Geography
Which of the following is normally found at the 5' ed of a DNA strand?
A phosphate group
What compound directly provides energy for cellular work
ATP
Noncyclic photophosphorylation produces
ATP and NADPH
Reactions in which atoms are rearranged within a molecule are catalyzed by
Isomerases
Which of the following statements is TRUE of selective toxicity?
Selective toxicity takes advantage of structural and/or metabolic differences between host and pathogen
Which of the following processes occurs in eukaryotes but not prokaryotes?
Capping
How many ATP molecules can theoretically be produced from the NADH generated by catabolism of a molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?
30
Bacteriochlorophyll a absorbs ________ light.
350 nm, ultraviolet
An apoenzyme requires ________ to be active
A cofactor
What a cell forms an amino acid by adding an amine group derived from ammonia to a precursor metabolite, this process is called
Amination
Chemical reactions that can proceed toward either anabolism or catabolism are called
Amphibolic
Which of the following organisms would be most likely to contaminate a jar of pickles?
An acidophile
Disinfecting agents naturally produced by microorganisms are
Antibiotics
The use of lysozyme during the preparation of cheese and wines is effective in reducing the numbers of
Bacteria
The modified amino acid f-Met is essential for
Bacterial translation
A(n)_____________ is a complex community of various types of microbes that adhere to surfaces
Biofilm
MacConkey agar plates represent _______________ medium
Both a differential and selective
Disinfectants that damage membranes include
Both alcohol and phenolics
Alcohols are used for
Both antisepsis and disinfection
Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are used for
Both antisepsis and disinfection
Which of the following is/are common to chemiosmosis and the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis ?
Both electron transport and a proton gradient
Boiling water for 10 minutes is effective in ridding it of
Both growing bacteria and enveloped viruses
A capnophile is a microorganism that thrives in conditions of high
Carbon dioxide levels
Hydroplanes are generally involved in______________ reactions
Catabolic
An organism that gains energy from redox reactions involving inorganic and organic chemicals is a(n)
Chemotroph
Which of the following is characteristic of prokaryotic genomes but NOT eukaryotic genomes?
Circular chromosomes
Sulfanilamide is an antimicrobial drug that mimics the shape of an important substrate for a particular bacterial enzyme, thereby inhibiting the enzyme. This type of inhibition is known as
Competitive inhibition
In conjugation, F+ cells
Contain an F plasmid
An axe is culture is one which
Contains only a pure culture
Which of the following is the correct sequence of stages in cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport
Which of the following is associated with the Calvin-Benson cycle?
RuBP
Sterilization
Destruction of ALL microorganisms and viruses in or on an object
Disinfection
Destruction of MOST microorganisms and viruses on non living tissue
Which of the following statements concerning transcription in bacteria is FALSE
Different RNA polymerases are required for synthesis of mRNA, rRNA, and tRNA
Blood agar plates are an example of ________ medium.
Differential
Why are endospores used to measure the effectiveness of autoclave sterilization?
Endospores are very hard to kill
Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs during which of the following stage(s) of glucose catabolism?
Energy-conservation stage of glycolysis
Which of the following is the CORRECT sequence of stages in glycolysis?
Energy-investment,lysis, energy-conservation
Joan wants to discover a microbe capable of degrading an environmental containment. Which of the following culturing methods would be most effective for isolation of such an organism?
Enrichment culture
Which of the following metabolic pathways is found only in prokaryotes?
Entner-Doudoroff (ED)
Quaternary ammonium compounds are disinfectants effective against?
Enveloped viruses
A chemical agent that kills pathogenic microbes in general is a(n)
Germicide
The horizontal transfer process known as transduction
Involves a virus
Enzymes always function best at 37 degrees C
FALSE
If a call reverses the process of beta-oxidation, which of the following molecules will it make?
Fatty acids
A scientist develops a new medication that is a protein compound and that must be administered by injection. Which of the following would be the most effective and safest means of preparing a sterile solution of the new medication ?
Filtration
Anabolic reactions may be characterized as
Forming large molecules from smaller molecules
Aseptic means
Free of pathogens
Which of the following is used for microbial control in fresh fruits and vegetables?
Gamma rays
Glycerol from triglycerides can be converted to a substrate for the
Glycolic pathway
Betadine contains what type of chemical agent?
