Geology Test #2

Based on the image and your knowledge of metamorphic minerals, which of the following is true?

Garnet is diagnostic of moderate to high grade metamorphic conditions

On this figure Bowen's Reaction Series, which mineral would crystallize last from magma?

K-feldspar

How does the strength of continental crust vary with depth?

Rocks become stronger with depth and then get weaker deep in the crust

The classic volcano shape is displayed by

a composite volcano

What type of volcanic eruption is shown in this photograph?

a pyroclastic column

What kind of rock is formed where rocks have been heated, but not deformed?

a rock with metamorphic minerals but no foliation or lineation

The angular clasts typical of breccia indicate what about the distance of transport?

a short distance transport

If a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains:

a wide range in the size of clasts

Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are

all of these choices are correct

Identify the factors that strongly influence the size, shape, and/or sorting of sedimentary clasts

all of these choices are correct

Some rocks and minerals are not stable at the surface because they:

all of these choices are correct

Some scientists think that yellowstone could cause a future disaster because

all of these choices are correct

What types of rocks would be most common in a composite volcano?

all of these choices are correct

Which of the following are characteristics typical of volcanic domes?

all of these choices are correct

Which of the following is true about how weathering affects fractured rocks?

all of these choices are correct

The most common volcanic rock found in lava flows on composite volcanoes is

andesite

Minerals have an ordered internal atomic arrangement. What does this mean?

atoms in a mineral are arranged in an ordered geometric pattern

Shield volcanoes are composed primarily of

basalt lava flows

What types of rocks would be most common in the volcano shown in this photograph?

basalt mostly formed in lava flows

The igneous feature shown in this photograph is

batholith

If bubbles cannot escape from a magma, the resulting eruption is likely to

be explosive

The rounded clasts in this sedimentary deposit were likely transported

by a river

The main cause of caldera collapse is

collapse of the roof of a magma chamber as magma erupts

Which mineral property is the least reliable for identifying a mineral?

color

The most dangerous type of volcano is a

composite volcano

This relatively large, symmetrical volcano contains interlayered lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows. What kind of volcano is it?

composite volcano

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

compression

When a rock is buried deep in the Earth and experiences the same force from all sides, it is under:

confining pressure

What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

contact metamorphism

When a rock is subjected to tectonic forces and experiences stress that is not the same in all directions, it is under

differential stress

The nearly vertical igneous feature shown in this figure is a

dike

What type of formation is shown in this photograph?

displacement

What is the main type of weathering illustrated by this weathered limestone?

dissolution

How does gypsum form?

evaporation of water in a lake or sea

An igneous rock that solidifies on Earth's surface is called an

extrusive rock

What types of rock would be most common in the volcano in this photograph?

felsic and intermediate lava flows

What types of rocks would be most common in a composite volcano?

felsic and intermediate lava flows and tephra pillow basalts

The deep-sea floor is characterized by sediment dominated by

fine dust and the remains of single-celled organisms

Shield volcanoes commonly involve

fluid lava flows

Which of the following is NOT a required criterion for a substance to be classified as a mineral?

human made

Which of the following is a mineral?

ice

An igneous rock that solidifies below the surface is called an

intrusive rock

Where does the quartz in granite typically end up?

it ends up in sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches

The effect of transportation on a pebble's particle size is best summarized by which statement?

its size decreases

Fractures that are simple cracks where the rock has pulled apart by a small amount are

joints

What types of structures are shown in this photograph?

joints

What type of eruption is shown in this photograph?

lava dome

When fluid erupts onto the surface, it typically produces

lava flows

Sedimentary clasts are

loose fragments of rocks and minerals

Long, thin lava flows are typically produced by

low-viscosity lavas

Rocks are composed of

minerals

What happens when rocks oxidize near Earth's surface?

minerals especially those with iron, combine with oxygen

Large, angular clasts are most likely at

mountains at A and glaciers B

In what environments does low pressure/high temperature metamorphism occur?

near magma but at shallow levels

When a volcano erodes and the solidified conduit is exposed, it is referred to as a volcanic

neck

In this section, a lower limestone is successively overlain by lagoon mudstone and a beach sandstone. What is the best interpretation of what was going on?

none of these choices are correct

The mineral halite has cube shaped crystals because

of the arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice

The mineral halite is seen in the image. One part of the atomic arrangement repeats indefinitely to make the entire crystal. This property of a mineral is called

ordered atomic arrangement

Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from

other locations

Which of the following weathering processes results in the reddish orange coating on rocks, in soils, and on metal (rust)?

oxidation

What type of basaltic feature is shown in this photograph?

pahoehoe lava flow

The two main processes by which sediment is produced are

physical and chemical weathering

What is the dominant type of weathering shown in this photograph?

physical weathering

In warm, shallow, marine environments, corals and other marine life typically construct:

reefs

What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?

regional metamorphism

What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?

shear

The most important class of rock-forming minerals on Earth is

silicates

What type of atom is represented by the small, brown sphere in the center of this silica tetrahedron?

silicon

The dark horizontal igneous features shown in this photograph are

sills

Mountain streams and rivers typically are characterized by

steep gradients and are confined by bedrock canyons

The typical form for a composite volcano is a

steep-sided cone

Potentially explosive composite volcanoes are most common above

subduction zones

Geologists use characteristics such as bedding, mudcracks, and color preserved in sedimentary rocks to determine

the environment in which the rocks were deposited

Comparing these two photographs which eruption has the lower viscosity magma

the fluid cascade of lava

Fine-grained sediment would most likely be present at

the lagoon at B and deep seafloor at D

The advance of the sea across a region is known as a

transgression

The igneous feature shown in this photograph is

volcanic neck

Which of the following does NOT physically loosen rocks on the surface?

water contracting as it freezes

Why does weathering of granite bedrock produce rounded shapes?

weathering removes corners and edges, as in spheroidal weathering

The joints in the photograph mimic topography, indicating that they formed

when the weight of overlying rocks was unloaded, allowing expansion along the joints