Geol 1001 ch 4

A cube of some rock weighs 6 grams, and a same-sized cube of water weighs 2 grams. What is the specific gravity of this rock?

3

-include quartz, potassium feldspar, plagioclase, and muscovite -are the most common minerals in the upper part of the continental crust

Light-colored silicate minerals

What is the difference between a geological mineral and a mineral that you might take as a health supplement?

The geological mineral most likely has multiple elements; the health mineral is a single element.

What may be said of the mica mineral in the image?

The mineral cleaved along one set of planes to split into thin sheets. Bonds between atoms within sheets are stronger than those between atoms linking the sheets.

his is the number of protons in an atom.

atomic number

Magnetite and hematite occur together in layered sedimentary rocks called

banded iron formations

what is the associated minerals/mineral groups? cleavage in Three non-perpendicular directions

calcite

Carbon and oxygen bonded in a triangular arrangement; example is calcite

carbonates

Forms in low-temperature environments, at or near Earth's surface

clastic

Granite; light-colored silicate minerals quartz and feldspar

continental crust

In which of the following types of bonding do atoms share one or more electrons? 1. covalent 2. ionic 3. metallic 4. intermolecular

covalent

Forms in high-temperature environments; minerals are interlocking

crystalline

what is the associated minerals/mineral groups? cleavage in Three perpendicular directions

halite

Use reference minerals and other standardized materials to see which are scratched by an unknown mineral and which are not.

hardness

two most common elements in the universe are

hydrogen and helium

in order for a crystal to obtain a well defined shape it

likely grows in an open space, in water or in magma. must grow unimpeded by surrounding material

Fe-Mg silicates and oxide minerals

lower mantle

What mineral is shown in this photograph?

magnetite

Elements represented in this group include Na, K (alkali) and Fe, Cu (transition).

metals

what is the associated minerals/mineral groups? cleavage in One direction

mica

geologists are also known as

mineralogists

If a mineral fractures, how many directions of cleavage does it have?

no directions of cleavage

These include the elements Ar and He; these do not readily combine with other elements.

noble gases

-Do not contain the Si-O tetrahedron -Includes calcite, pyrite, and hematite

non-silicates

Minerals that do not contain silicon are classified as

nonsilicates

Basalt and gabbro; plagioclase, pyroxene, olivine, and amphibole

oceanic crust

which cleavage type is this? Cleaves along one set of parallel planes, forming thin sheets

one direction

Molten iron with some nickel and other elements

outer core

Oxygen bonded with a metal; example is hematite

oxides

two most common elements in the entire earth are

oxygen and iron

The two most common elements in Earth's crust are

oxygen and silicon

The vast majority of The vast majority of Earth's crust is made of ______ minerals

silicate

When geologist discuss clay minerals, they are talking about

specific sheet-silicate minerals

Observe color left behind on a porcelain plate when mineral is dragged across it.

streak

The igneous and metamorphic rocks of the Peninsular Ranges in southern California and the Baja Peninsula are the result of

subduction

Sulfur that is only bonded to oxygen; example is gypsum

sulfates

Sulfur bonded with a metal; example is pyrite

sulfides

match crystal form cleavage color luster -a mineral that grows unobstructed by its surroundings can be a distinctive geometric form. -some minerals break in specific ways (along specific planes) because of their internal arrangement of atoms -useful, but not always reliable, property by which the minerals can be identified, but a single mineral may occur in several varieties of this property. -the way the light bounces off a mineral.may be earthy, pearly, metallic, silky, etc.

-Crystal form-a mineral that grows unobstructed by its surroundings can be a distinctive geometric form. -Cleavage- some minerals break in specific ways (along specific planes) because of their internal arrangement of atoms -Color- useful, but not always reliable, property by which the minerals can be identified, but a single mineral may occur in several varieties of this property. -Luster- the way the light bounces off a mineral.may be earthy, pearly, metallic, silky, etc.

What happens at the atomic scale when a mineral cleaves or fractures?

-If all bonds have the same strength, they may be arranged in such a way that the mineral cleaves along three planes without passing through an atom. -If different bonds between atoms have different strengths, the mineral will cleave along the weakest bond directions. -If all bonds have the same strength, they may not be arranged in such a way as to allow cleavage planes to form mineral fractures.

Which of the following are true regarding the image?

-Most silicates form from this SiO4-4 complex. -It shows a silicon-oxygen tetrahedron.

A silicon-oxygen tetrahedron ______.

-forms a building block for the vast majority of minerals on Earth -may join with other tetrahedra or cations to form different types of silicates and a wide variety of minerals -has one silicon atom bonded with four oxygen atoms

Match each observation to the geologic scale -Thin section -Hand specimen -Cliff face -Light passes through mineral crystals; internal structure of mineral crystals is seen -Different-colored grains are present; minerals have different colors -Rock looks homogeneous; rock appears to be one color

-thin section-Choice, Light passes through mineral crystals; internal structure of mineral crystals is seen -hand specimen-Choice, Different-colored grains are present; minerals have different colors -cliff face-Rock looks homogeneous; rock appears to be one color

Earth materials in order of their likely occurrence, starting at Earth's surface

1. Granite and basalt. 2. Increasing amounts of olivine and pyroxene. 3. Minerals stable only at very high pressures; Fe-Mg silicates and oxides 4. Molten iron with nickel and some other elements. 5. Crystalline iron and iron-nickel alloy.

