Geology Midterm 2

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What is a principle we use to determine the age of a landscape surface?

a surface with a well-developed soil is probably older than a surface with no soil

What was the Cambrian explosion?

a time when many different types of creatures appeared on Earth

What is a popular model for the formation of an atoll?

a volcanic island forms and subsides

In the Atlantic Ocean, where is the oldest oceanic crust?

abyssal plain next to the continents

If an area has shallow, intermediate, and deep earthquakes, what can you infer about the area?

all of the above

In this photograph, Paleozoic sandstone rests depositionally on Precambrian granite. What events must have occurred before deposition of the sandstone?

all of the above

Shaking during an earthquake can:

all of the above

What are some uses of magnetic reversals?

all of the above

What are the geologic features for which Siccar Point in Scotland is famous?

all of the above

What would fossil ages from the geologic timescale tell us about the age of this unconformity?

all of the above

Which of the following is evidence that Earth's history is not short?

all of the above

What could cause a region to be higher in elevation than an average part of a continent?

b. less dense continental crust

If you were looking for graded beds, where would be a good place to start?

in a submarine fan

What has happened to the Pacific Ocean in the last 200 million years?

it became smaller as the Atlantic Ocean opened

What is the main reason why the age of oldest rocks can vary from one part of a continent to another?

parts of the continent have been added by the accretion of tectonic terranes

How do we determine the location of a recent earthquake?

use seismic records from three or more stations

The basin shown in this figure was actively subsiding during the formation of unit:

C

What causes the seafloor to deepen across a typical continental slope?

a and b only

What processes can occur in front of or behind some island arcs?

a and b only

If a rock started with 1,000 atoms of a parent but now contains 250 atoms, how many half lives have passed?

2 half lives

Which of the following is NOT a way in which local mountains can be built?

all of the above are ways to make local mountains

Why are the patterns showing the age of the seafloor symmetrical in the Atlantic Ocean but not the Pacific Ocean?

both a and b

The characteristics of S-waves include:

both b and c

How can we tell that the Himalaya have been uplifted?

d. all of the above

Which of the following occurs when mountain belts are eroded?

d. all of the above

Which of the following processes forms basins in an ocean-continent convergent boundary?

e. a and b only

What can occur during the evolution of a hot spot?

formation of rifts that radiate out from the hot spot

If you drilled into an oceanic plateau, what would you most likely find?

large amounts of basalt derived from melting in the mantle

Which of the following processes generates most earthquakes?

movement along faults

Areas of high earthquake risk are mostly located:

near a boundary between tectonic plates

What is one way that we determine the depth to the base of the crust?

observing whether seismic waves that travel through the crust arrived after those that traveled through the mantle

Seafloor spreading rates cannot be used to reconstruct past continents' positions older than 180 million years. Why?

oceanic crust older than 180 million years has been subducted and the record destroyed

Which of the following is NOT a setting in which regional mountain belts form?

passive margin

When do rocks along a fault have the highest amount of stress and stored elastic strain?

right before an earthquake

Sudden movement on a fault can cause a tsunami when:

the fault suddenly uplifts or downdrops the seafloor

This figure shows two sections that partially overlap in age. Dashed lines show how the two sections correlate. What can you conclude from these correlations?

the left section represents older rocks than the right section

This figure shows two fault scarps, a lava flow, and erosion along one of the scarps. What is probably the oldest feature of those listed below?

the scarp on the right

How do most oceanic islands and seamounts form?

they are constructed by volcanic eruptions that first occur under water

The huge 1964 Alaskan earthquake, one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded, was caused by:

thrusting along a subduction zone (megathrust)

What factors are the most critical in determining whether a fossil is preserved?

whether the creature had hard parts and how fast it was buried


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