Geography Ch5

_______ is the view that population growth is sustained by agricultural and technological innovations that increase the carrying capacity of the land.

Cornucopianism

Named for the English economist who first first proposed it, ______ is the view that without preventative checks on population growth by societies, overpopulation will lead to catastrophic checks through famine, war, and disease.

Malthusianism

Which of the following are included in the demographic equation? (Select all that apply.)

Migration Birth rates Death rates

Why, even in developed countries, is a total fertility rate of 2.0 not considered sufficient to replace present population?

Some women die before they complete their childbearing years. A higher proportion of boys are born than girls.

Which part of the world is the most populous?

South Asia

Why is the crude birth rate considered less refined than the total fertility rate?

The crude birth rate includes members of the population who cannot give birth.

A consequence of the global demographic transition from high to low rates of fertility and mortality is ______ of the population.

aging

The average age of the population of a destination country for immigrants will decrease because

birth rates increase with the influx of immigrants immigrants tend to be younger

Human population growth is slowing because the number of ______ is decreasing.

births

A large portion of the decline in the crude death rate for the world is due to a decline in ______.

infant mortality

All demography forecasts predict that all future growth in world population will take place in

less-developed

Most future population growth in developed countries will be due to ______ from past high fertility, and ______ will be an inevitable consequence of the recent changes in fertility.

momentum; aging

As of 2020, almost all developed countries in Europe fear a ______.

population implosion

Estimates of future population size, age, and sex composition are called population ______.

projections

The second stage of the demographic transition model is marked by ______.

rapid population growth high birth rates higher life expectancies

The shape of this population pyramid is typical for a population that is ______

rapidly growing

is the frequency of the occurrence of an event during a given time frame; for example, the number of college graduates per year.

rate

Population doubling time can be roughly determined by dividing 70 by the ______.

rate of population increase

If the crude death rate of a country is 32 per 1,000 and the crude birth rate is 50 per 1,000, what is the rate of natural increase?

1.8 percent

What would be the crude birth rate for a country with a population of 80 million and 2 million births per year?

25

What does over one-fifth of the adult population of some sub-Saharan African countries suffer from that has caused a drastic decrease in the average life expectancy?

AIDS

density is the number of rural residents per unit of arable land.

Blank 1: Agricultural

is a measure of access to safe and nutritious food supplies sufficient to meet individual dietary needs

Blank 1: Food Blank 2: security

In Western Europe, the transition from stage 1 to stage 2 of the demographic transition model followed the , when societies transitioned from rural to urban.

Blank 1: Industrial Blank 2: Revolution

density is the total population divided by the area of arable land.

Blank 1: Physiological

is the relationship between the number of inhabitants and the area they occupy.

Blank 1: Population Blank 2: density

model traces the changing levels of human fertility and mortality through time as societies become more industrialized.

Blank 1: demographic Blank 2: transition

is the number of people that each 100 people in the productive years (ages 15 to 64) must support.

Blank 1: dependency Blank 2: ratio

The amount of time it takes for a population to double if the current growth rate remains constant is the

Blank 1: doubling Blank 2: time

is the part of the Earth's surface that is permanently inhabited by human populations.

Blank 1: ecumene

When the population is equivalent to the carrying capacity of the occupied area, it is said to have reached a plateau.

Blank 1: homeostatic

The rate of is equal to the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate

Blank 1: natural Blank 2: increase

The uninhabitable or very sparsely populated parts of the Earth's surface are referred to as the

Blank 1: nonecumene

The diagram shown here is a(n) , a powerful tool for visualizing and comparing a population's age and sex composition.

Blank 1: population Blank 2: pyramid

is the average number of children a woman will have over the course of her childbearing years.

Blank 1: total Blank 2: fertility Blank 3: rate

The _______ thesis states that population growth acts as a stimulus, not a deterrent, to development.

Boserup

Based on the age distribution shown in this population pyramid, what type of community does it reflect?

College town

Why don't birth rates fall as soon as death rates during the second stage of the demographic transition model?

Cultural beliefs in the benefits of large families do not change rapidly.

Which of these are the four areas of the world that contain great population clusters?

East Asia Europe Northeastern United States South Asia

can help relieve the pressure of rapid population growth, as it did for Europe between 1846 and 1935.

Emigration

True or false: Birth and death records provide the most accurate population data for the world.

False

An exception to the recent trend of improvements in life expectancy is the spread of , particularly in developing countries

HIV

What allows population densities in some parts of the world to exceed the carrying capacity of the land on which they live?

International trade of food and other resources

Select all that apply Which two types of environment typically host the greatest population densities?

Lowlands Coastal areas

What is the alternative name for the crude death rate?

Mortality rate

______ is the concept that population control programs, in particular those that reduce birth rates, are necessary to ensure adequate environmental resources for current and future populations.

Neo-Malthusianism

Which of these factors strongly influence the crude birth rate of a country? (Select all that apply.)

Number of males versus females in the population Government population policies Age structure of the population Family size expectations of a culture

Which of these is not considered a population pressure?

Physical space available

Stage 4 of the demographic transition model is characterized by ______. Stage 5 is characterized by ______.

low to zero population growth; population decline

Death rates for less-developed countries as a group are currently than those for more-developed countries

lower

A population can continue to grow after fertility levels fall below the replacement level. This is due to population , the result of past high fertility rates

momentum

The use of the natural population growth rate alone may lead to misleading population projections because ______.

net migration is not accounted for

From this table, it can be seen that the doubling time needed to take the world population from 250 million to 500 million was 1650 years. Using the Rule of 70, you can calculate that the rate of natural increase during this period was ______%.

