Geography unit 4 sac
Global Ageing Populations(life expectancy)
one where the population aged 60-65 years + is growing. Result of a falling birth and death rates, as well as rising life expectancy. 1900 - Average life expectancy was 30. 1980 - This had increased to 62. 2013 - It had risen further to 71 (68.5 for males, 73.5 for females) In the same year, Australia's were 80.5 for males and 84.6 for females. See Figure 2.22 on p35 for a full breakdown of the world's ageing population in 2015. WHO predicts by 2050 - >60s will double to 2 billion; over 80s could be <400 million Sub-Saharan Africa = 10-20% will be 65+ Russia and Italy = 30% will be 65+ Japan = 39.6% will be 65+
World Health Organization
Estimates that 1/3 of the world is well-fed, 1/3 of the world is under-fed and 1/3 is starving. By 2050 that number could be significantly larger when the world's population is expected to reach 9 billion. The world's driest regions in Northern Africa and the Middle East are also the fastest growing, putting them at an especially high risk of furthering the food crisis
Australia Migration
-180 non-indigenous languages spoken -One of the world's highest growth rates in the developed world, driven by net migration. -Growth was 1-1.7% from 1980-2005. Peaked at 2% in 2008. This was mainly due to students and higher intake of permanent/temporary skilled migrants -¼ of all Australians were born overseas-Mainly UK and NZ
International Migrants 2015 facts
-48% are women -39 median age -15% are below 20 years old -244 million in 2015, increased of 71 million since 2000 -2/3 of international migrants live in Europe or Asia -75 million live in Asia -104 million come from Asia
Population pyramid France 2015
-A mature population-stage 4 -Narrowing base due to a falling birth rate (male 5.2 million, 5 million) -Indent may be due to a past drop in the birth rate or mass migration of a particular age group 15-24 (decrease of 0.2 million for both females and males) -Less of a pyramid shape, with more equal numbers in most age groups until after 65 years (around 5.4 million females, 5.1 million males) -Increasing dependent population over 65 years -Female life expectancy longer than male life expectancy (80-84-females 2.4 million, males 1.6 million)
Problems studying overseas
-Affordable accommodation -Missing family/friends -Struggling to make social connections -Becoming familiar with local culture -Different education system
Thomas Malthus answer
-Couples should practice abstinence, delaying marriage and sex until they could afford to raise children (He's from England where Christianity is the largest religion). -Marriage between couples of extreme poverty or with 'social defects' should be restricted. -A population unable to feed itself would be subject to starvation, disease and/or war. These events could help reduce the size of the population to more sustainable needs.
Who migrates and which countries?
-Equal amounts of males/females -Workforce -Depends on country 2000- USA 35 million immigrants Russia-12 million immigrants Germany- 9 million 2015- USA 47 million immigrants Germany- 12 million Russia - 12 million
Since 1980s migrant workers
-Labour migrants have moved from: -S.Europe to NW Europe -Central America to N.America -S.Asia to Middle East -New Zealand to Australia -Indonesia - 4.4 million work outside of the country, mainly women in domestic duties.
What can migrants become
-Naturalised citizens -Legal permanent residents -Refugees -Asylum seekers -International students -Long-term temporary visas (i.e. working visas) -Unauthorised immigrants (illegal) Exception to the rule - Nomadics when they cross international borders Examples: European Roma and the Tuaregs of N.Africa
Why have global crude death rates fallen?
-Spread of knowledge and more effective control of disease, including widespread use of vaccinations for TB, polio and influenza in developing regions. Example: UNICEF - -Individual government programs and international efforts targeting safe water supplies - reduces cholera and gastroenteritis. Example: WaterAid Ausrtalia - -Impact of the green revolution - increase in global food supplies - Asian national famine threat has been reduced significantly.
