes a region is greatest
break-of-bulk points
places where goods have to be transferred from one place to another
price supports
planned agriculture- money given out by government to help out farmers who are struggling
Zero dimensional features
points on a map EX: top of a mountain point or a well
hazardous and toxic wastes
poisonous byproducts of manufacturing, farming, city septic systems, construction, automotive garages, laboratories, hospitals, and other industries. The waste may be liquid, solid, or sludge and contain chemicals, heavy metals, radiation, dangerous pathogens, or other toxins
European Union
political and economic union of 28 member states that are located primarily in Europe
divinity
powers or forces that are universal, transcending human creation and capacities (including God or Gods)
Normative
prescriptive prescribe optimal patterns what should be rather than what is models
categories (sectors) of economic activities
primary, secondary, and tertiary activities
transnational corporations
private firms that have established branch operations in foreign nations
greenhouse effect
process by which radiation from a planet's atmosphere warms the planet's surface to a temperature above what it would be without its atmosphere. If a planet's atmosphere contains radiatively active gases (i.e., greenhouse gases) they will radiate energy in all directions
choroform
proportional area symbols (graduated circles)
push and pull factors
push- negative things pushing you away pull- positive things pulling you in
Monte Carlo modeling
random process model
hierarchical nesting of central places and polygons (urban hierarchy)
ranking of cities based on their size and functional complexity
just-in-time manufacturing
reduce inventories by purchasing what you need just in time for when you need it
Perceptual (cognitive) Regions
regions that describe how people organize places in their minds, informal ways to organize the earth's surface into regions and culturally shared (vernacular regions)
migration
relatively permanent living/residential relocation-no intent to return home
extractive industries
removing nonrenewable metallic and nonmetallic minerals (mining, oil)
renewable and nonrenewable resources
renewable: can be replenished by natural process nonrenewable:exist in finite amounts
temporary travel
return home and no intent to change residence
events and processes
riot, volcanic eruptions, erosion, migration
retail sales
sale of goods
precision agriculture
satellite farming or site specific crop management (SSCM) is a farming management concept based on observing, measuring and responding to inter and intra-field variability in crops.
masses and processes
say you have soil if you take away half you still have soil- you dont have half a soil. This reference is cumulative- dividing it doesn't make sense
clustered or agglomerated
scrunched together
selective breeding (artificial selection, hybridization)
selective breeding in response to human needs is key process- artificial selection, hybridization, characteristics that are beneficial to humans
subsistence agriculture
self-sufficiency farming for local requirements to feed selves, little/no surplus for trade
typical shape of decay function
shows a non linear pattern as the distance increases the rate of increase slows down
place stereotypes
simplified beliefs that don't capture the whole truth about something, people, place
pidgin
simplified combination language in order to converse
cultural hearth
site where important clusters of traits are invented that diffuse elsewhere
sanitary landfills
sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe. It is considered when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and physically
Analysis Scale
size that we measure and study phenomena
sociological
social patterns and rituals, political systems, hierarchy, mating systems, polygamy etc
definition of politics
social/cultural rules institutions for control and administration of people and resources
tourism as "place collecting"
some people visit as many places as they can as a hobby, crossing places off list
landlocked states
sovereign state entirely enclosed by land
Pattern
spatial arrangement or shape of distribution in space
spatial median
spatial measure of central tendencies
pervasive-intensive continuum for hazards
spatio-temporal parameters can be usefully combined into a single continuum of pervasive-intensive
Tribal (traditional) religion
special form of ethnic religions that distinguished by small size and unique identity
Mediterranean agriculture
specialized farming economy with crops that only do well in tropical weather -predictable weather -intensive
Thematic maps
specific purpose map showing the distribution of one or few themes or variables
religion
specific system of belief concerning divinity or the divine, often involving rituals, a code of ethics, a philosophy of life, and various sociological and material aspects of culture
space-time compression (convergence)
speed of interactions is getting better- transportation hasn't changed as much the friction of distance is decreasing but the interest is still of things nearby
medical geography
spread of diseases
Dispersed or scattered
spread out from each other more so than you would expect to happen by chance
tapering principle
spreads fixed costs over a larger distance base -total cost for shipping varies among modes
deforestation
the action of clearing a wide area of trees
complementarity
the actual or potential relationship between two places, usually referring to economic interactions
atmosphere
the envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet
reciprocal interaction of humans and natural environment
the environment influences human activity and existence, and humans reciprocally influence the environments of our planet. The environment influences humans positively or negatively EX: humans contribute to species extinctions, or humans protect species diversity in natural preserves
space time prisms
this is not where you go but where you're able to go- your potential movement not actual movement
What is demographic momentum (or population momentum)
this is the tendency for growing population to continue growing even after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution (EX: like when a car has momentum- youre going 70 even if you hit the breaks it takes a long time to stop)
historical trends in hazard outcomes during 20th century
ver last century, more people and more living in hazardous areas (along the coast), along with increased economic development (more construction, material things, etc) -loss of life ↓ -evactuation planning, medical care, construction, is better- less death -economic loss ↑ (in constant $)- cost of prevention, tourism, etc
administrative boundaries (borders)
very precise or can be made precise
Three dimensional
volumetric EX: oil wells
electoral geography
voting patterns related to demographic variables
leachate
water that has percolated through a solid and leached out some of the constituents
animal domestication (herding)
we breed large amounts of animals for our own use (food, labor, etc)
ethnicity, language, and religion
when different ethnic groups move to the US they take their religious practices with them
counter migration
when people go from A to B there will also be people that go from B back to A
margin of cultivation
when production costs + transport cost = value at market this is considered at the margin of cultivation
conurbation (Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Areas)
when separate urban regions are connected by transportation lines and merge
ZPG
when the birth rate equals the death rate (zero population growth)
market (commercial) economies
where commodities exchange based on the law of supply and demand
maritime boundaries
where does a country's border end in the ocean? 2. for a couple centuries, 3 miles; rest was subject to 'freedom of the seas'- any sovereign nation had control of 3 miles within the ocean 3. some countries unilaterally extended throughout 20th c.- minerals and fishing rights, extended up to 200 miles ) Sealand- britain extended territorial waters 12 miles from coast and so did sealand -lawsuits about land
aquifers
underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt) from which groundwater can be extracted using a water well
continental shelf
underwater landmass which extends from a continent, resulting in an area of relatively shallow water known as a shelf sea
intuitive statistics
use of adaptive if imperfect decision-making procedures such as the application of heuristics
planar projection
usually used at poles
Variable membership functions
vague boundary lines opposite of uniform membership function
fields
value of human density- stuff
dialect
variations in everyday speech that are comprehensible- you can understand each other even if you're speaking slightly different languages
culture-environment interactionism
various topics: land and resource use, pollution, energy, deforestation and desertification, causes and effects of climate change, environmental hazards, nature appreciation, environmental aesthetics, outdoor recreation and tourism, role of nature in religious ideology, etc.