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of crystals and clasts evaluated to classify a rock? 1. crystal/clast density 2. crystal/clast size 3. crystal/clast shape 4. crystal/clast composition

1. crystal/clast density

Which of the following best describes the materials that cover Earth's surface? 1. There are only a few different materials, and they vary by location. There are many different materials, and they occur in locations according to latitude. 3. There are many different materials, and they vary by location.

3. There are many different materials, and they vary by location.

Which of the following is true about rocks and minerals? 1. A rock can contain more than one mineral. 2. A mineral is composed of chemical elements. 3. A single rock can include more than one mineral. 4. All these are true about rocks and minerals.

4. All these are true about rocks and minerals

Which of the following minerals are common in Earth's crust? 1. quartz 2. feldspar 3. oxide minerals 4. calcite 5. All of these choices are correct.

5. All of these choices are correct

The three most abundant elements in Earth's crust are

Aluminum Silicon Oxygen

Which of the following mineral properties can be directly observed by the naked eye, without the need for testing supplies and equipment, and relate to the appearance of the mineral?

Crystal shape Luster Cleavage/fracture Color

what are tests we can quickly and easily perform (even in the field) to help us identify a mineral?

Effervescence Magnetism Streak Hardness

Match the location on the image with its correct class of rock-forming minerals.

Si: Silicates C: Carbonates O: Oxides Cl: halides S: Sulfates and Sulfides Ag: native Minerals

The mineral in the image is quartz. Take a look at the irregularly broken face at the center of the crystal and determine which of the following is true.

The mineral has fractures, as it lacks cleavage planes.

If a mineral lacks planes along which it may cleave, what will occur?

The mineral will fracture in an irregular pattern.

what is the associated minerals/mineral groups? cleavage in Two non-perpendicular directions

amphibole

are attributes that are evaluated to classify crystalline and clastic rocks?

crystal/clast shape, presence/absence of layers, minerals present, and crystal/clast size

What are the two main ways that minerals are put together in rocks?

crystalline versus clastic

What arrangement of atoms does this diagram illustrate?

cubic

-form most of the oceanic crust and the mantle -are called mafic minerals, as they contain high amounts of Mg and Fe -include amphibole, pyroxene, olivine, garnet, and biotite

dark colored silicate minerals

Observe if a dilute HCl solution bubbles when placed on mineral

effervescence

Contain chlorine or fluorine; example is halite

halides

Crystalline iron and iron-nickel alloy

inner core

The most common minerals in the upper part of the continental crust are ------ colored silicates. They are felsic in composition, and their color is a direct result of their elemental composition.

light

Minerals that contain only a single element; example is copper

native minerals

Which of the following are criteria that must be fulfilled for a substance to be considered a mineral? select all that apply Naturally occurring Inorganic Contains two or more elements Crystalline solid

naturally occurring, inorganic, crystalline solid

These elements include O and Si and typically bond with both types of metallic elements to form minerals.

nonmetals

-It begins with the lightest element and advances to higher atomic numbers and heavier elements from left to right and from top to bottom. -Grouped elements tend to have similar chemical properties (like the two different types of metals, the nonmetals, noble gases, etc.). -It includes an element's atomic symbol and atomic number.

periodic table

what is the associated minerals/mineral groups? cleavage in Two perpendicular directions

pyroxene

A mineral is light colored, transparent, has a hardness of seven, and fractures rather than cleaves. What mineral is it?

quartz

What type of silicate minerals is shown from this arrangement of silicon tetrahedron?

sheets

A compound containing only silicon and oxygen in a ratio of 1:2 (SiO2)

silica

Which of the following terms refers to the compound SiO2?

silica

Over 90% of the Earth's crust consists of

silicates

The most important mineral group on Earth; contain silicon and oxygen; example is quartz

silicates

The fourteenth element of the Periodic Table; term may also be used to describe a synthetic material used to make computer chips

silicon

What type of atom is represented by the small brown sphere in the center of this silica tetrahedron?

silicon

A synthetic material (often used for grease or caulk) in which carbon is bonded to silicon atoms to keep the material in long chains

silicone

The way the grains and minerals are arranged is the ______ of the rock. Multiple choice question.

texture

At which of the following scales would you be most successful in determining the mineral content of a rock? Hand specimen Thin section Cliff face

thin section

which scale would you be most successful in determining the mineral content of a rock?

thin section

which cleavage type is this? Cleaves along three sets of planes and the mineral commonly breaks into rhombs

three non-perpendicular directions

which cleavage type is this? Cleaves along three sets of planes and the mineral commonly breaks into cubes

three perpendicular directions

which cleavage type is this? Cleaves along two sets of planes that intersect at angles other than 90o

two non-perpendicular directions

What type of cleavage is illustrated in this figure?

two nonperpendicular directions

which cleavage type is this? Cleaves along two sets of planes that result in 90o steps along broken crystal faces

two perpendicular directions

Dark silicate minerals; olivine and pyroxene

upper mantle