Geology Test 1

steps in continental rift formation.

1. lithospheric mantle begins to stretch horizontally and thin vertically 2. the crust fractures and faults develop 3. large fault blocks of crust slide down into the widening rift 4. magma erupts as lava, creating volcanoes along and near the center of the rift

steps of continental volcanic arc formation

1. subduction trench forms where the subducting plate bends downward into the mantle 2. an accretionary prism begins to form. 3. magma, created by flux melting of the mantle, rises through the continental lithosphere 4. lave erupts onto the surface, forming volcanoes

steps of volcanic island arc formation

1. subduction trench forms where the subducting plate bends downward into the mantle 2. an accretionary prism begins to form. 3. magma, created by flux melting of the mantle, rises through the overriding plate 4. lave erupts onto the surface, forming volcanoes

steps that lead to seafloor spreading

1. the asthenosphere beneath diverging plates rises and melts. 2. a magma chamber forms beneath the ridge axis. 3. magma rises to the surface and erupts via submarine volcanoes 4. newly formed crust is moved laterally away from the ridge

Order events chronologically that can lead to a subduction-related tsunami

1. the overriding plate "sticks" to the subducting slab 2. the overriding plate deforms, and strain builds 3.slip occurs and the overriding plate moves back into position, displacing a large amount of the seafloor 4. a bulge of water is created at the sea surface and spreads out as a series of waves

both P-waves and S-waves arrive in the areas within __° of the focus

103

P-waves that travel through the core emerge in a zone that extends from __ from the focus.

143° to 180°

Atmosphere

A thin layer of gases surrounding Earth (climate)

the oldest seafloor is generally less than 200 million years old. Why?

All oceanic lithosphere eventually gets subducted beneath the continents by the time it is 200 million years old.

Hydrosphere

All the water on earth

Formation of a new fault

As the force is applied, small cracks develop along the bend. Eventually, the cracks link. When this happens, a through-going rupture forms. The instant the rupture forms, the rock breaks into two pieces that slide past each other, releasing the built-up energy.

Which of the following headlines from possible news stories relate(s) to Earth Science? EPA under the microscope after 2015 Colorado Gold King Mine spill New Ebola vaccine shows promising results in human clinical trials Scientists search genome to make cancer treatments more effective Ancient artifacts found in Mayan Temple reveal what life was like for the wealthy Mayans NASA prepares for launch of James Webb telescope, which will give us new insights into outer space

EPA under the microscope after 2015 Colorado Gold King Mine spill NASA prepares for launch of James Webb telescope, which will give us new insights into outer space

Cryosphere

Frozen water on earth

An iceberg will sink into the sea until it displaces its own weight in water, leaving only the "tip of the iceberg" exposed when it floats. Which of the following describes a floating iceberg? It is in isostatic equilibrium. It is a gravity anomaly. It is denser than seawater. All of the possible answers are correct.

It is in isostatic equilibrium.

Identify the statement that best describes the rock cycle It is the overall process of change by which one rock is transformed into another. It is the process by which new rocks are created. It is the process by which old rocks are destroyed. It is the process by which tectonic plates change positions.

It is the overall process of change by which one rock is transformed into another.

Identify statements true of earthquakes. Most earthquakes are large and destructive. Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. An estimated one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are small. Most earthquakes are the consequence of plate tectonics.

Most earthquakes occur along plate boundaries. An estimated one million earthquakes occur each year, but most of them are small. Most earthquakes are the consequence of plate tectonics.

Identify statements true of Pangaea Pangaea was one of several supercontinents that have formed and broken up during Earth's history. Pangaea consisted of all of the Earth's continents pushed together with the exception of Antarctica. Rates of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean are compatible with what is known about the breakup of Pangaea. The regional-scale folds visible in the Appalachian Mountains are remnants of Pangaea's formation.

Pangaea was one of several supercontinents that have formed and broken up during Earth's history. Rates of seafloor spreading in the Atlantic Ocean are compatible with what is known about the breakup of Pangaea. The regional-scale folds visible in the Appalachian Mountains are remnants of Pangaea's formation.