subsistence economy
where production in any given period is just enough to meet survival needs, no accumulation of wealth
planned economies
where the central government manages economy through central control or through a system of influence, subsidies, grants, and taxes
Endurant
wholly exist at moment in time and continue to exist over time (atemporal-time did not play a factor)
sex-role division of labor
women were gatherers and men were hunters
United Nations
example of multi-state organization -united nations political alliance
Weber's Least-Cost model of factory location
"Where to put factory" Where should a factory be located? (normative) Optimal location of a manufacturing plant is a location that minimizes costs of transportation and labor to yield max profit Tries to account for/minimize: transportation costs, labor costs, agglomeration costs
Hotelling's Model
"Where to put services" Used to predict the location of services -Competition-oriented -Locational interdependence -Focus on revenue
von Thünen model
"Why are crops grown where they are" Goal: -Spatial model of agricultural land use- why are grains, dairy, and vegetables grown where they are? -First human geographic model ever -Distribution of agricultural land use to achieve greatest profit Agricultural products are grown in a place where farmers can afford the land as well as transport their goods and still make a profit
availability heuristic
"availability." We judge how likely it is that a hazard event will occur and affect us based on how easily it comes to mind (how available it is)
One dimensional
"lines" EX: rivers or highways
natural vs. anthropogenic (built) environment
"nature" as before and outside humans, unmodified -opposed to human made environment "built," "cultural" or "anthropogenic" environment
natural change
(CBR) - (CDR)
systematic approach
(Specific) - 19th and 20th century -analysis of specific topics (systems) across regions -They develop theories that apply across rivers not specifically to one location -"Scientists" in the sense that they seek out a general truth to theorize -UCSB's method
regional approach
(general) -20th century to today -much cartography and travel logs (exploration) -description of specific places or "regions" -comprehensive—physical and human landscape, and their interaction -National Geographic approach; typical layperson's conception -Focused on a specific spot if cannot be transferred to multiple areas
Graticule
(latitude and longitude) is grid laid over globe like x and y axis of the earth's surface
net migration
(migration in) - (migration out)
primary language
(mother tongue)- the first native language- the one you use at home
hazard perception
(nonspecialists) beliefs and attitudes about the likelihood of hazard events or conditions occurring, their consequences, and possible responses individuals and groups can make to hazards
world population distribution: 3 major concentrations
--major concentrations in East Asia, South Asia, Europe, NE US/SE Canada - continental margins (coast line)- people love living close to the ocean 40% of the populations lives within 60 miles of the ocean -arable (you can farm in it) land- flatlands like river valleys and floodplains -Climate
world population distribution
--mostly living on 20% of the land area --lower elevation (except jump at Mexico City) --northern hemisphere --closer to ocean (~40% population within 60 miles) --mostly urban since 2008
territorial waters
-12 miles from country border territorial waters (part of the country)
Hägerstrand model of diffusion
-1950s diffusion of a farm subsidy program into rural areas of Sweden -model of contagious expansion diffusion- people who don't practice the trait learn about it and decide whether they are going to practice it or not
contiguous zone
-24 miles from a country's border contiguous zone
stateless nation
-Basque of spain, palestinians, syrians -they are nations without land
multinational state
-Canada US belgium -country with 2 or more national groups -can identify if two languages are different
Computerized Geographic Information
-Comes from paper maps, census, fieldwork, remote sensing, etc.- volunteer graphic information-people get on a website and give information about an area -tables or layers of geoinformation or data -hardware, software, data
Hotelling
-Customer and competitor locations affect locational controls for services -A clustered pattern of service locations may occur under one set of conditions whereas a dispersed pattern may occur for another set -"A location solution that optimizes revenue for sellers may not be optimal from the point of view of the customers"
no-need-to-limit-growth arguments (critics of Malthus, religion, economics)
-Karl Marx says overpopulation is just unemployed surplus labor population needed by capitalist system -religious arguments- "Gods" job to regulate life and death not ours, judeo chirstian bible- go forth and multiply not go forth and subtract -economic arguments (both Capitalist and Marxist)- new populations leads to new tech innovation and increased economic output, we need a sufficient workforce and consumers Efforts to control fertility and family size seem to focus on lower social classes and race- no one seems to control the pop of rich people- just another way to subjectify the lower class, feminists say who are they to tell them what to do with their body -this position tends to focus only on material needs- population is just a problem of distribution not how many resources we have Ignores people need of a natural world privacy and crowding on stress and mental health
types of natural hazards
-Meteorological (snow, heat, tornado) -Geomorphic (avalanches, earthquake) Biological_ -floral - plant based -fawnal-animal based
Santa Barbara earthquake of 1925
-Santa Barbara and the surrounding areas were hit with an earthquake -epicenter offshor measured 6.8 on the Richter scale -IX on the Mercalli scale -Thirteen people were killed -Many buildings were damaged (damage costs ran about $111 million in today's dollars) -downtown was almost completely destroyed ----Influential people in Santa Barbara (Thomas Storke)pushed to create a new architectural style for commercial buildings -lead to modern SB
aggregate (multivariate) measures of development
-about Well-being -seeks to look at the collective and individual well-being: safe environment, freedom from want, opportunity for personal growth and enrichment, and access to goods and services beyond absolute minimum to sustain life
Dimensionality
-all features actually spatially 3-D, but can be modeled at lower dimension -points (0), lines (1), areas (2), volumes (3) -appropriate dimensionality depends on scale
San Francisco earthquake of 1906
-along the San Andreas fault -7.7-7.9 on the Richter scale -XI on the Mercalli scale -caused over 3,000 deaths and 225,000 injuries -Damage from the quake and the subsequent raging fires has been estimated at $8 billion -events strain worldwide banking and insurance companies -insurers only offer quake insurance in the U.S. because the Federal government forces them to
U.N.'s Human Development Index
