Geology final exam review
smaller; pancake
A magma body with a ________ volume and a ________ shape cools fastest.
alloy
A mixture of copper and tin would be called a(n)
the boundaries of three lithospheric plates meet at a single point.
A triple junction, like the one shown below, is a place on Earth's surface where
batholith.
A vast, composite intrusive igneous body that covers hundreds of square kilometers (in a map view) is called a
convergent; subduction zone
A volcanic arc results from __________ tectonic movements and is associated with a __________.
parallel
According to the figure below, marine magnetic anomalies lay roughly ________ to mid-ocean ridges.
passive margin.
An earthquake would be LEAST likely at a(n)
porphyritic.
An igneous rock with a mixed texture consisting of coarse crystals (phenocrysts) surrounded by fine crystals (groundmass) is termed
solidify at lower temperatures.
As compared to coarse-grained igneous rocks, fine-grained igneous rocks
cooler and less able to flow
As compared to the asthenosphere, the lithosphere is ________.
a fixed crystalline structure (spatial arrangement of atoms and ions).
At a subduction zone, the downgoing (subducting) plate
passive margins.
Broad, sediment-covered continental shelves are found along
carbonates
Calcite (CaCO3) is in which mineral class?
passive
Continental coastlines that occur within the interior of a tectonic plate are called ________ margins.
west is near a plate tectonic, east is not
Contrast the east and west coast of North America with respect to plate tectonics.
convergent
Deep-oceanic trenches are features of ________ plate boundaries.
carbon
Diamond and graphite are both polymorphs of
Kimberlite
Diamonds are usually found in a rock called
more felsic than the magma.
During fractional crystallization of a magma body, the first rock that is expected to crystallize from the magma will be
active
Earthquakes occur most frequently near ________ margins.
basaltic rocks
Evidence of paleomagnetism can be found in Question 53 options:
till and striations.
Evidence that glaciers once covered an area might include
matching fossil distributions.
Evidence that the South American and African continents were once joined includes evidence from their coastlines such as
superplumes.
Flood basalts such as those found in the Columbia Plateau and the Deccan region are associated with
crust, upper mantle, transition zone, lower mantle, liquid outer core, solid inner core
From left to right, correctly label each section of this slice of the Earth. Note that 1 starts at the surface of the Earth and 6 ends at the center of the Earth.
plates.
Hot-spot tracks result from moving
bends and breaks
How does the lithosphere respond to stress?
a volcanic eruption
If you find a tuff in the field, what type of geologic activity could you reasonably assume has occurred?
magnetic declination.
If you were using both a compass and a map marked with latitude and longitude to navigate, you might note the angle difference between your compass and what is marked on the map, called
through the freezing or crystallization of a melt.
Igneous rocks are formed
circumference of the Earth.
In ancient Greece, Eratosthenes measured the difference in angles of the Sun's rays in two different locations in Egypt at the same time to calculate the
more felsic than the source rock.
In general, if a body of igneous (source) rock is subjected to partial melting, the magma that is produced is expected to be
more felsic than the original chemistry of the rock that was partially melted.
In general, when rock is partially melted, the chemistry of the melt is
dike
In the figure provided below, what type of igneous intrusion is the vertical rock unit shown byletter A?
can be used to infer the ancient climate of the Earth; they are deposited in environments that are restricted to warm climates.
Limestone reefs and salt deposits are important in the reconstruction of the Earth's history because they
ridge rocks are hot and therefore are relatively less dense than the surrounding seafloor.
Mid-ocean ridges are elevated above the surrounding seafloor because
divergent and transform
Mid-ocean ridges are segmented and contain which two basic types of plate boundaries linked together?
more mafic than the source rock.
Minerals are all naturally occurring solid substances with a definable chemical composition. They must also possess
the crystals have abundant room to grow in their hollow surroundings.
Minerals in geodes (as seen below) form spectacular euhedral crystals because
Mid-ocean ridges
Most of the pushing force driving plate motion is produced
does not have a fixed crystalline structure.
Naturally forming glass (such as obsidian) is NOT considered a mineral because it
sink because it cools and contracts.
On either side of a mid-ocean ridge, the lithosphere begins to
intrusion that represents the eroded remnant of an extinct volcano.
Shiprock, New Mexico, seen in the photo below is a(n)
anions.
SiO44-, S2-, and CO32- are all examples of
arranged and bonded.
Silicate minerals are subdivided into six groups based on the way silica tetrahedra are
volatiles
Substances that can be transformed to a gas at the conditions found at the Earth's surface are termed
polar wander.
The apparent tendency of the north (or south) magnetic pole to vary in position over time is termed
plagioclase
The continuous series in Bowen's reaction series describes the crystallization behavior of which mineral?
facets
The diamonds we typically see today in engagement rings do not display their natural crystal faces but rather ________, which are made by grinding the gem on a spinning lap.
magma is melt underground, whereas lava is melt that has emerged from the surface.
The difference between magma and lava is
solar wind deflects the Earth's magnetic field lines.
The following image shows the Earth's magnetic field. The Earth's magnetic field lines are distorted (i.e., not symmetrical) because
conchoidal fracture
The image below shows a mineral specimen of quartz. What is the term for the smoothly curving, clamshell-shaped surface on the sample?
denser
The metal alloy that makes up the core of the Earth is ________, as compared to the rocky mantle.
silicates.
The mineral class that makes up more than 95 percent of the continental crust is termed the
cleavage
The tendency for minerals to break along distinct planar surfaces that have a specific orientation in relation to the crystal structure is called
incorporates and explains both seafloor spreading and continental drift.
The theory of plate tectonics
least near the mid-ocean ridges and thickens away from the ridges.
The thickness of oceanic lithosphere is
degassing of volatiles
Vesicles in an igneous rock are evidence for which of the following?
evaporate easily and exist as gases.
Volatiles refer to substances that
seamounts
Volcanoes that are submerged beneath the surface of the sea are termed
has a longer wavelength than at the source.
When we say that light from a distant stellar object is red-shifted, this means that the light we see
convergent
Which basic type of plate boundary is shown in the image below?
divergent
Which basic type of plate boundary is shown in the image below?
tectonic setting
Which of the following does not affect the cooling rate of magma?
All minerals are compounds of more than one element.
Which of the following is NOT true about minerals?
Continental lithosphere is thicker than oceanic lithosphere.
Which of the following is true of continental lithosphere compared to oceanic lithosphere?
is always composed of oceanic lithosphere
Which of the following lists compositions in order of increasing silica content?
halite
Which of the following minerals is more commonly known as table salt?
convection in the outer core
Which of these is NOT the result of plate tectonics?
felsic
Which type of magma has the greatest silica content?
increases.
With increasing distance from a mid-ocean ridge, the age of oceanic crust
ice
which of the following is a mineral