Reasons for the differences in population distribution
-inhospitable environmental factors-short growing seasons, low and unreliably rainfall, steep topography, poor population density -local water sources such as artesian basins, the discovery of minerals, defense sites -gentle sloping land of farming communities-higher population densities
Response to refugees
1. Refugee warehousing Refugee camps - short term solution - sub-standard living conditions with little chance to build skills or access education. People normally stay her for 5-10 years +.-Manus Island 2. Repatriation (return) to country of origin when the situation is safer-At a 15 year low. In 2013, 414,000 refugees returned home. This is only 1/3 of the average annual return rate of the first decade of the 1900s. 3. Resettlement into the country to which they have fled, or to a 3rd country 2013 - <1% of the 10.5 million refugees registered with UNHCR were resettled. See Figure 3.35 on p65 Example: Tashi Palkhiel Tibetan Refugee Settlement, Nepal
World population growth facts
1800-0.9 billion people-growth rate of 0.4% 1900-1.65 billion people-growth rate of 0.55% 1960-3 billion people-growth rate of 1.8% 1970-growth rate peaked at 2.1% 1980-4.4 billion people- growth rate of 1.8% 2015- 7.4 billion people-growth rate of 1.2% 2100- 11.2 billion people-growth rate of 0.1%
Global Movement of Workers
2014 - International Labour Organization (ILO) estimated 126 million people living outside their country of origin in order to worker for >12months. Migrant workers are valuable to the economy where there are worker shortfalls. Government policies need to protect them from exploitation
Benefits studying in Australia
2015 = Contribute $17.5 billion to the economy in 12 months. 20% of Melbourne population = international student Lead to a boom in student accommodation in the CBD, however there is still a shortage.
Migrants crossing the Mediterranean
924,147 arrivals by sea in 2015 3,671-dead/missing in 2015 Greece-arrivals-771,508, deaths 627 Spain- arrivals 3,845, deaths 98
Irregular migrant
A migrant without documented approval to remain in a country - illegal Enter illegally Overstay their visa duration
Malthus Theory
At a time when the Industrial Revolution was changing the structure of the population. Increasingly urban Death rates decreasing Birth rates remaining high Seemed that population was getting out of control Malthus hypothesized: Whilst the world's population would grow exponentially (2, 4, 8, 16, 32....) food production would only increase arithmetically (2, 4, 6, 8, 10....) over the same time period. As a result, there would be a gap between the ability of an area to support a population, and the size of the population wanting to live there.
Australia's population distribution
Australia's population distribution varies because of: -Inhospitable environmental factors such as short growing seasons associated with low and unreliable rainfall. -Steep topography and/or poor accessibility These areas of extensive areas of low population density have altered due to: -Using local water sources such as artesian basins -The discovery of minerals -Need for defence sites East and South East coasts have higher rainfall, therefore more fertile land-larger population
Crude Death Rates (CDR)
Deaths in a population - number of deaths per 1000 people in a year in a population. 2015 - Global CDR = 7.9/1000 (but considerable regional variations) Qatar = 2.5/1000 South Africa = 17.5/1000 UK = 15.7/1000 Germany = 12.5/1000 Why the higher CDR for developed countries? Answers: Ageing populations, whilst LEDC improve health services and food supplies, lowering death rates. Global CDR have decreased significantly since 1950
International Migrant
Defined by UNESCO as 'any person who lives temporarily or permanently in a country where he or she was not born, and has acquired some significant social ties to this country'.
Long Term Impacts
Demographic Dividend produced: Large, young labour force = economic growth of the country. When this population ages = ageing liability being supported by a much smaller workforce.
Megacities
Dhaka, Bangladesh-43,500 people per km2(Average) Compared to Melbourne 1500 people per km2(Average)
Population distribution over time
Distribution of global population has shifted over time, from region to region. China has always had the largest population, however it is ranked at 159th for population growth. It is believed India will overtake it by 2030. Nigeria (currently 7th most populated) is expected to exceed that of the US by 2050. -Current world population = 7.5 billion -Unevenly distributed -High density populations - Regions of South and East Asia & Central and Western Europe, as well as NE N.America. -Lower density populations - Africa, Australia, N.Europe, W and N.Asia. -Antarctica - only continent without a permanent population. -Approx 75% live within 1000km of a coastline -<10% live in Southern Hemisphere ->50% live in urban areas -2 billion live in 1000 urban areas with a population of 500,000+ -There are now 25 megacities with >10 million population (Tokyo, Mumbai)
Greece
Economic Downturn 2010 - Global Financial Crisis 200,000 emigrated from 2010-2015. Unemployment rate 22% in 2012 led to many immigrating to other EU countries (can move freely) 50% of those who moved - work in Germany Some moved to Australia - highly educated and skilled 6000 moved to Victoria from 2010-2015 Many are returning, usually holding dual citizenship
Dependent Populations
Economically active population: Those aged 15-65 years. Is everyone in this age category economically active? What factors need to be considered? Non-economically active population: Those ages 65+. Seen to be dependent on other family members, pensions, investment payments - is this always the case? Dependency ratio often lower in LEDC as there are fewer elderly people, and children start working younger.