-an aggregate measure -is one index consisting of 3 dimensions, 4 indicators -Health (life expectancy at birth) -Education (Mean years of schooling & expected years of schooling) -Income (Gross national income per capita together)
externalities
-are costs that are "external" to the actions of the economic agent -Exist whenever one agent's actions affects well being of others (positively and negatively)
reasons for shifts
-automation/automation-advances in technology -economic globalization- cost of transporting goods continues to go down, jobs in secondary sectors have been outsourcing- wages are lower in other countries, less regulations, bringing in immigrants for low wages and poor benefits -greater wealth in education- decreasing traditions in the primary sectors, we have lots of disposable income for tourists and luxuries -growth of the public sector (government)- jobs at all levels have increased and are increasing international to local, in many places the largest employer is the government- may service jobs
basic and nonbasic industries
-bring in resources outside city to make money- basic moving money from one part of the city to another part- nonbasic
multi state nation
-people from the same nation live in different countries EX: Arabs
economic indicators of development
-percent labor force in agriculture -energy consumption per capita (technological advances) -work productivity -availability of consumer goods
regular market area polygons (hexagons)
-cities are not all the same size 1. order of commodities and, thus, of central places- some goods and services that are rare and can only be found in the big cities. Low level- can be found in small cities as well as all the rest Big city with big market area polygon and then smaller cities 2. different commodities have different "thresholds" of market areas (minimum area or population required to support)-if youre selling luxury shit you have to make sure there are enough people that able to go to your store 3. different commodities have different "ranges" (distance people willing to travel for it, given elastic demand)- the distance people are willing to travel for it
Gross National Happiness (GNH) and its four ideas
-coined in 1972 by Bhutan's former King, who wanted to build economy -based on Bhutan's cultural connection to Buddhist spiritual values- introduced the concept -concept further refined by international scholars, empirical surveys created to measure it four core ideas: -promotion of sustainable development -preservation and promotion of cultural values -conservation of natural environment -establishment of good governance
characteristic state shapes
-compact -enlongagated -prorupt -fragmented -perforated -inside another country
hurricanes in the U.S. since 1900
-deadliest hurricanes are through the first part of the century -costliest hurricanes are from the last 10-20 years -Katrina is on both lists
non-economic measures of development (social welfare and demographic indicators)
-demographic indicators (total fertility rate, death rate, infant/ child mortality) -Human Welfare indicators (education, literacy, food security, safe drinking water and sanitation)
Projections
-develop earth's surface: show round globe surface onto flat map -like "peeling" earth orange -impossible to do without distorting spatial properties -many projections (infinitely many possible)
origins of agriculture (agricultural hearths)
-evidence points to a couple handfuls of original sites of innovation Developed by sedentary people who had enough time for domestication experiments -Carl Sauer (1952) Agricultural Origins and Dispersal- how ag came about as an innovation and where it came about, independant sites of innovation in new world (north and south america) and old world (africa), ag invented in several places independently
Green Revolution
-fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides -hybrid seeds -biotechnology
hunting and gathering
-gather plant materials, insects, eggs; hunt animals- gathering was more important because it was more reliable, hard to support a large number of people (dense population) -all humans originally hunter-gatherers; <<1% now
foot-loose industries
-has to do with tertiary sector services, where something like e-commerce doesn't have such a strain on where to be located AND -has to do with Webers Least Cost Theory of Manufacturing where firms are industries that their raw material and finished product are so light, compact, and valuable that there is little bearing on where production takes place
Density
-how many are there are per unit area- number of features in dimensionality
voting demographics
-how people vote and where they are voting -assumes certain kinds of people vote in certain ways in districting
environmental hazards
-human action always has as much effect on what hazards do as the natural environment does
physical magnitude vs. hazard magnitude
-human interpretation of events is hazard magnitude - physical magitude is the number scale we put to a hazard EX: richter scale
cause of hazards in nature
-humans and the environment interact to create hazards -influence hazards -resilience to a hazard -human activity is always central EX: fires can be caused by lightning or arsonist EX: AIDS- virus but human behavior plays a role in its transmission
nature as "constructed"
-humans can create natural looking things but by definition is not nature -variable attitudes, conceptions about nature across history, cultures (nature as "socially constructed") -environment is in fact both natural and anthropogenic, so we specify "natural"
Hierarchical spatial pattern
-innovation "jumps" between major nodes (places) -special communication/transportation links between nodes (networks) -hierarchy of nodes varying in importance -results in formation of new clusters
intensive and extensive land use in cities
-intensive (commerical stores, offices, banks, bc they are the only ones who can afford it) -high income residents and extensive (farm land low income residency) urban land use -nucleus where traffic lines converge -making that land most accessible therefore more valueable
definition and characteristics of development
-is the the material condition of inhabitants and the extent to which a region's resources are brought into full productive use -characterized by: --large amount of capital or wealth --high production and consumption --modernization and urbanization --particular social, cultural, and political changes
locational interdependence (linkages and ancillary activities)
-locational interdependence is the dependency of the people in the same location to each other -linkages are channels for flow of knowledge, materials, or money between a company, its suppliers, and the market -ancillary activities provide necessary support services for primary activities of an industry (hauling, security, etc.)
need-to-limit-growth arguments (Malthusianism and Neo-Malthusianism)
-not enough food and water -Paul Ehrlich's point on environmental preservation & impact -calls for government intervention to reduce birth rates to balance decreased mortality rates Neo-Malthusianism: The advocacy for population control so the world won't run out of supplies/space for people. Malthusian: An idea that if not checked, the population can increase too much for food supplies.
