Geology Reading Homework #2- Final Prep

Which of the following does not represent a source of hydrocarbons? Oil shale Natural gas trapped by a salt dome Tar sands A placer deposit

A placer deposit

Which of the following minerals would be the result of the greatest heat and pressure? Chlorite Biotite Garnet Sillimanite

Sillimanite

Which of the following cannot be determined by studying sedimentary rocks? Wind or current directions Environment of deposition The relative age of a rock with identifiable fossils The absolute age of the sediment

The absolute age of the sediment

What would it take for a chain of Stratovolcanoes to from along the Atlantic coast of the United States, similar to the ones along the Pacific Coast of the United States? A hot spot would need to develop to allow for decompression melting under the continent A subduction zone would need to develop allowing for partial melting of the subducting plate under the continent A divergent boundary would need to develop under the continent to allow for basaltic plateaus and fissure eruptions to form It is not possible for a series Stratovolcanoes to develop along the Eastern United States

A subduction zone would need to develop allowing for partial melting of the subducting plate under the continent

What is a nuee ardente? "Glowing Cloud" Cloud of ash and gases Extremely dangerous part of an eruption All of the above

All of the above

Fine-grained, minerals are too small to observe without a microscope

Aphanitic

Rapid cooling rate

Aphanitic Texture

Based on the image below, what is the maximum amount of plagioclase feldspar that can be present in a granite? Approximately 35% Approximately 55% Approximately 75% Approximately 15%

Approximately 55%

Exposed plutons that have at least 100 square kilometers of surface area and are formed from multiple injects of magma

Batholith

Why would a foliated metamorphic rock not make a suitable foundation for buildings or dams? because of the presence of metamorphic minerals because they are weakened by heat because foliations are planes of weakness because they are softer than other rock types

Because foliations are planes of weakness

Coal

Biochemical

Organic Limestone

Biochemical

Chert

Chemical

Dolostone

Chemical

Inorganic limestone

Chemical

Rock Gypsum

Chemical

Rock Salt

Chemical

Small, steep sided volcanoes made up of pyroclastic materials resulting from short-lived eruptions

Cinder cones

Which of the following is a type of physical soil degradation? Improper use of fertilizers Salinization Pollution from improper disposal of chemicals Compaction of soil particles All of the above

Compaction of soil particles

Consist of layers of pyroclastic material and lava flows

Composite volcano (Stratovolcano)

Type of metamorphism that occurs when magma comes into contact with country rock at depth

Contact Metamorphism

Concordant intrusion emplaced along the contact between two adjacent layers

Sill

What are the steps in order of forming a sandstone? deposition -> compaction -> cementation compaction -> deposition -> cementation cementation -> compaction -> deposition deposition -> cementation -> compaction the order of steps does not matter

Deposition, compaction, cementation

Breccia

Detrital/Clastic

Conglomerate

Detrital/Clastic

Mudstone

Detrital/Clastic

Sandstone

Detrital/Clastic

Shale

Detrital/Clastic

Discordant intrusion slicing across sedimentary strata

Dike

Metamorphism through pressure dominated recrystallization

Dynamic Metamorphism

Hydrostatic pressure is a non-uniform pressure in which the pressure is equal in all directions? True False

False

Volcanic igneous rocks have large visible crystals, little to no holes (vesicles), and are found at depth in Earth's crust? True False

False

Without plate tectonics, there would be no metamorphic rocks? True False

False

Arching pluton that lifts the overlying crust as magma pressure increases

Laccolith

Utilizing and understanding Bowen's reaction series, which description below best summarizes the process of gravitational differentiation (i.e. crystal settling). A person would expect to find iron and magnesium bearing rocks near the type of the igneous body due to the higher concentrations of silica Lighter elements (and associated minerals) would be in a higher concentration at the top of an igneous body as the denser materials precipitated earlier during the cooling phase. There would be no predicted zonation of minerals as the settling process is determined by the quality of the crystal structures Bowen's reaction series does not relate to gravitational differentiation (crystal settling) of igneous bodies

Lighter elements (and associated minerals) would be in a higher concentration at the top of an igneous body as the denser materials precipitated earlier during the cooling phase.