Population change over time
For 2 million years- population=1/4 million people 1800-1 billion 1930-2 billion 1960-3 billion 1975-4 billion 1887-5 billion 1999-6 billion 2007-6.5 billion 1.8% growth in population every year Since 1990s world population growth rates have slowed due to a rising age for marriages, wider use of contraceptives and smaller families in many countries Together, Chiona and India account for around 36% of the global poputation. Significant falls in their birth rates, particularly China's, have made impacts on global statisics By 2015 world population was increasing by around 77 million a year Example Dubai: -Rapid expansion is a planned, political process. -Population growth rates highest in the world: 5-8% p.a. -Land reclamation -Work only possible due to large numbers of migrant workers. -Tourism and commercial enterprises are fueling the growth.
Refugee
Forcibly displaced people-It includes asylum seekers and Internally Displaced Persons (IDPs)-Due to war, natural disasters -2014: >51.2 million refugees globally; 50% were under 18 (UN) Flee persecution for their political or religious views, war(Syria), natural disaster(Montserrat - 2/3 of population left due to volcanic eruption.)
International students studying oversea
From 2001-2005, international student numbers doubled from 2-4million. International students need a visa to study in a different country (temporary migrants if they stay >1 year, if it is <1 year they are classified as a tourist). OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development) state 25% gain permission to remain in the host country, mainly for work. Australia stay rates = 30% in 2011.
Why do birth rates remain high in some regions?
High Infant and Child Mortality Rates-unsafe drinking water, disease or food shortage Children Economic Assets-Especially in rural regions - help on farms, in households Security For Parents-Especially sons, provide old-age support and security for their parents; pensions are limited or non-existent in some countries Lack of Education Religion- Catholic, Muslims Pro-Natalist Policies-Some governments legislate against birth control and abortion
Reasons for current life expectancy
Improvements in: -medicine -sanitation -agriculture -technology
What will happen to countries who currently have a young population structure?
In economically developing regions: -Young population will eventually age -Combined with predicted falls in the TRF -Speed of ageing us likely to be more rapid than it was for developed economies Examples: France: It took 100 years for France's population of 65+ to increase from 7-14% of the total population. Brazil & China: It took <25 years for the same growth to occur.
Did Malthus prediction happen?
No - there have been major increases in food production during the 1800s and from 1950s onwards. Fertility rates have decreased in this time, especially with urbanization. HOWEVER-Evidence that ongoing population increase will outstrip resources. Example: Sub-Saharan Africa - current famines, as well as the one in the 1980s. Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan, Chad and Niger.
Migration distribution
Population growth rate is calculated using natural increase plus net migration. The UN reported that globally there were almost 232 million international migrants in 2013 (See Figure 3.2 on p42). From 1990-2013, global international migrant figures rose 50% (>77 million people). In 2013, 3.2% of world population lived in a country that they were not born in Varies significantly between countries Example: China - 0.4% and Australia - 2.8% of total world's migrant population Direction of flow globally is from LEDC to MEDCs/regions There's also movement from MEDCs to MEDCs/regions Internal and international migration affects urbanization because most people move to cities. Internal migration (within a country) is not included within international statistics. This may be tracked via a census, but as a whole is difficult to track. UN state internal migration is becoming more popular in China and the USA (Data written before Trump...) May be shaped by government policies.
Changes in Victoria
Population is growing, particularly in areas such as Armstrong Creek. Young people might migrate from regional Victoria for education/employment. Retirees and young families may move to regional Victoria for reduced cost of living and way of life - 'tree-changers'
Inter-scale relationships-Aus
Population pyramids contrasting age-sex structure of indigenous and non-indigenous Australians: -E.g. Australia government dealing with issues of difference between indigenous and non-indigenous Australians - lead to population-specific disparities -In 2012: Infant Mortality Rate of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children was 6.2/1000 live births; 3.7/1000 for non-indigenous. Maternal death rates of indigenous was x3 that of non-indigenous - national scale issue yet solutions need to occur at regional and local scale.