high seas (international waters)
-outside 200 miles from country's border high seas
globalization of manufacturing
-outsourcing and offshoring corporations are the transnational corporations -conglomerate corporations is made-up of several (seemingly unrelated) business
Remote Sensing
-pictures of earth from outer space-satellites -modern way to collect large amounts of GI (geographic information) -originally came from optical photography (hot air balloons- mid 19th century) Now taken from electromagnetic waves
world history and pattern of growth rates
-pop. growth impeded by wars, epidemics (Black Death in 1300s, native americans in 1500's), natural disasters, etc -first billion in year 1800, increasing with industrial revolution -medical revolution at end of 1800's increases very drastically -maximum growth rate was in 1960's (baby boom)
mercator projection
-preserves direction and shape -helpful for planning sailing -doesn't preserve size
physical factors related to distribution
-proximity to ocean -elevation -arable/fertile soil
gerrymandering
-redistricting to give particular candidate or class of candidates an electoral advantage -packing: give others a majority power in few districts but lose power in the other districts Racial (discriminatory) gerrymandering- all districts blacks are in the minority Cracking- gerrymandering strategy take opponent and distribute them instead of concentrating them Representativeness- district lets different sub groups of people have representation
Agricultural Revolution
-selective breeding in response to human needs -a period of transition of techniques for obtaining resources (food) -started with the plant and animal domestication -Neolithic Era or the New Stone Age -Agricultural hearths (centers) -selective breeder plants bc agricultural would win over hunting and gathering
deception of maps
-selective presentation, Political, marketing, or ideological reasons why some info is included or not included -generalization (averaging over detail)-the details of a map will be straighter -distortion for graphical clarity- exaggerate size of features so you can see them easier -potentially misleading symbolism -Scale- things are never shown what their actual size is, translating between scales is misleading and confusing at times -they distort area- scale isnt the same on different parts of the same map -Projection-distort spatial properties- maps always have interruptions
cottage and guild industries
-self regulated industries of skilled craft people Industries -handmade; human, animal power
Power of maps
-takes advantage of visual and spatial cognition, even things that you can't see in the actual world (cancer rates) -viewing perspective -maps never show everything, they generalize and omit irrelevant information
material index
-tells us where to locate a factory to minimize transportation costs -bigger the MI means closer to the raw materials Ratio between the weight of raw material and the weight of the finished product -Tells us which location is better because it brings together all raw material (transportation costs are different for different material) -(total weight of materials used to manufacture a specific product)/(total weight of the finished product)
land rent (locational rent)
-the value of the land based on costs to transport farm products to market -amount of profit for particular activity/area
Malthus' An Essay on the Principle of Population
-unchecked population increasing geometrically (exponential) while food increasing only arithmetically (linear) -If humans didn't have "private" checks like delayed marriage and celibacy then nature would enact "destructive checks" (extreme poverty, disease, malnutrition, etc.) -argued against charity because it would increase population of lower social class and discourage thrift and hard work -food and sex is necessary
exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
-up to 200 miles from country's border exclusive economic zones (EEG)
functions of cities
-whole sale manufacturing, communication, etc- this is all clustered in cities and that's why they exist -bringing everything together is highly efficient
technological changes and carrying capacity
-with more and more technological changes, carrying capacity changes drastically -they are revolutionary when there is a revolution there is a jump in population growth
What is the current world growth and fertility rates
-world growth is 1.2% per year (declining) developing nations=1.7% developing countries (except China)=3 fertility rate Sub-Saharan Africa=5.2 fertility rate
computational modeling in geography
.-model is simulation or simplified representation of reality-simulation created intentionally to stand for something else (representation) -parts of a system and their interrelationships, represented as -mathematical equations, computer programs- that's why its called computational modeling or physical model (globe)
Characteristics of Regions
1. location 2. size (area) 3. varying boundary sharpness 4. varying boundary permeability 5. often hierarchically organized -regions of different levels of importance
Results of von Thunen's Model
1. Dairying and market gardening 2. Specialty farming 3. Cash grain and livestock 4. Mixed farming 5. Extensive grain farming or stock raising Diminished soil quality with increasing distance to the primary market
Problems with Rostow's Model
1. Developmentalism is the idea that every country and region will eventually make economic progress toward "high mass consumption" provided that they compete to the best of their ability (unlikely and destructive) 2. Increased dependence on More Developed Countries and markets 3. Undue influence on many global policies, including those of U.N. and World Bank 4. Market Stagnation for low-cost manufactured good with markets that grow slowly today 5. Undervalues the obstacles and competitive disadvantages faced by late starters versus those more developed
origin and diffusion of Industrial Revolution
1. mechanized manufacturing: machine-made replaces handmade 2. fuels replace human-animal: water power, then steam (coal)- coal is very important 3. Textiles- cloth and clothing first (from cottage industry) -Diffusion of Industrial Revolution-radical dramatic effects over the people who lived there 1. wars, revolution, secrecy by England slowed diffusion by 50-100 years- industrial espionage 2. first to Western Europe, than US (early 1800s) 3. Japan, Russia (1850-1900) 4. Taiwan, Korea, Singapore, Mexico (mid-20th century) 5. much of the rest of the world recently
edge cities
1. no longer just bedroom communities; new CBDs formed as part of what have been called "urban realms" 2. malls, shopping centers, business parks: why go downtown? 3. cities become polynucleated centers organized around freeway networks 4. continued decentralization of employment
Central Business District (CBD)
1. original urban site, convergence of transit lines 2. intensive development, high rent 3. population density also shows distance decay from center
reasons for post-WWII increase in U.S. suburbanization
1. ascendency of the automobile -investing in controlling gas prices -creating highways -originally highway system was for national defense- inspired by german autobahn -intended to bypass cities -mayors said no that it has to go into a city 2. reduction of work week just before WWII -number of days and hours per week was shortened -more time to commute and spend at home 3. flight of industry to cheaper periphery (jobs follow) -industry moved away from the city center as soon as it could becasue its cheaper -jobs moved away from center 4. government-sponsored housing loans -low interest and guaranteed loans for veterans coming back from the war -loans can only be for new construction -the only place that could happen was in the periphery 5. Baby Boom -more people more land 6. new values and attitudes -public space vs private space -attitudes towards people who live in the inner city -birth of the modern american dream (suburbian life)
urban land-use/social demographic patterns (internal structure)
1. concentric rings (zones)-intensive land in the center more extensive land as you go out 2. Sectors- different areas of land are being used (transportation lines) 3. multiple nuclei-ethnicity in various groups (EX: chinatown)
internal administrative regions
1. counties within U.S. states (some exceptions) -Louisiana parishes 2. townships 3. school districts, sewer, fire, water, trash, voting, etc. 4. private property: cadastral regions (legal geography)
problems of suburbanization
1. deterioration of inner-city-the rest is left to an urban underclass, mainly female, low income, ethnic 2. lack of support, decline of mass-transportation/automobile dominance-congestion pollution, depedence of petrolium 3. sprawling development- checkerboard or leapfrog development -loss of farm lands to build houses 4. homogenization of the built environment -everything is the same (starbcuks, walmart, etc)
gentrification and demographic inversion (counter-suburbanization)
1. gentrification 2. recent trends-1960s and 70s -upper middle class white adults "yuppies" -buy cheaply and renovate -displaces poor and middle class residents -changes ethnic composition 3. changing some cities but still much weaker trend than suburbanization -demographic inversion- new contrunction -downtowns are cleaner -waiting more to start families -older people living longer -co inhabiting (roommates)
geography and the natural environment
1. geography as "the study of Earth as the home of humanity"
worldwide urbanization trend
1. higher proportion of population worldwide; in addition to overall population growth 2. bigger cities and growing
two motivations for behavioral/cognitive geography
1. improve models of spatial behavior and interaction 2. geographic problems in their own right (space, place, environment)
general space-cost functions
1. incorporate all costs, not just material transport costs 2. also, influence of planned economies
innovations in agriculture
1. irrigation (gravity, pumps) 2. new hybrid strains of crops and animals 3. mechanical tractors, other equipment (sometimes called 2nd agricultural revolution — mechanical, fuel powered farming) 4. chemical fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides 5. Green Revolution (1940s-1960s)- third ag revolution, chemical fertilizers, chem ag in general, a great deal more food was able to be produced on the same land at the same time, saved many people 6. innovation continues- food radiation, things won't spoil, biotechnology, direct genetic modification
legal gambling in the U.S.
