Geology Test #2
Based on the image and your knowledge of metamorphic minerals, which of the following is true?
Garnet is diagnostic of moderate to high grade metamorphic conditions
On this figure Bowen's Reaction Series, which mineral would crystallize last from magma?
K-feldspar
How does the strength of continental crust vary with depth?
Rocks become stronger with depth and then get weaker deep in the crust
The classic volcano shape is displayed by
a composite volcano
What type of volcanic eruption is shown in this photograph?
a pyroclastic column
What kind of rock is formed where rocks have been heated, but not deformed?
a rock with metamorphic minerals but no foliation or lineation
The angular clasts typical of breccia indicate what about the distance of transport?
a short distance transport
If a rock is poorly sorted, this means the rock contains:
a wide range in the size of clasts
Hazards associated with basaltic lava flows and eruptions are
all of these choices are correct
Identify the factors that strongly influence the size, shape, and/or sorting of sedimentary clasts
all of these choices are correct
Some rocks and minerals are not stable at the surface because they:
all of these choices are correct
Some scientists think that yellowstone could cause a future disaster because
all of these choices are correct
What types of rocks would be most common in a composite volcano?
all of these choices are correct
Which of the following are characteristics typical of volcanic domes?
all of these choices are correct
Which of the following is true about how weathering affects fractured rocks?
all of these choices are correct
The most common volcanic rock found in lava flows on composite volcanoes is
andesite
Minerals have an ordered internal atomic arrangement. What does this mean?
atoms in a mineral are arranged in an ordered geometric pattern
Shield volcanoes are composed primarily of
basalt lava flows
What types of rocks would be most common in the volcano shown in this photograph?
basalt mostly formed in lava flows
The igneous feature shown in this photograph is
batholith
If bubbles cannot escape from a magma, the resulting eruption is likely to
be explosive
The rounded clasts in this sedimentary deposit were likely transported
by a river
The main cause of caldera collapse is
collapse of the roof of a magma chamber as magma erupts
Which mineral property is the least reliable for identifying a mineral?
color
The most dangerous type of volcano is a
composite volcano
This relatively large, symmetrical volcano contains interlayered lava flow, pyroclastic deposits, and volcanic mudflows. What kind of volcano is it?
composite volcano
What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?
compression
When a rock is buried deep in the Earth and experiences the same force from all sides, it is under:
confining pressure
What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?
contact metamorphism
When a rock is subjected to tectonic forces and experiences stress that is not the same in all directions, it is under
differential stress
The nearly vertical igneous feature shown in this figure is a
dike
What type of formation is shown in this photograph?
displacement
What is the main type of weathering illustrated by this weathered limestone?
dissolution
How does gypsum form?
evaporation of water in a lake or sea
An igneous rock that solidifies on Earth's surface is called an
extrusive rock
What types of rock would be most common in the volcano in this photograph?
felsic and intermediate lava flows
What types of rocks would be most common in a composite volcano?
felsic and intermediate lava flows and tephra pillow basalts
The deep-sea floor is characterized by sediment dominated by
fine dust and the remains of single-celled organisms
Shield volcanoes commonly involve
fluid lava flows
Which of the following is NOT a required criterion for a substance to be classified as a mineral?
human made
Which of the following is a mineral?
ice
An igneous rock that solidifies below the surface is called an
intrusive rock
Where does the quartz in granite typically end up?
it ends up in sand in rivers, dunes, and beaches
The effect of transportation on a pebble's particle size is best summarized by which statement?
its size decreases
Fractures that are simple cracks where the rock has pulled apart by a small amount are
joints
What types of structures are shown in this photograph?
joints
What type of eruption is shown in this photograph?
lava dome
When fluid erupts onto the surface, it typically produces
lava flows
Sedimentary clasts are
loose fragments of rocks and minerals
Long, thin lava flows are typically produced by
low-viscosity lavas
Rocks are composed of
minerals
What happens when rocks oxidize near Earth's surface?
minerals especially those with iron, combine with oxygen
Large, angular clasts are most likely at
mountains at A and glaciers B
In what environments does low pressure/high temperature metamorphism occur?
near magma but at shallow levels
When a volcano erodes and the solidified conduit is exposed, it is referred to as a volcanic
neck
In this section, a lower limestone is successively overlain by lagoon mudstone and a beach sandstone. What is the best interpretation of what was going on?
none of these choices are correct
The mineral halite has cube shaped crystals because
of the arrangement of atoms in the crystal lattice
The mineral halite is seen in the image. One part of the atomic arrangement repeats indefinitely to make the entire crystal. This property of a mineral is called
ordered atomic arrangement
Sedimentary rocks are comprised of material that comes primarily from
other locations
Which of the following weathering processes results in the reddish orange coating on rocks, in soils, and on metal (rust)?
oxidation
What type of basaltic feature is shown in this photograph?
pahoehoe lava flow
The two main processes by which sediment is produced are
physical and chemical weathering
What is the dominant type of weathering shown in this photograph?
physical weathering
In warm, shallow, marine environments, corals and other marine life typically construct:
reefs
What type of metamorphism would occur in this setting?
regional metamorphism
What type of stress formed the structure shown in this figure?
shear
The most important class of rock-forming minerals on Earth is
silicates
What type of atom is represented by the small, brown sphere in the center of this silica tetrahedron?
silicon
The dark horizontal igneous features shown in this photograph are
sills
Mountain streams and rivers typically are characterized by
steep gradients and are confined by bedrock canyons
The typical form for a composite volcano is a
steep-sided cone
Potentially explosive composite volcanoes are most common above
subduction zones
Geologists use characteristics such as bedding, mudcracks, and color preserved in sedimentary rocks to determine
the environment in which the rocks were deposited
Comparing these two photographs which eruption has the lower viscosity magma
the fluid cascade of lava
Fine-grained sediment would most likely be present at
the lagoon at B and deep seafloor at D
The advance of the sea across a region is known as a
transgression
The igneous feature shown in this photograph is
volcanic neck
Which of the following does NOT physically loosen rocks on the surface?
water contracting as it freezes
Why does weathering of granite bedrock produce rounded shapes?
weathering removes corners and edges, as in spheroidal weathering
The joints in the photograph mimic topography, indicating that they formed
when the weight of overlying rocks was unloaded, allowing expansion along the joints