Geology Reading Homework #2- Final Prep
Which of the following does not represent a source of hydrocarbons? Oil shale Natural gas trapped by a salt dome Tar sands A placer deposit
A placer deposit
Which of the following minerals would be the result of the greatest heat and pressure? Chlorite Biotite Garnet Sillimanite
Sillimanite
Which of the following cannot be determined by studying sedimentary rocks? Wind or current directions Environment of deposition The relative age of a rock with identifiable fossils The absolute age of the sediment
The absolute age of the sediment
What would it take for a chain of Stratovolcanoes to from along the Atlantic coast of the United States, similar to the ones along the Pacific Coast of the United States? A hot spot would need to develop to allow for decompression melting under the continent A subduction zone would need to develop allowing for partial melting of the subducting plate under the continent A divergent boundary would need to develop under the continent to allow for basaltic plateaus and fissure eruptions to form It is not possible for a series Stratovolcanoes to develop along the Eastern United States
A subduction zone would need to develop allowing for partial melting of the subducting plate under the continent
What is a nuee ardente? "Glowing Cloud" Cloud of ash and gases Extremely dangerous part of an eruption All of the above
All of the above
Fine-grained, minerals are too small to observe without a microscope
Aphanitic
Rapid cooling rate
Aphanitic Texture
Based on the image below, what is the maximum amount of plagioclase feldspar that can be present in a granite? Approximately 35% Approximately 55% Approximately 75% Approximately 15%
Approximately 55%
Exposed plutons that have at least 100 square kilometers of surface area and are formed from multiple injects of magma
Batholith
Why would a foliated metamorphic rock not make a suitable foundation for buildings or dams? because of the presence of metamorphic minerals because they are weakened by heat because foliations are planes of weakness because they are softer than other rock types
Because foliations are planes of weakness
Coal
Biochemical
Organic Limestone
Biochemical
Chert
Chemical
Dolostone
Chemical
Inorganic limestone
Chemical
Rock Gypsum
Chemical
Rock Salt
Chemical
Small, steep sided volcanoes made up of pyroclastic materials resulting from short-lived eruptions
Cinder cones
Which of the following is a type of physical soil degradation? Improper use of fertilizers Salinization Pollution from improper disposal of chemicals Compaction of soil particles All of the above
Compaction of soil particles
Consist of layers of pyroclastic material and lava flows
Composite volcano (Stratovolcano)
Type of metamorphism that occurs when magma comes into contact with country rock at depth
Contact Metamorphism
Concordant intrusion emplaced along the contact between two adjacent layers
Sill
What are the steps in order of forming a sandstone? deposition -> compaction -> cementation compaction -> deposition -> cementation cementation -> compaction -> deposition deposition -> cementation -> compaction the order of steps does not matter
Deposition, compaction, cementation
Breccia
Detrital/Clastic
Conglomerate
Detrital/Clastic
Mudstone
Detrital/Clastic
Sandstone
Detrital/Clastic
Shale
Detrital/Clastic
Discordant intrusion slicing across sedimentary strata
Dike
Metamorphism through pressure dominated recrystallization
Dynamic Metamorphism
Hydrostatic pressure is a non-uniform pressure in which the pressure is equal in all directions? True False
False
Volcanic igneous rocks have large visible crystals, little to no holes (vesicles), and are found at depth in Earth's crust? True False
False
Without plate tectonics, there would be no metamorphic rocks? True False
False
Arching pluton that lifts the overlying crust as magma pressure increases
Laccolith
Utilizing and understanding Bowen's reaction series, which description below best summarizes the process of gravitational differentiation (i.e. crystal settling). A person would expect to find iron and magnesium bearing rocks near the type of the igneous body due to the higher concentrations of silica Lighter elements (and associated minerals) would be in a higher concentration at the top of an igneous body as the denser materials precipitated earlier during the cooling phase. There would be no predicted zonation of minerals as the settling process is determined by the quality of the crystal structures Bowen's reaction series does not relate to gravitational differentiation (crystal settling) of igneous bodies
Lighter elements (and associated minerals) would be in a higher concentration at the top of an igneous body as the denser materials precipitated earlier during the cooling phase.
Which of the following is not an agent of metamorphism? Lithification Heat Pressure Fluid activity
Lithification
Based on the image below, what would rock classification would be appropriate for an igneous rock containing 19% Olivine, 43% Pyroxene, 36% Calcium-rich Plagioclase, and 2% Hornblende? Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic
Mafic
Why are mafic magmas less viscous than felsic magmas? Mafic magmas are at a higher temperature Mafic magmas have a lower relative silica content Mafic magmas form in continental crust All of the above
Mafic magmas are at a higher temperature AND Mafic magmas have a lower relative silica content
What type of chemical reaction/change takes place when limestone is converted to dolostone? Calcium replaces Magnesium Magnesium replaces Calcium Carbonate is replaced by Sulfate Potassium replaces Sodium
Magnesium replaces Calcium
Put the types of altered plant remains in order from first formed to most altered. Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, Peat Bituminous, Lignite, Anthracite, Peat Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite Lignite, Anthracite, Peat, Bituminous the correct order is not listed
Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite
Coarse-grained, minerals are large enough to observe without a microscope
Phaneritic
Slow cooling rate
Phaneritic Texture
How do pillow lavas form? Pillow lavas contain a large amount of dissolved gases and other volatiles that escape during an eruption result in a texture similar to mounds of pillows. Pillow lavas result when lava such as an Aa lava type erupt so quickly that no crystals can form resulting in the mounded pillow appearance Pillow lavas form as lava erupts under water and is cooled quickly forcing the remaining lava to break through in another area creating the mounded appearance All of the above will result in some form of mounded pillow lava appearance
Pillow lavas form as lava erupts under water and is cooled quickly forcing the remaining lava to break through in another area creating the mounded appearance
Mixed-grain size, some minerals are large enough to observe without a microscope other need to be observed with a microscope
Porphyritic
Two or more cooling rates
Porphyritic Texture
Metamorphism over a large area resulting from extreme temperature and pressure
Regional Metamorphism
Which of the following is NOT a soil conservation practice? Terracing Strip-cropping No-till planting Salinization planting Windbreaks
Salinization planting
Which of the following rocks would show a parallel arrangement of minerals due to metamorphism? Quartzite Schist Marble Hornfels
Schist
Has the appearance of the outer side of a convex shield, resulting from repeated low-viscosity basaltic eruptions
Shield Volcano
Metamorphism resulting from intense heat and pressure resulting from a bolide collision
Shock Metamorphism
During assimilation, it is possible for the "intruding" magma body to change the composition of the original magma body from being more felsic to less felsic? True False
True
Metamorphic fluids are vital to metamorphism because they supply key components for chemical reactions that take place during metamorphism? True False
True
What happens as the relative amount of silica in a magma or lava increases? Viscosity increases Viscosity decreases Volcanic eruptions become more explosive Volcanic eruptions become less explosive
Viscosity increases AND Volcanic eruptions become more explosive
Which of the following soil conservation practices is correctly matched with its description? Terracing - planting seeds through the residue of a previous crop Crop rotation - growing different crops on alternating parallel strips Contour plowing - creating flat areas on sloping ground Windbreaks - planting trees along the edge of a field to reduce wind erosion
Windbreaks - planting trees along the edge of a field to reduce wind erosion
How is frost wedging and salt crystal growth similar? both are types of chemical weathering they produce chemical precipitates the both cause chemical changes to the rock they both exert force to widen cracks and dislodge smaller particles
they both exert force to widen cracks and dislodge smaller particles