1. part of the entertainment industry 2. gambling most rapidly growing U.S. industry recently 3. > $ than spent on recorded music, sport and non-sport live entertainment, theme parks, video games, movies 4. many types, legality varies by state (1 or 2 without) 5. History-lotteries were common in 1800s in the us, first legalized in nevada in 1933-1976- legalized in new jersey atlantic city, cruises in international waters, riverboat casino-1989
market control mechanism
1. relationship among supply, demand, prices, as determined independent of government control- independent of government control, law of supply and demand 2. controlling for Price (taking Y-axis as fixed) 3. controlling for Supply or Demand (taking X-axis as fixed) 4. either way, intersection of two curves is hypothetical "market equilibrium"
exurbia (counter-urbanization)
1. residences outside traditional urban and suburban areas- forest 2. rural and wilderness areas (counter-urbanization trend) 3. long-distance commuting and telecommuting
ways location affects economic activities
1. subsistence economies- location is related to variations in climate, soils, availability of materials, cultural ideas on how to use goods and services 2. commercial economies- location affects the variables of the market control mechanism and economic rationality, costs and revenues, supply and demand, availability and cost of materials and labor vary between places, physical characteristics restrain economic activity, cities with lots of people have lots of people therefore lots of consumers 3. planned economies- different govs have different economic policies that affect different things
tourism
1. temporary travel for entertainment/leisure/business 2. world's largest private industry (value, jobs)- more than 10% of the worlds job and one the biggest industries 3. various specialized forms
major world languages
1.) Mandarin Chinese 2.) Spanish 3.) English 4.) Hindi 5.) Bengali 6.) Portuguese 7.) Russian 8.) Japanese 9.) Arabic
changing structure of workforce in U.S.A
1850- 66% primary, 16% secondary, 18% tertiary 1900- 40% primary, 28% secondary, 32% tertiary 1950- 16% primary, 33% secondary, 51% tertiary 2010- 1% primary, 13% secondary, 86% tertiary 1. decline of primary to very small % 2. rise and then decline of secondary 3. continuing shift to tertiary 4. similar shifts in other developed countries
human-environment relations
2. at least as long ago as 19th c., this was interpreted by many to mean "human-environment relations" -how are they related 3. various conceptual models of human-environment relations -recognize environment does influence culture but it does not determine it (environment and culture flexiblism)
today's largest cities and fastest growing large cities
20 largest are in developing world- mexico, mumbai, kyro, deli, manila -1700 -constantinople- istanbul in turkey -tokyo -bejing -paris -france -london -england
Indian casinos
2000- state proposition gave indians legal right for full casino gambling, conflicts continue, over 450 indian casinos in US- 240 tribes operate casinos in 30 states, tribal groups have a special status of near sovereign nations-don't pay taxes, have a lot of independence- 6 billion a year in federal taxes
number of languages
4,000-7,000
suburbanization
: Movement From City Center A. Role of Transit Mid 19th and Early 20th Centuries -you couldn't live very far out of town because you needed to get to town every day -rich people go to outskirts and rural parts of city- not a new thing 1. streetcars and light rail in mid-19th c British and American cities -they were able to live outside city central and travel back and forth for work and entertainment 2. work, shop, entertainment in city center — live outside 3. light rail in L.A. early 1900s
megacities
>10 million people
maquiladora operations
A maquiladora in Mexico is a factory that operates under preferential tariff programs established and administered by the United States and Mexico. Materials, assembly components, and production equipment used in maquiladoras are allowed to enter Mexico duty-free. Products made can be exported into the U.S. at lower tariffs than those from other countries. Recently, the term "maquiladora" has been used for similar operations in Latin America and Asia as well, though its roots are deeply imbedded in Mexico. As such, a maquiladora in Mexico, and especially Tijuana, has advantages.
shifting cultivation (swidden)
A nomadic form of farming that happens in warm, moist tropical areas where nutrients lost easily. These are swidden and slash-and-burn where vegetation is cut, burned to release nutrients into the soil, and then crops are planted
Rostow Modernization Model
According to the Rostow Modernization model, each stage is a function of productivity, economic exchange, technological improvements, and income. Economic growth occurs when advancing from one stage to another. 1. Traditional Society 2. Transitional Society 3. Take-off 4. The Drive to maturity 5. High Mass Consumption 6. Post- Industrial
ethnic/racial "majority-minority" districts
Affirmative racial gerrymandering- done to ensure a minority group has representation minority majority district -not compact
types of anthropogenic hazards
Agricultural diseases & pests nuclear disaters social or technological
primary sectors
Agriculture (Subsistence & Commercial) & Resource Extraction -extensive are less valuable products and supports fewer people per area (shifting cultivation, range livestock) -intensive are greater inputs with more valuable products and can support more people per area (sedentary agriculture, truck farming)
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act by U.S. Congress
American Indian gaming-may tribes gambled as a social activity, us gov made all forms of gambling illegal on reservations, Gov would try to shut down bingo 1988- indian gaming regulatory act
social gravity
Amount of interaction between two places
personal communication field
An area defined by the distribution of an individual's short-range informal communication
Assumptions of von Thunen's Model
Assumptions: -Flat plain (isotropic) -Uniform arability -One market (higher value land near market) -One mode of transportation (cost increases with distance) -Farmers are economically rational Features: -With increased distance, transportation costs increase -Land value (i.e. land rent) decreases as one moves away from the market
crude death rate
Annual number of deaths per 1000 people
political status of Antarctica
Antarctica (non-state and non-country) 1959- treaty if antarctica- set it aside from scientific research- prohibits military and mining use
technology and distance decay
technology changes things, online shopping changes how far away youll go
dependency theory
expands core-periphery model to international scale; developing nations are held to the power of developed nations
human travel (mobility)
temporary travel, migration-moving grain, rocks, cars etc
cores and capitals of states
Capital: principle city in a state or country Cores: most developed economic base, densest population and largest cities, highly developed transportation systems
world population distribution: Top 10 countries
China, India, US, Indonesia, Brazil, Pakistan, Nigeria, Bangladesh, Russia, and Japan
major world religions
Christianity, Islam, Hinduism, nonreligious
compactness of electoral districts
Compactness- perimeter equally close to the center in all directions Most compact shape: Circle -compactness is not necessary for a district Many states list compactness as desireable quality
GIS: Geographic Information Systems
Computerized systems with geographic information
agglomeration
Concentration of factories into industrial regions or zone to create economies of scale, companies benefit from shared facilities, labor force, infrastructure, services and raw materials if they are sited in the same place as existing factories
consequent vs. superimposed subsequent boundaries
