Geol test 4
Almost _____ of all electric power produced relies on coal as a source of energy.
46%
Energy produced by once-living plants represents approximately __________ of the total amount of renewable energy.
50%
Renewable energy makes up approximately how much of the total U.S. energy budget?
9.2 quadrillion BTU
Determine which type of heat transfer occurs in each layer or at outer core?
convection and conduction
Which of the following scenarios could result in the development of a compressional mountain belt?
two landmasses collide
Hydropower involves damming water and __________.
using the potential energy to turn turbines
What sequence of rocks would you expect rift valley evolution to produce, from oldest to youngest?
volcanic rocks, clastic sedimentary rocks, deep sea sedimentary rocks
in which province would the Rocky Mountains of the United States be located?
young ,mountain belts
Which of the following accurately describes oil shale?
An organic-rich, fine-grained, impermeable sedimentary rock containing kerogen.
Which statement regarding Baja Mexico and the city of Los Angeles is correct?
Both are located on the Pacific Plate.
Which of the following geographic provinces is the newest addition to the North American continent?
Coastal Plain
What are the properties of the mantle?
Contains a weak layer below the lithosphere contains rocks rich in magnesium and iron both liquid and solid components
Which response best explains the absence of volcanoes and earthquakes at a passive continental margin?
Earthquakes and volcanoes are rare due to the distance from any active boundaries.
Which city has the title: "Solar Capital of Europe"?
Freiburg
Which of the following best describes the pattern of heat flow through the lithosphere?
Heat flow is high where crust is being created
What keeps the Himalayas standing?
Horizontal compressional forces from continental collision are greater than the vertical force of gravity.
What are the properties of the crust?
Is earth's stiff, ridged, and rocky shell solid Part of this layer has a relatively homogenous composition, while another part is composed by many types of rocks
Which of the following is a drawback to mining oil shale and oil sands?
It is costly and energy-intensive to extract these resources.
Which of the following is a true statement regarding the Farallon Plate?
It was an oceanic plate that used to exist between the Pacific and North American Plates.
Which of the following describes the relationship between the geotherm and the iron melting curve?
Most rocks are cooler than the melting temperature of iron.
What are fault-block mountains?
Mountains formed through crustal extension
__________ is split nearly evenly among the industrial, residential and commercial, and electric power sectors.
Natural gas
How is ocean depth calculated by sonar?
Ocean depth is calculated by the time it takes sound waves to travel from the ship to the seafloor and back to the ship again.
Why must oil shale be heated to extract hydrocarbons?
Oil shale has low permeability.
Identify which seismic waves can pass through the core?
P wave
Why do geologists believe the inner core is solid?
P waves refract at the boundary between the outer core and inner core.
Why do we believe Earth's outer core is a liquid?
P waves slow down and refract at the boundary between the mantle and the outer core. S waves do not travel through the outer core.
What data provided information about the existence of different zones within Earth?
P-wave and S-wave arrival times
what is the pressure equation?
Pressure = Thickness × Density × Gravitational Acceleration
Which of the following statements describes the relationship between the strengths of rocks and how close the temperature is to the melting point of iron?
Rocks that are cold, or further away from the melting point of iron, are strong. Rocks that are warm, or close to the melting point of iron, are weak.
Which of the following is true regarding shallow subduction angles?
Sediment and seamounts are scraped from the downgoing plate to produce an accretionary wedge.
Which of the following describes a seismic reflection survey?
Seismic signals produced from an explosion travel to the ocean floor, penetrate some layers, and reflect back to a receiver.
Which of the following statements about seismic wave ray paths is most accurate?
Seismic waves move along curved ray paths because of changing properties of rocks.
How could you test whether the core of another planet were completely solid?
Set off a bomb to create seismic waves. If S waves arrive on the opposite side of the planet, then the core is solid.
Which of the following orogenies helped to create the Appalachian Mountains?
Taconic, Acadian, and Alleghanian
Which of the following describes the trend of the Earth's temperature (based on the geotherm) moving toward the center of the Earth?
Temperature increases with increasing depth but at different rates.
Why are terranes added to continental margins, rather than subducting under them?
Terranes are too buoyant to subduct
Which of the following correctly describes the Atlantic and Pacific continental margins?
The Atlantic is a passive margin, and the Pacific is an active margin.
Which event marked the creation of the supercontinent Pangaea?
The Iapetus Ocean closed during the Alleghanian Orogeny.
What happened to the Farallon Plate approximately 20 million years ago?
The San Andreas and Queen Charlotte Faults were established where it was subducted beneath the North American plate
What happens when an island arc reaches an Andean-type margin?
The arc accretes onto the continent.
Which of the following must be true for hydrocarbons to be collected by a fault trap?