Push and Pull factors
Push factors = the negative factors that make people want to migrate Pull factors = the positive factors that draw migrants to a location
Rural to urban migration
Push: -limited range of jobs -mechanisation of farm work -lack of higher education services -poor infrastructure -low paying jobs -reduced land ownership Pull: -service sector jobs -universities -entertainment -manufacturing jobs -good infrastructure -higher wages People believe living standards are better in cities. 1900-15% living in urban areas 1950s-30% 2010->50% In 2014: Singapore - 100% Australia - 90% Dhaka, Bangladesh - 400,000 migrants arrive each year, seeking employment. 7.5 million (50%) live in shanty towns. Most areas only 2m asl - risk of flooding in monsoon season. Most people have no access to safe fresh water.
What about in MEDCs like Japan, Australia and France? Birth rates lowered because...
Safety-Safe drinking water, access to health services and reliable food supply - most children survive until adulthood. Cost of Children-Children seen as an economic liability due to the cost of raising them - education, housing. Superannuation-Welfare systems and/or superannuation schemes exist to support parents when they retire Contraception Careers-Many women expect to have careers outside home, so delay childbearing or choose not to have children. Abortion-Pro-natalist religious beliefs may be rejected by many couples
Demographic Transition Model stages
Shows the interaction between changing population characteristics of birth and death rates and how this affects the total population. STAGE 1(high stationary): remote groups-Amazon basin tribes, high birth rate, high death rate, stable or slow increase, reasons for changes in death rates-disease, famine, poor medical knowledge so many children die. STAGE 1 AND 2-reasons for changes in birth rates- Many children needed for farming. Many children die at an early age. Religious/social encouragement. No family planning STAGE 2(early expanding-youthful)-example;Egypt,Kenya, high birth rate, death rate falls rapidly, very rapid natural increase STAGE 2 AND 3- reasons for changes in death rate- Improvements in medical care, water supply and sanitation. Fewer children die STAGE 3(late expanding)- example; Brazil, India, falling birth rate, death rate falls more slowly, natural increase slows down, reason for changes in birth rate-improved medical care and diet. fewer children needed STAGE 4(low stationary)- examples; USA, Australia, France,UK, birth rate low, death rate low, natural increase is stable or slow increase STAGE 4 AND 5-reasons for changes in birth rate-family planning, good health, improving status of women, later marriages -Reasons for changes in death rate- Good health care, reliable food supply STAGE 5(declining-ageing)-examples; Germany, Japan, very low birth rate, low death rate, slow decrease of natural increases
Why do people migrate?
Since 1950s: -Government policies - Brexit, Economic Conditions -Remittance - when workers send money back to family in the donor country. -Wars and revolutions -Political boundary changes -Hazard events -Better standard of living - food, housing, healthcare, lifestyle -Retirement -British - Spain, France Australian - Indonesia, Vietnam, Malaysia or Thailand - Living costs 50-80% lower -Imprisonment - People forced to migrate from their place of residence Aboriginal and Torrest Strait Islanders (ATSI) adults 15x more likely to be imprisoned that non-indigenous Australians. Answer: Improve community programs and strategies to address the issues.
Child Mortality Rate:
The average number of deaths of children aged one to five per 1000 children aged one to five in a year. Respiratory distress associated with low birth rate along with: Diarrhoea Gastroenteritis Measles Influenza As safe water, sanitation, effective housing and food quality improves, child mortality reduces
What are the major types of population movement?
Spatial-Intra-urban migration - Movement within urban areas from one location to another e.g. Geelong CBD to Highton Internal Migration - Movement within a country. E.g. Move from Geelong to Melbourne, or interstate for work. International Migration - Movement across national borders. E.g. Mrs Wilson moving from UK to Australia. Temporal movement-Seasonal migration - Periodic movement, for example, for harvests/seasonal tourist work (Falls Creek). N.Ghana - people move to the northern savannah during the dry season to more humid areas to access a better food supply. Return during the rainy season. Temporary migration - Semi-permanent kind of migration. E.g. Students leaving home for university for 3 years, and then returning. Recurrent migration - Occurs more than once. Migrant workers may come for a year or two, return home and then come back later on (E.g. France) Indefinite or permanent migration - Long-lasting change of residence. Due to a number of factors (Examples Mrs Wilson) which may include - lifestyle, employment, seeking asylum, personal freedom. Most international migration to Australia is permanent, however, 1 in 3 return home.