Consequent: A boundary line that coincides with some cultural divide, such as religion or language superimposed subsequent: This boundary ignores the cultural organizations on this landscape types of international boundaries precise delineation is were used to separate territories political entities Superimposed subsequent: forced boundaries on existing cultures by a conquering or colonizing power that is unconcerned about preexisting cultural patterns
U.S. Census definition of Core Based Statistical Areas (Metropolitan/ Micropolitan SAs)
Core-Based Statistical Areas (Metropolitan and Micropolitan- small core nucleus Statistical Areas)- a county or counties with at least one population nucleus plus adjacent communities with high degree of economic relations with it -people in the suburbs who also go to the city EX: it only has to be one county- San Bernardino has a lot of nothing except in the southern corner but it still counts
crop rotation
Crop rotation is the practice of growing a series of dissimilar or different types of crops in the same area in sequenced seasons. It is done so that the soil of farms is not used for only one set of nutrients
line-haul costs
expenses for the actual movement of commodities once they have been loaded
standard language
the way you are supposed to speak the language officially in education, business,
Rule of 70
Doubling time = 70 / growth rate (ex: if 2% growth rate then 70/2 = 35 yrs to double)
Spatially fixed costs
Don't vary with location
early history of geography
Egyptians, Mesopotamians, Chinese, Greeks, Romans, Arabs
elastic and inelastic demand
Elastic-the price and effort changes-how many people want to buy it changes EX: if its too far away or too expensive you wont buy it vs. inelastic- does not vary with effort to buy EX: milk, bread, gas, water- you're going to get these things no matter how much you have to spend demand
Objects
Entities with sharp boundaries separated by "empty" space EX: mountain peaks or roads
characteristics of materials or products other than weight that are relevant to factory location
Externalities 1. costs not charged directly to economic agent who incurred them; benefits not resulting directly from activity of agent who enjoys them 2. in context of manufacturing, costs and benefits not due to individual company's actions but to those of other companies in that industry or within that region, or society more generally 3. externalities influence costs and benefits for locational choices
Biotechnology
Genetically modified foods cost more but are able to resist pests better
gambler's fallacy
It is the belief in the non-independence of events that are actually independent, or at least non-independent in ways people misunderstand -poor statistical reasoning
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
It is the correction applied to GNI to account for price differences (the ability to purchase stuff based on the amount of money you are able to make) EX: if one place things are twice as much and they get paid twice as much it doesn't mean they're richer- this accounts for that
market orientation
MI<1: the finished product is heavier than the raw material and the plant should be at the market location
raw-material (resource) orientation
MI>1, the finished product is lighter than the raw and the plant is more profitable to be at the raw material location
redistricting
Main purpose of census- how to portion the senate in different parts of the country
biotic potential ("J-Curve")
exponential (un-restrictive) growth and biotic potential is the maximum capacity of a population with no checks
Quinary Economic Activity
Management, executive decision making in business, government
secondary sectors
Manufacturing and processing -material orientation -ubiquitous industries (global) -elastic and inelastic -mechanized manufacturing -transportation and freight rate
more developed and less developed countries (know general world patterns)
More developed countries fall "North" of Brandt line while less developed countries fall "South" of Brandt line
nomadic herding
Moving from one place to another with cattle or other animals in search of pasture. Pastoralists sell their animals to get products that they don't produce, and they also depend on the animals for food.
parallels
latitude- measure distance north is south-not straight lines
nation as grouping of people (with or without homeland region)
Nation- group of people with common ancestry in culture actually or imagined -claim to a territory "homeland" -still don't have their own territories
classifying hazards as natural or anthropogenic
Natural- environment induced Anthropogenic: man made disasters
movement bias
People's favoring of distance and direction, control or regulation of movement of people commodities or communication
Barriers
Physical Social Psychological
region
Pieces of Earth-Surface -2-D geographic feature -internally similar-same things inside -externally dissimilar-different from things outside the region -recognition of regions is a cognitive act
equal direction
Preserve direction but only from a central point
equidistant
Preserve distance, but only along one direction or along lines
equishape
Preserve shapes, loses size/area - good for zoomed in
equal area/equivalent
Preserves relative areas, used for area-based thematic maps
Demographic Momentum on population pyramids
Rapid growth, stability, decline and disrupted growth
micro state of Sealand
Sealand- self declared unrecognized entity claims Rex platform as its territory -independent state (country) -Prince Roy and Princess Joan -Sighted in debates of international law in territory -invented countries exist in the mind of the citizens but actual countries are basically the same thing
tertiary sectors
Services -shifts in labor because of economic globalization, greater wealth and higher education, growth of the public sector, and mechanization -consumer services: provides services to individuals -producer services: provides services to other businesses
population (age-sex) pyramids
Shows a population's age and gender comparison. Rapid growth, decline, stable, disrupted growth
culture
Socially Shared and Transmitted-dont get it from your genes, taught by parents and teachers and environment
spatial diffusion
Spread of cultural traits across a landscape
core/periphery/semi-periphery
Stage one: preindustrial structure of independent local centers with small market areas and little interaction Stage two: early industrialization brings concentration of investment, wealth and power into single strong core; periphery provides raw materials and labor to the core and core provides manufactured goods to the periphery Stage three: as industry develops, the core remains the dominant center, but regional subcenters begin to develop Stage four: mature and functionally interconnected space economy emerges in which periphery has been absorbed modernization happens in a modern "core" of capitalist production and is surrounded by traditional "periphery" subsistence wages core seen as more prosperous while periphery gets milked of profit
state as administrative region
State- Country example of administrative region -bounded territory -internationally recognized -under its own sovereign control
definition of geography
Study of Earth as Home of Humanity
Hotelling's Locational Interdependence model of retail location
Tertiary activities are market-oriented Go where customers are Don't have to worry about raw materials
Aspect of projection
The aspect describes the mutual position of the axis of the earth and the axis of the projection
total fertility rate
The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years
transferability
The costs involved in moving goods from one place to another
critical distance
The distance beyond which cost, effort, and/or means play a determining role in the willingness of the people to travel
dependency ratio
The number of people under the age of 15 and over age 64, compared to the number of people active in the labor force
Spatial Association (Covariation)
The study of two or more geographic distributions which vary over the same area, such as unemployment and crime
What is the world population growth- linear or exponential growth?