Which of the following is not an agent of metamorphism? Lithification Heat Pressure Fluid activity

Lithification

Based on the image below, what would rock classification would be appropriate for an igneous rock containing 19% Olivine, 43% Pyroxene, 36% Calcium-rich Plagioclase, and 2% Hornblende? Felsic Intermediate Mafic Ultramafic

Mafic

Why are mafic magmas less viscous than felsic magmas? Mafic magmas are at a higher temperature Mafic magmas have a lower relative silica content Mafic magmas form in continental crust All of the above

Mafic magmas are at a higher temperature AND Mafic magmas have a lower relative silica content

What type of chemical reaction/change takes place when limestone is converted to dolostone? Calcium replaces Magnesium Magnesium replaces Calcium Carbonate is replaced by Sulfate Potassium replaces Sodium

Magnesium replaces Calcium

Put the types of altered plant remains in order from first formed to most altered. Anthracite, Bituminous, Lignite, Peat Bituminous, Lignite, Anthracite, Peat Peat, Lignite, Bituminous, Anthracite Lignite, Anthracite, Peat, Bituminous the correct order is not listed

Peat, lignite, bituminous, anthracite

Coarse-grained, minerals are large enough to observe without a microscope

Phaneritic

Slow cooling rate

Phaneritic Texture

How do pillow lavas form? Pillow lavas contain a large amount of dissolved gases and other volatiles that escape during an eruption result in a texture similar to mounds of pillows. Pillow lavas result when lava such as an Aa lava type erupt so quickly that no crystals can form resulting in the mounded pillow appearance Pillow lavas form as lava erupts under water and is cooled quickly forcing the remaining lava to break through in another area creating the mounded appearance All of the above will result in some form of mounded pillow lava appearance

Pillow lavas form as lava erupts under water and is cooled quickly forcing the remaining lava to break through in another area creating the mounded appearance

Mixed-grain size, some minerals are large enough to observe without a microscope other need to be observed with a microscope

Porphyritic

Two or more cooling rates

Porphyritic Texture

Metamorphism over a large area resulting from extreme temperature and pressure

Regional Metamorphism

Which of the following is NOT a soil conservation practice? Terracing Strip-cropping No-till planting Salinization planting Windbreaks

Salinization planting

Which of the following rocks would show a parallel arrangement of minerals due to metamorphism? Quartzite Schist Marble Hornfels

Schist

Has the appearance of the outer side of a convex shield, resulting from repeated low-viscosity basaltic eruptions

Shield Volcano

Metamorphism resulting from intense heat and pressure resulting from a bolide collision

Shock Metamorphism

During assimilation, it is possible for the "intruding" magma body to change the composition of the original magma body from being more felsic to less felsic? True False

True

Metamorphic fluids are vital to metamorphism because they supply key components for chemical reactions that take place during metamorphism? True False

True

What happens as the relative amount of silica in a magma or lava increases? Viscosity increases Viscosity decreases Volcanic eruptions become more explosive Volcanic eruptions become less explosive

Viscosity increases AND Volcanic eruptions become more explosive

Which of the following soil conservation practices is correctly matched with its description? Terracing - planting seeds through the residue of a previous crop Crop rotation - growing different crops on alternating parallel strips Contour plowing - creating flat areas on sloping ground Windbreaks - planting trees along the edge of a field to reduce wind erosion

Windbreaks - planting trees along the edge of a field to reduce wind erosion

How is frost wedging and salt crystal growth similar? both are types of chemical weathering they produce chemical precipitates the both cause chemical changes to the rock they both exert force to widen cracks and dislodge smaller particles

they both exert force to widen cracks and dislodge smaller particles