Geosphere

The mostly solid, rocky part of the Earth; extends from the center of the core to the surface of the crust.

You have made it to the top of Mount Everest and notice that the rocks that make up the uppermost part of the mountain contain multiple fossils of organisms that once lived in an ocean. Which of the following hypotheses best fits the data you have collected? The rocks at the top of Mount Everest were carried up by large glaciers. The rocks at the top of Mount Everest were placed there by previous climbers. The rocks at the top of Mount Everest were formed under the ocean and then uplifted as the mountain formed. The organisms were once adapted to live on the tops of mountains, but have now evolved to live in the ocean.

The rocks at the top of Mount Everest were formed under the ocean and then uplifted as the mountain formed.

Normal Fault

a fault in which the hanging wall moves down relative to the footwall associated with divergent plate boundaries

Strike-Slip Fault

a type of fault where rocks on either side move past each other sideways with little up or down motion associated with transform boundaries

Reverse Fault

a type of fault where the hanging wall slides upward; caused by compression in the crust associated with convergent plate boundaries

Seafloor spreading is driven by volcanic activity that occurs

along mid-ocean ridges

P-waves can travel through liquids, but they are deflected at the __. This causes a complete shadow zone between 103° and 143°.

core-mantle boundary

Continental Collision

crustal thickening mountain building

transform or other? earthquakes divergence convergence subduction

earthquakes - t divergence - o convergence - o subduction - o

Which of the following are sources of energy that drive the rock cycle? energy from the Sun's radiation organisms that live on Earth energy from Earth's magnetic field Earth's internal heat

energy from the Sun's radiation organisms that live on Earth Earth's internal heat

Because S-waves cannot travel through __, the outer core blocks S-waves from traveling beyond 103° from the focus.

liquids

Which tectonic processes are likely to be associated with earthquakes?

mountain building formation of ocean basins movement along plate boundaries plate subduction

Clarence King was the first director of the USGS. His main focus for the agency at the time was mining geology. Mining geology would involve which type of natural resource?

non-renewable resources

The various geologic settings in which rocks can melt, metamorphose, or become sediment are ultimately generated by

plate tectonics

A global map of seismicity shows seismic trends indicating the location of

polar wander paths.

Which of the following variables could influence the width of marine magnetic anomalies on the floor of the ocean? rate at which the plates are moving away from the mid-ocean ridge duration of the magnetic polarity event strength of the magnetic field frequency of sunspot activity latitude at which the anomaly formed

rate at which the plates are moving away from the mid-ocean ridge duration of the magnetic polarity event

The footwall is always below the

sloping fault plane.

What source(s) of energy makes it possible to move matter through the rock cycle? solar energy gravity the Earth's internal heat

solar energy gravity the Earth's internal heat

Oceanic Convergence

subduction volcanism

The longer the S- and P-waves travel,

the farther apart their wave fronts are in kilometers.

The larger the S-P value is,

the farther the seismometer is located from the epicenter.

The farther the epicenter is,

the greater the time difference in the arrival of the P- and S-waves at a seismometer.

The closer the seismometer is to the epicenter,

the greater the wave amplitude is and the shorter the S-P interval is.

Biosphere

the part of Earth where life exists

Which of the following are goals of scientific investigations? turn data into useful knowledge use primarily inspiration, interpretation, and personal insight to answer questions present information in a neutral or objective manner develop a possible explanation for observations turn data into a useful, tangible products for the public to enjoy

turn data into useful knowledge present information in a neutral or objective manner develop a possible explanation for observations

At a divergent boundary

two plates move away from the axis of a mid-ocean ridge as new oceanic lithosphere forms.

At a convergent boundary

two plates move toward each other, causing one to subduct.

At a transform boundary

two plates slide past each other along a vertical fault surface without creating new plate or consuming old plate.

The largest and most destructive tsunamis in human history have been associated with which of the following? A. volcanic eruptions B. landslides C. normal faulting on the seafloor D. subduction-zone earthquakes E. iceberg calving

volcanic eruptions subduction-zone earthquakes

Cite natural phenomena that can cause tsunami formation.

volcanic eruptions, landslides, earthquakes