The world population is increasing exponentially
Deglomeration
Too many companies in close proximity create crowdedness, congestion, excess competition for labor, so firms/plants move elsewhere
UNCLOS
UN Conventions on the Law of the Seas) for several decades (1950s to 1980s)-UN meetings 1950s-80s creation of three zones in 1982 UNCLOS
U.S. Census definition of Urban Areas and Rural Areas
Urban Areas- densely developed territory and densely settled census block with a population of at least 2500- based on urban form and this the appearance of the landscape -everything outside urban areas is called rural
planned agriculture
Uses government subsidies to control production and distribution
tragedy of the commons
With widely available resources, users often think they are best served by maximally exploiting the resource, although, the consequence of this is eventual resource depletion, this is the absences of collective controls to the resource
Gross National Income (GNI)
adds total foreign income earned by its citizens (can never account for informal economy or other factor that skew this data)
ecosystems
a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
cultural landscape
a geographic area the includes cultural resources and natural resources associated with the interactions between nature and human behavior
biomes
a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat, e.g., forest or tundra
isochrone
a line drawn on a map connecting points at which something occurs or arrives at the same time
creole
a pidgin that becomes the primary language- children's invention
cadastral regions
a register of property showing the extent, value, and ownership of land for taxation
networks
a set of related things
land area and water area on Earth surface
about 71% water, 29% land
Site
absolute location concept- internal features of location EX: avg rainfall of SB
perception
acquiring beliefs and knowledge about world through senses
services
action that someone is hired to do
home range
activity space around residence
Phenomenon Scale
actual size of a phenomenon in reality
environmental attitudes
beliefs with emotional responses
agglomeration economies and diseconomies
benefits of agglomeration economies come from linkages between firms and savings from shared facilities, worker training programs, social services, public utilities, communication facilities, and forms of industrial infrastructure -diseconomies can occur due to congestion
total displacement migration
between continents, countries and regions (external and internal migration) -when you move too a new activity space
objects
bounded entities separated by empty space/individuals
aquaculture
breeding of fish in safe places
acid rain
broad term that includes any form of precipitation with acidic components, such as sulfuric or nitric acid that fall to the ground from the atmosphere in wet or dry forms. This can include rain, snow, fog, hail or even dust that is acidic
Earth's shape
bumpy oblate spheroid
ambiguous cases
college students move to IV and then live there for 4 yrs and move home or seasonal farm workers-moving from farm to farm but go home eventually or nomads-no permanent home or refugees-people who are forced to move
anticipated place utility
combination of positive and negatives of a place- you think that place is better than where you are that place will have more utility than where you are now
Time geography
combines time with activity space-when are they doing what they're doing?
material/energy transport
commodity exchange (buy, sell, trade)
culture region
concentration of culture traits
modal ring shift
concentric zone, sector, multi nuclei model
diffusion of innovation
concept spreads from a place or person of power or other places
Geometric Projections
conical, cylindrical, planar
space time budgets
constraints, how long you have, your options to get there
external contact
diffusion-cultural practices from one place move to other places
Vector
directed line (points connected with edges)
Relative direction
directions relative to where you are EX: "middle eastern" states relative to the united states
land disputes and war
disputes over control of territory and its resources leading cause of wars
space time paths
dist against y-axis at multiple times of the day tells you how much time it takes you to get there and how long they are there, repeating patterns
GDI/GNI per capita
divides the total value of income by the population
Brandt (north-south) line
dividing the world between the global north (developed) and south (underdeveloped)
potential reasons for historical emergence of Western European core
economically dominant part of the world 1. starting around 15th century (500 years ago) 2. several different theories, much debate 3. physical (environmental) factors- difference between temperate latitude (western hemisphere) and tropical climates -environmental determinism- the environment influences behavior technological innovations- transportation and navigation, good time piece that could be taken on a ship and tell longitude and latitude Military- weapons, satellites, ammunition Primary and secondary- mechanized ag and industrial revolution Having these things would give you certain advantages 5. cultural belief systems- protestant work ethic- they have a certain set of beliefs that values frugality and hard work don't "waste" your money on luxuries 6. business/finance innovations- development of capitalism -credit systems, reliable markets 7. exploration, colonialism, imperialism (1492)
informal economy
economy that is neither taxed, nor monitored by any form of government. Unlike the formal economy, activities of the informal economy are not included in the gross national product (GNP) and gross domestic product (GDP) of a country. Ex: ebay, self-employment, bartering, domestic workers, street vending
geopolitics
effects of spatial properties of regions on their current and past political activities and relations EX: core-periphery model of development is political as well as economic -demographic patterns that are spatially distributed -how black, poor, white people vote -red states and blue states (political and cultural impacts)
affect
emotions, moods, attitudes
Gender Empowerment Index (GEM)
emphasizes female participation in political management, professional, technological positions
enclaves and exclaves
enclave: a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory exclave: is a piece of land which is politically attached to a larger piece but not physically coterminous with it because of surrounding foreign territory
Mathematical projections
equal area/equivalent, equal direction, equidistant, equishape
multiplier effect
every new basic sector job creates nonbasic sector jobs
Uniform membership function
every place is equally and totally inside the region
1st law of geography
everything is related to everything else but closer things are more related than distant things
Raster
field of pixels to fill in- discrete pieces
Pictorial Models of Reality
flat pictures and they are symbolic representations of places- rep. Parts of earth surface and things on that surface, can even represent imaginary places -use symbols to represent reality
nodes
focal point
plantation agriculture
form of commercial farming where crops are grown for profit. Large land areas are needed for this type of agriculture. Countries that have plantation agriculture usually experience tropical climate with high annual temperatures and receive high annual rainfall -foreign investment in native farming
attachment to place
people are very territorial- in group biases around a place
culture trait
group of traits that define a particular culture
resources and hazards reflect human needs and values
harm or benefit of the human-environment relationship is never purely a property of environmental characteristics, but always reflects human needs and values and conditions. The planet Earth probably doesn't care if it is bespoiled or destroyed or conserved or restored, but we care and our descendants will care. It is people—not mother nature or father nature or anything else—that transform the environment into resources and hazards, by using natural features of the environment for their economic, social, and experiential purposes
gathering industries
harvesting natural bounty of renewable resources (fishing, trapping, forestry)
polytheism
having multiple gods
monotheism
having one god
sectors
high rent sectors by natural amenities (lakes beach etc) and go outward (not in a ring), low income is ear transportation corridors and industry, middle income fills up the rest
lithosphere
includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth
subsistence rice farming
intensive agriculture where farmers use their small land holdings to produce enough, for their local consumption, while remaining produce is used for exchange against other goods. It results in much more food being produced per acre compared to other subsistence patterns. In the most intensive situation, farmers may even create terraces along steep hillsides to cultivate rice paddies.
