Geography Ch5
_______ is the view that population growth is sustained by agricultural and technological innovations that increase the carrying capacity of the land.
Cornucopianism
Named for the English economist who first first proposed it, ______ is the view that without preventative checks on population growth by societies, overpopulation will lead to catastrophic checks through famine, war, and disease.
Malthusianism
Which of the following are included in the demographic equation? (Select all that apply.)
Migration Birth rates Death rates
Why, even in developed countries, is a total fertility rate of 2.0 not considered sufficient to replace present population?
Some women die before they complete their childbearing years. A higher proportion of boys are born than girls.
Which part of the world is the most populous?
South Asia
Why is the crude birth rate considered less refined than the total fertility rate?
The crude birth rate includes members of the population who cannot give birth.
A consequence of the global demographic transition from high to low rates of fertility and mortality is ______ of the population.
aging
The average age of the population of a destination country for immigrants will decrease because
birth rates increase with the influx of immigrants immigrants tend to be younger
Human population growth is slowing because the number of ______ is decreasing.
births
A large portion of the decline in the crude death rate for the world is due to a decline in ______.
infant mortality
All demography forecasts predict that all future growth in world population will take place in
less-developed
Most future population growth in developed countries will be due to ______ from past high fertility, and ______ will be an inevitable consequence of the recent changes in fertility.
momentum; aging
As of 2020, almost all developed countries in Europe fear a ______.
population implosion
Estimates of future population size, age, and sex composition are called population ______.
projections
The second stage of the demographic transition model is marked by ______.
rapid population growth high birth rates higher life expectancies
The shape of this population pyramid is typical for a population that is ______
rapidly growing
is the frequency of the occurrence of an event during a given time frame; for example, the number of college graduates per year.
rate
Population doubling time can be roughly determined by dividing 70 by the ______.
rate of population increase
If the crude death rate of a country is 32 per 1,000 and the crude birth rate is 50 per 1,000, what is the rate of natural increase?
1.8 percent
What would be the crude birth rate for a country with a population of 80 million and 2 million births per year?
25
What does over one-fifth of the adult population of some sub-Saharan African countries suffer from that has caused a drastic decrease in the average life expectancy?
AIDS
density is the number of rural residents per unit of arable land.
Blank 1: Agricultural
is a measure of access to safe and nutritious food supplies sufficient to meet individual dietary needs
Blank 1: Food Blank 2: security
In Western Europe, the transition from stage 1 to stage 2 of the demographic transition model followed the , when societies transitioned from rural to urban.
Blank 1: Industrial Blank 2: Revolution
density is the total population divided by the area of arable land.
Blank 1: Physiological
is the relationship between the number of inhabitants and the area they occupy.
Blank 1: Population Blank 2: density
model traces the changing levels of human fertility and mortality through time as societies become more industrialized.
Blank 1: demographic Blank 2: transition
is the number of people that each 100 people in the productive years (ages 15 to 64) must support.
Blank 1: dependency Blank 2: ratio
The amount of time it takes for a population to double if the current growth rate remains constant is the
Blank 1: doubling Blank 2: time
is the part of the Earth's surface that is permanently inhabited by human populations.
Blank 1: ecumene
When the population is equivalent to the carrying capacity of the occupied area, it is said to have reached a plateau.
Blank 1: homeostatic
The rate of is equal to the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate
Blank 1: natural Blank 2: increase
The uninhabitable or very sparsely populated parts of the Earth's surface are referred to as the
Blank 1: nonecumene
The diagram shown here is a(n) , a powerful tool for visualizing and comparing a population's age and sex composition.
Blank 1: population Blank 2: pyramid
is the average number of children a woman will have over the course of her childbearing years.
Blank 1: total Blank 2: fertility Blank 3: rate
The _______ thesis states that population growth acts as a stimulus, not a deterrent, to development.
Boserup
Based on the age distribution shown in this population pyramid, what type of community does it reflect?
College town
Why don't birth rates fall as soon as death rates during the second stage of the demographic transition model?
Cultural beliefs in the benefits of large families do not change rapidly.
Which of these are the four areas of the world that contain great population clusters?
East Asia Europe Northeastern United States South Asia
can help relieve the pressure of rapid population growth, as it did for Europe between 1846 and 1935.
Emigration
True or false: Birth and death records provide the most accurate population data for the world.
False
An exception to the recent trend of improvements in life expectancy is the spread of , particularly in developing countries
HIV
What allows population densities in some parts of the world to exceed the carrying capacity of the land on which they live?
International trade of food and other resources
Select all that apply Which two types of environment typically host the greatest population densities?
Lowlands Coastal areas
What is the alternative name for the crude death rate?
Mortality rate
______ is the concept that population control programs, in particular those that reduce birth rates, are necessary to ensure adequate environmental resources for current and future populations.
Neo-Malthusianism
Which of these factors strongly influence the crude birth rate of a country? (Select all that apply.)
Number of males versus females in the population Government population policies Age structure of the population Family size expectations of a culture
Which of these is not considered a population pressure?
Physical space available
Stage 4 of the demographic transition model is characterized by ______. Stage 5 is characterized by ______.
low to zero population growth; population decline
Death rates for less-developed countries as a group are currently than those for more-developed countries
lower
A population can continue to grow after fertility levels fall below the replacement level. This is due to population , the result of past high fertility rates
momentum
The use of the natural population growth rate alone may lead to misleading population projections because ______.
net migration is not accounted for
From this table, it can be seen that the doubling time needed to take the world population from 250 million to 500 million was 1650 years. Using the Rule of 70, you can calculate that the rate of natural increase during this period was ______%.
