Geography exam 3

transition zone from the upper mantle to the crust is known as the ________ discontinuity.

Mohorovii

________ is the coherent theory that describes the motion of the Earth's lithosphere and associated processes and results

Plate tectonics

Most cratons date to the

Precambrian eon

Which of the following statements about Earth's core is not correct?

The inner core is believed to be liquid and the outer core solid.

Which of the following is incorrect regarding floodplains?

They are characterized by rapids and low waterfalls

Which of the following may act as a local base level

a lake that a river flows into

Folded layers of rock can form a wavelike pattern of troughs and crests. The layers near the crest (i.e., the upward fold) form

an anticline.

Limestone formed from the shells of marine organisms is an example of ________ sedimentary rock

biochemical

he Mississippi River delta has widely spaced distributary channels extending long distances into the Gulf of Mexico. This is an example of a(n) ________ delta

bird's-foot

The geologic cycle is fueled by

both solar energy and the Earth's internal hea

Excess sediment may result in which of the following channel patterns

braided stream

The main process contributing material in solution in sediment load is

chemical weathering

Sedimentary rock formed from dissolved minerals that precipitate out of water solution and build up to form rock are

chemical.

A large region where a craton is exposed at the surface is known as a

continental shield

Identify the correct sequences for the following layers: Lower mantle, upper mantle, Asthenosphere, Crust

crust, asthenosphere, upper mantle, lower mantle (bottom)

A ________ is a mixture of water and loosely consolidated sediment, such as gravels, boulders, and coarse rock fragments, moving downslope.

debris flow

Mounting evidence indicates that the dramatic increase in the number of earthquakes in the central United States is caused by

deep wastewater injection wells

All processes that cause reduction and rearrangement of landforms are included in the term

denudation

A stream's volume of flow per unit of time is its

discharge

Watersheds are defined by

drainage divides

When pressure is removed from overlying rock, the pressure of deep burial is relieved, initiating pressure-release jointing. The joints then separate into curved slabs. This is known a

exfoliation

The fact that water expands as much as 9% of its volume as it freezes is the basis of

frost wedging

Orogenesis refers to

general term for a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust.

The angle of repose represent a balance between the driving force and resisting force. Which of the following is the driving force

gravity

Chemical weathering is greatest under conditions of

higher rainfall and temperatures

Which of the following is not a type of physical weathering process?

hydrolysis

A batholith forms from

intrusive igneous rock

Continuing dissolution and collapse may lead the coalescing of sinkholes to form a

karst valley

Which human-induced mass movement event occurred in 2013 on an unstable slope within the Bingham Canyon Mine?

landslide

Molten rock that pours forth on Earth's surface is called

lava

Effusive eruptions are not related to which of the following?

magma rich in silica and aluminum

Tensional stress along a fault can result in a dropped hanging-wall block relative to the footwall side, producing a

normal fault

the Andes of South America formed as a result of the Nazca plate subducting beneath the South American plate. This is an example of ________ collision

oceanic plate-continental plate

A(n) ________ is a meander that becomes isolated from the rest of the river

oxbow lake

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

oxygen, silicon, and aluminum

This drainage pattern results when streams flow off a central peak or dome

radial

Which of the following can lead to the slope failure that causes mass movement

saturation, oversteepening of slopes, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions

The ultimate base level is

sea level.

What type of rock is derived from the bits and pieces of former rocks?

sedimentary

In stream formation, surface water initially moves down slope in a thin film called

sheetflow

A gently sloping mountain landform built from effusive eruption is known as a

shield volcano

As a stream's competence decreases, which of the following sediments would be deposited last?

silt

Which of the following is not a class of mass movement?

slip

Inclined surfaces that form the boundaries of landforms are known as

slopes

A slow persistent mass movement of surface soil is called

soil creep

the scientific study of rock strata (layers) is known as ________ and based on the principle of ________.

stratigraphy; superposition

When lateral shear causes horizontal movement along a fault plane, the resulting fault is called a

strike-slip fault

The sediment load consisting of fine-grained clastic particles held aloft in the stream is the

suspended load

Pulverized rock and clastic materials ejected violently during an eruption are called

tephra, or pyroclastics

Under pressure, rocks can bend and deform, and then spring back to their initial shape after pressure is released. This is known as

the elastic-rebound theory

Plants are important to the development of karst primarily because

they supply organic acids that enhance the dissolution process

Carbonation, in terms of chemical weathering, occurs when

water vapor dissolves carbon dioxide, yielding precipitation that contains carbonic acid

A 50-year flood has an annual exceedance probability of

2%

During the past 4 million years, ________ geomagnetic reversals have occurred.

9

The river with the greatest discharge is the

Amazon

The most recent epoch in the geologic time scale is the ________, though numerous scientists agree we have entered a new epoch called the ________.

Holocene; Anthropocene

are sites of upwelling of magma from the mantle independent of plate boundaries.

Hot spots