simple gravity model
interaction between places depends on distance and characteristics of places-how close places are together and how much they are attracted to each other
hierarchies
interaction is facilitated around the network makes integration easier, important EX:airports
expansion diffusion
interpersonal contact and interaction- increase in the number of people who practice the trait
market equilibrium
intersection of supply and demand curve is hypothetical "market equilibrium"
Relative distance
takes that measurement and translates it to other units EX: talking things as a distance in time
friction of distance
it's more "expensive" to go further- the farther you want to go the more force you have to apply
goods
items you buy (food, clothing)
orientation
knowing where you are and/or which way to go to reach your destination
cognition
knowledge and beliefs/knowing—thinking, reasoning, language, memory, learning (conscious- you are aware of "it" and unconscious-we don't why we do what we do)
cognitive (mental) maps
knowledge of the layout of the environment in memory
early motivations for studying geography
land surveying, agriculture, astronomy, trade, military activity
lingua franca
language that colonizers use to communicate with locals
Small scale
large territory-small (less) details
largest and smallest states
largest-Russia 11% of earth's land surface, Canada, US, China- half the size of Russia smallest-Vatican city 2/10 of a square mile- in Rome, separate country, monnoco- france 6/10 or square mile, sealand-.002 square miles
historical origins of urban areas (when, where, why)
not really hunter-gatherer cities; small agglomerations-cant support many people to begin with 2. agriculture likely led to urbanization- necessary precursor to urbanization -cultivation of constant food supplies at a fixed location -accumulation of material artifacts and possesions -stratified societies (before hunting and gathering was the only two classes- now there are seperate classes now) -control of water for irrigation - requires coordination between families- promotes people coming together and living in a stable place 3. early cities also had trade, military, religious functions 4. 1st cities- eridu- dated to have originated 5400 7000 years ago, nile valley, india, china, areas of mediterranean, 2000-0 cities emerge in west africa and andes
language family
origin of language
ozone in the upper and lower atmosphere
ozone molecules in the upper atmosphere (stratosphere) and the lower atmosphere (troposphere) are chemically identical, because they all consist of three oxygen atoms and have the chemical formula O3. ... Ozone thus plays a key role in the temperature structure of the Earth's atmosphere
chain migration
pairs of locales with much in- and out-migration
concentric ring pattern for agricultural land use
starts from center and goes out with: city -> perishable like dairy -> cash grains like corn -> mixed farming -> livestock and extensive grain farming
demography
statistical study of human populations (spatial analysis)
residential inertia
staying put is more likely than moving, even beyond the time it would be rational to move. And some people just do not have the resources or freedom to move -people are attached to place
Ethnic religions
strong territorial and cultural group identification
human geography
study of human activity, culture and society
cultural ecology
study of human adaptations to social and physical environments
physical (natural) geography
study of landforms, soil, etc (earth science)
political geography
study of spatial distribution & organization of political phenomena; the spatially uneven outcomes of political processes
outsourcing
subcontracting production and service sector to outside companies
antecedent vs. subsequent boundaries
subsequent boundary: a political boundary that developed contemporaneously with the evolution of the major elements of cultural landscape antecedent: A boundary that already existed before the present settlement in that area occurred
the three types of economies
subsistence, market, and planned economies
supply-demand curve
supply: has a positive slope in respect to quantity demand: has a negative slope in respect to price
perdurants
takes place over time and gone in a moment (temporal-a moment EX: a kiss)
replacement fertility rate (replacement rate)
the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing) -need 2.1 on avg to account for childhood mortalities -developing nations need higher replacement because it has higher levels of mortality
basic/nonbasic ratio and city size
the number of nonbasic grows faster than basic
rank-size rule
the principle that many things all over the world, for example the sizes of cities or businesses, or how rich people are, follow the same pattern in relation to their rank on a list: According to the rank-size rule, a rank 3 city would have ⅓ the population of a country's largest city, a rank four city would have ¼ the population of the largest city, and so on.
desertification
the process by which fertile land becomes desert, typically as a result of drought, deforestation, or inappropriate agriculture
technology transfer
the process of transferring skills, knowledge, technologies, methods of manufacturing, samples of manufacturing and facilities among governments or universities and other institutions to ensure that scientific and technological developments are accessible to a wider range of users
foreign direct investment
the purchase of other factories by transnational corporations
infant mortality
the ratio of deaths of infants aged 1 year or under per 1000 live births
biosphere
the regions of the surface, atmosphere, and hydrosphere of the earth occupied by living organisms
sovereignty
the right to make decisions about territory
isotropic plain
the spread of the diffusion must be equally easy in all directions- no barriers evenly distributed population no diversity, everyone is the same
definition of economics
the study of the production, distribution, and consumption of commodities
doubling time
the time required for the population to double in size or value if current rate remains constant
market area tessellation
there are several market areas and surrounding towns next to each other that create a market area tessellation 1. assumptions produce regular configuration (regular array) of central places; maximally "scattered" as opposed to random or clustered 2. optimal "tiling" or "tessellation": regular hexagons-voronoi How have places have been centrally sited to a large extent Convex polygon- polygons that bulge outward- no matter where you are inside you dont have to cross a boundary No concave polygons 3. irregular configuration when isotropic plain relaxed
Christaller's Central Place Theory (CPT)
to explain pattern of central place settlements and market areas based on economic functions of towns and cities Pattern of "Urban Systems" in a Region 1. inspired by pattern of cities in Bavaria, early 1930s 2. where are cities of different sizes? 3. explain pattern of "central place" settlements and "hinterlands" (rural areas) (market areas), based on economic functions of towns and cities (commodities offered) You dont have to travel far for basic need items but you do have to travel far for luxuries
commercial agriculture
trade and exchange in market responding to demand by larger society rather than individual and family needs
independent innovation
trait with many hearths that developed independent of each other
universalizing religions
transmit their beliefs through missions and conversion
multimodal freight movement
transportation of goods under a single contract, but performed with at least two different means of transport
Literary tradition
travel logs
activity space
travel spaces on an everyday bases usually centered around their home-places you go to before you go home
shamanism
tribal religion involving the acceptance of a shaman
short-haul penalty
two short hauls is more expensive then one long haul because there are two sets of fixed costs
forced migration
you have to move
frontier zones
zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
Earth's size
~8,000 miles diameter (27 miles more at equator than poles); ~25,000 miles in circumference