The fault must be sealed.
Which of the following statements about terranes is most accurate?
The margins of many continents have grown through the accretion of terranes.
What happens to the ridgedness as we go down earths layers?
The ridgedness increases
Which of the following must be true for hydrocarbons to be trapped by salt diapirs?
The salt must be impermeable.
Choose the true statement regarding the continental shelf.
The shelf represents the flooded portions of continents
Which statement best explains the formation of seamounts?
They represent volcanoes situated over mantle plumes that have since moved away from their source of magma and subsided.
Why did German utility companies oppose the passage of the Renewable Energy Act of 1999?
They thought the laws were anticompetitive.
What was one effect of Germany's Renewable Energy Act of 1999?
Thousands of new jobs were created in the renewable energy sector.
Which of the following is a renewable resource?
Trees
Which of the following best describes what occurs during convection?
Warmer, less dense material rises
What does the iron melting curve tell us about the state of rocks in the Earth?
When the iron melting curve is to the right of the geotherm, rocks are solid. When the iron melting curve is to the left of the geotherm, rocks are molten.
Which feature would you expect to find at the mouth of a submarine canyon?
a deep sea fan
Which of the following do all oil traps have in common?
a reservoir rock with a cap rock above it
Strike-slip faulting of the Queen Charlotte and San Andreas fault systems shows __________.
a right lateral sense of motion
Which of the following is required for oil shales to form?
a sedimentary basin
What is a terrane?
a slice of lithosphere that has been added to the margin of a continent during plate collision
By how much would solar have to grow to match the current level of hydroelectric power?
about 60 times
Why has Mauritius seen an increase in demand for electricity?
an increase in tourism
What source of energy would be best for the country of Mauritius?
bagasse
Choose the answer that contains renewable energy types only.
biomass, hydropower, wind, geothermal
Turbidity currents travel from the shelf through __________, creating deep sea fans
canyons
Determine which type of heat transfer occurs in each layer or at D'' layer?
conduction
Determine which type of heat transfer occurs in each layer or at inner core?
conduction
Determine which type of heat transfer occurs in each layer or at the boundary between mantle and lithosphere?
conduction
What are properties of the core?
contains iron and nickel
Moving off the east coast of North America, identify the sequence of environments you would encounter as you move deeper into the Atlantic Ocean.
continental shelf, continental slope, continental rise, abyssal plain
Which is not one of the three broad zones describing the ocean floor?
continental slope
Determine which type of heat transfer occurs in each layer or at the mantle?
convection
The plate boundary in the U.S. Pacific Northwest is _____, while most of the California coast is characterized by a _____ plate boundary.
convergent; transform
According to the animation, what are the four primary zones in Earth's interior?
crust, mantle, outer core, inner core
Name the correct order of rifting events.
crustal upwarp, rift valley, linear sea, ocean
Nuclear energy is used in what energy sector(s)?
electric power
About half of renewable energy is used in __________.
electric power generation
Satellites record slight variations on the sea surface using radar. What do these slight variations represent?
features on the seafloor
The timing of __________ and continental breakup strongly correlate.
flood basalt formation
Which geologic features would be present in compressional mountain belts? (Note: There may be more than one answer.)
folds, intrusive igneous rocks, thrust faults
List the fluids commonly found in traps, from the least to most dense.
gas, oil, water
The graph shows that the use of __________ is stable, while all other types of renewable energy are __________.
hydroelectric power; increasing
Where does most terrane accretion occur?
in association with a continental-oceanic subduction zone
The Gulf of Aden represents which part of the rifting sequence?
linear sea
Methane clathrates are stable in __________ conditions.
low temperature, high pressure
Most of the energy used by the industrial and residential/commercial sectors is __________.
natural gas
Which of the following layers contains mostly molten or liquid rock?
outer core
Which of the following rocks are characteristic of compressional mountain building?
schist
What feature connects the South American Paraná and African Entedeka flood basalts?
seamount chains
What type of ocean exploration technique is the best for determining potential oil and gas reservoirs?
seismic reflection survey
Name all of the ocean bottom features shown in the image of the Los Angeles coast produced by the multibeam sonar?
shelf, canyons, slope, rise
What type of power is associated with photovoltaics?
solar
Which energy source's annual growth rate is about four times greater than that of tidal power?
solar
A(n) __________ is not associated with structural deformation.
stratigraphic (pinchout) trap
If the subduction angle is steep, the overriding plate may undergo __________.
subduction erosion
Identify which seismic waves cannot pass through the core?
surface wave and S wave
The speed at which seismic waves travel through Earth's layers depends largely on _____.
the temperature and composition of the material
Which coast represents an active continental margin?
the west coast of South America
What percentage of Germany's electricity comes from renewable sources?
12%