0.04
Which of these statements about population projections are true?
Demographers commonly present more than one population projection for an area, each based on different conditions. Population projections assume that current conditions will apply in the future. Population projections are based on incomplete data.
is the statistical study of human population.
Demography
Select all the statements that are true with regards to human populations and the physical landscape.
Nearly all (90%) of the people live north of the equator. As a general rule, as the elevation increases the number of people decreases.
Why are some people concerned about population growth?
Population could expand beyond the capacity of the natural resource base of the Earth.
True or false: Today, more people live in cities than in rural areas.
True
What are most developed countries in Europe trying in regards to their population size?
Using "guest workers" Encouraging births
The demographic transition model was originally devised to describe the experience of ______.
Western European countries
During stage three of the demographic transition model, population growth slows as ______
birth rates decline due to families choosing to have fewer children
In general, immigrant groups ______.
are dominated by young, single people
The most basic measure of population density, ______ density, is the calculation of the number of people per unit area of land.
arithmetic
By 2050, less-developed countries will ______.
be responsible for most of the human population growth
Relating to the population of humans on the planet, the amount of physical space on the Earth that people occupy ______.
cannot be considered a possible limiting factor
A population cannot continue to grow for the long if the Earth's capacity is exceeded
carrying
Select all that apply The rate of natural increase may not accurately reflect population growth or decline because it does not take into account ______.
changes in life expectancy emigration immigration
is a population group distinguished by a specified common characteristic; for example, those people born between 1985 and 1990
cohort
When a population pyramid is narrow at the base, like the one shown here, it indicates a(n)
declining
A J-curve for a population shows ______.
exponential growth
The demographic transition model describes how societies go through ______ stages as they become more industrialized and birth and death rates change.
five
When population exceeds the carrying capacity of the land, that potentially leads to reduced ______.
food security
A population pyramid is a ______.
graph showing a population's age and sex composition
Select all that apply The first stage of the demographic transition model is marked by ______. (Select all that apply.)
high birth rates and high, but fluctuating, death rates slow population growth
The flat portions of the population graph represent ______, periods when the population is in equilibrium with the carrying capacity of the land.
homeostatic plateaus
If the number of deaths exceeds the number of births, a population can still be stable if there is a high enough influx of ______
immigrants
Birth rates of less than 18 per 1000 are characteristic of ______ countries.
industrialized, urbanized
The ______ is the number of children a generation of females must produce to ensure the same number of women survive in that generation to have offspring themselves.
replacement level fertility
The decrease in mortality rates that marks the transition from stage 1 to stage 2 of the demographic transition model was much more rapid for developing countries due to ______.
the rapid introduction of Western medicine technologies
Examine these two population pyramids. In which year is the dependency ratio higher or is the ratio equal?
1970
If, in a particular country, 50 of 10,000 infants die within their first year, what is the infant mortality rate for that country?
5
In 2012, the Earth's population reached ______ people.
7 billion
The doubling time for a population with a rate of increase of 1 percent is ______ years.
70
In 2019, the United Nations projected that the world's human population in 2050 would be
9.7 billion
warned in 1798 that human population growth, if unchecked, would outstrip the potential for increasing food supplies to meet human subsistence needs
Blank 1: Thomas Blank 2: Malthus
Demographers have noted a growing demographic divide between countries with low rates and those with higher rates.
Blank 1: birth
On a worldwide basis, populations only grow when the number of in a given period exceeds the number of
Blank 1: births Blank 2: deaths
The concept of overpopulation is related to the of the land.
Blank 1: carrying Blank 2: capacity
The primary tool for collecting data on population is a national
Blank 1: census
is the number of live births per 1000 population per year.
Blank 1: crude Blank 2: birth Blank 3: rate
is the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people for a given population
Blank 1: crude Blank 2: death Blank 3: rate
summarizes the contribution to regional population change by natural change (births minus deaths) and net migration.
Blank 1: demographic Blank 2: equation
Global fertility and birth rates have been , leading to the belief that world population numbers will peak earlier than expected.
Blank 1: falling
Comprehensive, national family planning programs in China, India, and Singapore were adopted due to the popularity of thinking.
Blank 1:neo-Malthusianism
Examine this figure. In which parts of the world has the total fertility rate dropped below the absolute minimum level for population replacement? (Select all that apply.)
Developed countries Latin America East Asia
True or false: The country with the highest percentage of its population aged 65 and older is China.
False
True or false: Today, total population numbers are strongly affected by emigration.
False
Why are the differences in death rates between less-developed and more-developed countries much smaller than the differences in birth rates?
Improvements in basic sanitation and health care globally have decreased death rates in the developing world.
Why has the European Union, despite having negative rate of natural increase, had a constant population since 2000?
Increased numbers of people immigrating from outside the European Union
This graph, showing world population growth from 8000 B.C.E. to A.D. 2000, demonstrates ______ growth.
J-curve
Select all that apply Examine this map of world population distribution. Which of the following statements are true? (Select all that apply.)
Population density is higher in western Europe than it is in North America. More people live north of the equator than live south of the equator. The world's population is concentrated on a relatively small proportion of the land surface.
______ is the study of the size, composition, and spatial distribution of the human population.
Population geography
What is population momentum?
Population growth that is driven by a young population formed by past high fertility rates
When considering all of human history, why did death rates fluctuate during the first stage of the demographic transition model?
Preindustrial societies were susceptible to epidemics and the effects of poor harvests
Why has the United Nations lowered its population projections for the end of this century?
Rapid declines in total fertility rates in developing countries
Based on the shape of this population pyramid, what kind of community does it represent?
Retirement community