Total Fertility Rates (TFR)
The average expected number of births per woman of child-bearing age. -Child-bearing age = 15-49 years. -Singapore - 0.8 Australia - 1.86; Niger - 6.89 TFR are falling in all global regions. 1970 - Global rate was 4.7 2015 - Global rate was 2.41 - huge regional variation though When TFR falls below replacement rate (2.1) populations can still grow: Large numbers of young people (born in high fertility rate years), reach reproductive stage = several decades of continuous population growth (especially as death rates decline). Example: China Replacement rate of 2.1 reached in 1992 and has remained <2.1 since. Population continues to grow, but at a slower rate. Believed by 2050, with a projected population of 1.4billion (!!!!), it will start to fall.
Infant Mortality Rate:
The average number of deaths of persons less than one year of age per 1000 live births in a year. 1960: 113.7/1000 - some countries recording 250/1000 Example: Afghanistan = 252.7; Yemen = 322.3 2015: <17/1000! However: Children in Sub-Saharan Africa - 16.5x more likely to die before reaching the age of 5. In 2013: 2.8 million babies died before they were one month old (however this was 4.6 million in 1990). 2014-15: India = 400,000 babies died in the first 24 hours of life.
Population Dynamics
The changes that occur in a population, and includes how and why these changes occur. Ex Birth and death rates (war), Population can age, or become younger (changes in death or death rates), migration in and out of an area (increase/decrease in population size)
Maternal Mortality (MM)
The number of mothers who die because of childbirth-related conditions. Improved conditions in some countries have seen a vast improvement and lowering of maternal maternity. Examples: Thailand, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates.
Crude Birth Rates (CBR)
The technical term given to birth rates. These rates are calculated at the number of births per 1000 people per year in a population. Birth rates overall are falling, even in countries such as Pakistan, Philippines and Angola, where traditionally birth rates have been high. -Global crude birth rates coincide with the natural increase in population spatial distribution. -Highest levels are in African countries, with the exception of those in the North and South of the continent. -Niger (45.5 per 1000) and Mali in W.Africa (45.0 per 1000) have highest rates . -Many countries have a rate of 10-20/1000, which will help to average the world's CBR to 18.5/1000. -Europe and East Asia - very low birth rates = natural population decrease. -Japan - 7.5/1000 -Germany 8.5/1000
Asylum Seeker
They state that they are a refugee, but their claim has not been definiteively evaluated. On average 1 million people seek asylum on an individual basis each year. 2014 = 1.2 million
Population density
This can vary significantly within a place, and change the perception of a location, as well as place to place. -Ageing population vs place with many young children -Low socioeconomic location vs wealthy -Employment rates
World population growth and decline
Varies significantly between regions 2015 - Highest rates = Africa and Middle East: Mali, Niger, Uganda (3%). This could lead to their populations doubling in <25 years. Northern African countries = 2% Low population growth = found globally - NE Asia, N.America, Southern Africa. Southern Africa = HIV/AIDS - impacts on birth and death rates, as well as life expectancy. 2015 - >20 countries had a natural decrease in population (death rates>birth rates) = Ukraine (0.54%), Russia (Predicted to reduce by 13 million by 2050 - low birth rate, high death rate, large out-migration) , Bulgaria, Germany Japan set to drop by 20 million to 107 million by 2050 due to its ageing population.
Population pyramids
Visual representations of the age and sex composition of a population whereby the percentage of each age group (generally five-year increments) is represented by a horizontal bar the length of which represents its relationship to the total population. The males in each age group are represented to the left of the center line of each horizontal bar; the females in each age group are represented to the right of the center line
Life Expectancy (LE)
a statistical measure of the average time an organism is expected to live, based on the year of its birth, its current age and other demographic factors including gender. Male in 2014-2016 can expect to live to the age of 80.4 years and a girl would be expected to live to 84.6 years compared to 47.2 and 50.8 years, respectively, in 1881-1890.