Halogen
At temperatures higher than the maximum growth temperature for an organism
Hydrogen bonds are broken, proteins are denatured, and membranes become too fluid
The events of binary fission are I. The cell doubles in size II. The DNA is replicated III. The cells forms a septum IV. The cell separates from its offspring the CORRECT order of these events is
II, I, III, IV
Obligate anaerobes may be cultured in the laboratory
In a reducing medium
Which of the following DNA repair processes is most likely to introduce mutations into the repaired DNA
SOS repair
An epidemiologist is investigating a new disease and observes what appear to be bacteria inside tissue cells in clinical samples from victims. The scientist wants to try to isolate the bacteria in the lab. What culture conditions are most likely to be successful ?
Inoculation of cell cultures
Which of the following is NOT a desirable characteristic of an ideal antimicrobial agent?
It only arrests growth of vegetative cells
A product of anaerobic glycolysis may be _____________
Lactic acid
The generation time of bacterial cells is shortest during the _________ phase
Log
You notice a sign in a public restroom that states "Sanitized for your safety." This means
Methods of disinfection that meet minimum standards of microbial removal have been used
Methods of microbial control called_____________arrest the growth of microbes
Microbistatic
A polypeptide in a wild microbe contains the sequence Leu-Pro-Tyr-Ser-Pro. A phenotypic variant of the species has the peptide sequence Leu-Pro-Cys-Ser-Pro. This is an example of a(n) _____________ mutation
Missense
The Ames test demonstrates that a chemical is
Mutagenic in Salmonella
A microbe that grows only at the bottom of a tube of thioglycollate medium is probably a(n)
Obligate anaerobe
Prokaryotes produce the majority of their ATP
On the cytoplasmic membrane
Nitrogen is a growth-limiting nutrient for many organisms because
Only a few microbes can extract it from the atmosphere, but all organisms require it for amino acid and nucleotide synthesis
The use of salt and sugar in preserving various types of foods in an application of which of the following concepts?
Osmotic pressure
An aerobic process requires
Oxygen
Antimicrobial agents that damage nuclei acids also affect
Protein synthesis
CFUs (colony forming units) are the source for
Pure cultures
The therapeutic range of an antimicrobial is the
Range of concentrations at which the antimicrobial is both effective and non-toxic
Antisepsis
Reduction in the number of microorganisms and viruses, particularly pathogens on living tissue
Aseptic
Refers to an environment or procedure free of pathogenic contaminants
Degerming
Removal of microbes by MECHANICAL means
Sanitization
Removal of pathogens from objects to meet public health standards
Ultra-high-temperature sterilization effectively
Removes all microbes that cause diseases or spoilage
The compound ethylene oxide is used in
Sterilization
The process of filtration can be a(n)
Sterilizing method
The molecule that an enzyme acts upon is known as its
Substrate
Which of the following statements is TRUE of bacterial plasmids
They are small circular DNA molecules that can replicate autonomously
Code/cidal
Suffixes indicating destruction of a particular type of microbe
Stasis/static
Suffixes indicating inhibition but NOT COMPLETE DESTRUCTION of a type of microbe
The absence of _______________ leaves obligate anaerobes susceptible to killing by oxygen
Superoxide dismutase
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of Okazaki fragments?
They are longer in eukaryotic cells
Genetic elements known as promoters are initiation points in the process of
Transcription
RNA polymerase is primarily responsible for
Transcription
Which of the following processes is involved in the "central dogma" of genetics?
Transcription and translation
Frederick Griffith discovered
Transformation
Which of the following causes mutations by creating thymine dimmers?
Ultraviolet light
Which of the following types of radiation is non- ionizing and has the shortest wavelength?
Ultraviolet light
Pasteurization
Use of HEAT to destroy pathogens and reduce the number of spoilage of microorganisms in foods/drinks
Which of the following procedures is currently the standard test used in the United States for evaluating the efficiency of antiseptics and disinfectants?
Use-dilution test
Which of the following is NOT a feature associated with filtration?
Varying thickness of membrane filters used
The_____________ method provides an estimate of the CFUs in a sample
Viable plate-count
The waste products of cellular respiration include
Water and carbon dioxide
Aerobic Cellular Respiration Formula
glucose + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water + ATP
Amino acids are delivered in their appropriate order by
tRNAs