0.04

Which of these statements about population projections are true?

Demographers commonly present more than one population projection for an area, each based on different conditions. Population projections assume that current conditions will apply in the future. Population projections are based on incomplete data.

is the statistical study of human population.

Demography

Select all the statements that are true with regards to human populations and the physical landscape.

Nearly all (90%) of the people live north of the equator. As a general rule, as the elevation increases the number of people decreases.

Why are some people concerned about population growth?

Population could expand beyond the capacity of the natural resource base of the Earth.

True or false: Today, more people live in cities than in rural areas.

True

What are most developed countries in Europe trying in regards to their population size?

Using "guest workers" Encouraging births

The demographic transition model was originally devised to describe the experience of ______.

Western European countries

During stage three of the demographic transition model, population growth slows as ______

birth rates decline due to families choosing to have fewer children

In general, immigrant groups ______.

are dominated by young, single people

The most basic measure of population density, ______ density, is the calculation of the number of people per unit area of land.

arithmetic

By 2050, less-developed countries will ______.

be responsible for most of the human population growth

Relating to the population of humans on the planet, the amount of physical space on the Earth that people occupy ______.

cannot be considered a possible limiting factor

A population cannot continue to grow for the long if the Earth's capacity is exceeded

carrying

Select all that apply The rate of natural increase may not accurately reflect population growth or decline because it does not take into account ______.

changes in life expectancy emigration immigration

is a population group distinguished by a specified common characteristic; for example, those people born between 1985 and 1990

cohort

When a population pyramid is narrow at the base, like the one shown here, it indicates a(n)

declining

A J-curve for a population shows ______.

exponential growth

The demographic transition model describes how societies go through ______ stages as they become more industrialized and birth and death rates change.

five

When population exceeds the carrying capacity of the land, that potentially leads to reduced ______.

food security

A population pyramid is a ______.

graph showing a population's age and sex composition

Select all that apply The first stage of the demographic transition model is marked by ______. (Select all that apply.)

high birth rates and high, but fluctuating, death rates slow population growth

The flat portions of the population graph represent ______, periods when the population is in equilibrium with the carrying capacity of the land.

homeostatic plateaus

If the number of deaths exceeds the number of births, a population can still be stable if there is a high enough influx of ______

immigrants

Birth rates of less than 18 per 1000 are characteristic of ______ countries.

industrialized, urbanized

The ______ is the number of children a generation of females must produce to ensure the same number of women survive in that generation to have offspring themselves.

replacement level fertility

The decrease in mortality rates that marks the transition from stage 1 to stage 2 of the demographic transition model was much more rapid for developing countries due to ______.

the rapid introduction of Western medicine technologies

Examine these two population pyramids. In which year is the dependency ratio higher or is the ratio equal?

1970

If, in a particular country, 50 of 10,000 infants die within their first year, what is the infant mortality rate for that country?

5

In 2012, the Earth's population reached ______ people.

7 billion

The doubling time for a population with a rate of increase of 1 percent is ______ years.

70

In 2019, the United Nations projected that the world's human population in 2050 would be

9.7 billion

warned in 1798 that human population growth, if unchecked, would outstrip the potential for increasing food supplies to meet human subsistence needs

Blank 1: Thomas Blank 2: Malthus

Demographers have noted a growing demographic divide between countries with low rates and those with higher rates.

Blank 1: birth

On a worldwide basis, populations only grow when the number of in a given period exceeds the number of

Blank 1: births Blank 2: deaths

The concept of overpopulation is related to the of the land.

Blank 1: carrying Blank 2: capacity

The primary tool for collecting data on population is a national

Blank 1: census

is the number of live births per 1000 population per year.

Blank 1: crude Blank 2: birth Blank 3: rate

is the annual number of deaths per 1,000 people for a given population

Blank 1: crude Blank 2: death Blank 3: rate

summarizes the contribution to regional population change by natural change (births minus deaths) and net migration.

Blank 1: demographic Blank 2: equation

Global fertility and birth rates have been , leading to the belief that world population numbers will peak earlier than expected.

Blank 1: falling

Comprehensive, national family planning programs in China, India, and Singapore were adopted due to the popularity of thinking.

Blank 1:neo-Malthusianism

Examine this figure. In which parts of the world has the total fertility rate dropped below the absolute minimum level for population replacement? (Select all that apply.)

Developed countries Latin America East Asia

True or false: The country with the highest percentage of its population aged 65 and older is China.

False

True or false: Today, total population numbers are strongly affected by emigration.

False

Why are the differences in death rates between less-developed and more-developed countries much smaller than the differences in birth rates?

Improvements in basic sanitation and health care globally have decreased death rates in the developing world.

Why has the European Union, despite having negative rate of natural increase, had a constant population since 2000?

Increased numbers of people immigrating from outside the European Union

This graph, showing world population growth from 8000 B.C.E. to A.D. 2000, demonstrates ______ growth.

J-curve

Select all that apply Examine this map of world population distribution. Which of the following statements are true? (Select all that apply.)

Population density is higher in western Europe than it is in North America. More people live north of the equator than live south of the equator. The world's population is concentrated on a relatively small proportion of the land surface.

______ is the study of the size, composition, and spatial distribution of the human population.

Population geography

What is population momentum?

Population growth that is driven by a young population formed by past high fertility rates

When considering all of human history, why did death rates fluctuate during the first stage of the demographic transition model?

Preindustrial societies were susceptible to epidemics and the effects of poor harvests

Why has the United Nations lowered its population projections for the end of this century?

Rapid declines in total fertility rates in developing countries

Based on the shape of this population pyramid, what kind of community does it represent?

Retirement community