Geology Trash

The ____ _____ _____ is the total amount of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

atomic mass number

The ____ ______ of an element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus.

atomic number

The ____ _____ of an element is the mass of an average atom of an element, given in atomic mass units.

atomic weight/atomic mass

Which mineral group contains CO3 in its chemical formula?

carbonates

A(n) _____ is a positively charged ion.

cation

The concept of isostatic adjustment tells us that when a mountain is subjected to a period of significant erosion, the ____

continent will rise

Subduction does not occur during continent-continent convergence because...?

continental lithosphere is less dense than the underlying mantle

Rock within the Earth's interior will rise toward the surface because it has lower ______ than the surrounding rocks.

density

What is a material's mass per unit volume?

density

Three types of plate boundaries

divergent, convergent, transform

Each species of an atom is called a(n) ____. They are arranged on the periodic table according to their size.

element

Ocean circulation, rain, and erosion are all examples of processes driven by Earth's ___________ heat engine.

external

______ igneous rocks are those that form from the solidification of magma below the surface.

extrusive

A _____ luster gives a substance a glazed appearance, like glass or porcelain. This is very common luster, and most silicates have this characteristic.

glassy(vitreous)

The ____ of a mineral is that minerals "scratchability." This can be determined with a relative scale such as Mohs scale or with an instrument to get an absolute value.

hardness

A ____ is a tentative answer to a scientific question that is formed from the observation of data.

hypothesis

Rock that forms when magma solidifies is

igneous rock

___________ igneous rocks are those that form from the solidification of magma below the surface

intrusive

solidifying within the crust becomes what igneous rock?

intrusive

A(n) ____ is an atom that has a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to the number of protons in its nucleus and therefore has a positive or negative charge.

ion

Erosion

is the process in which material is removed by moving wind, water, or ice.

hydrosphere

is the water on or near Earth's surface. The hydrosphere includes the oceans, rivers, lakes, and glaciers of the world.

The vertical motion of the Earth's crust as it "floats" on the underlying mantle is called _____ adjustment

isostatic

The quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral is termed ____.

luster

A(n) ____ luster gives a substance the appearance of being made of metal.

metallic

Most transform faults are found along?

mid-ocean ridges

The study of minerals

mineralogy

If a material is created by humans(through anthropogenic means) it is NOT considered _____ occurring

naturally

By definition, no human-made material would ever be classified as _____.

naturally occurring

Carbonates, sulfates, oxides, and chlorides are examples of _____ minerals

nonsilicate

At an ocean-continent convergent boundary, the denser _____ plate will be subducted.

oceanic

When ocean-content convergence occurs, the _____ crust will be subjected because it is denser.

oceanic

At its core, the rising cost of fuel prices inevitably results from ______.

our growing dependence on diminishing nonrenewable resources

The theory that regards the lithosphere as broken slabs that move relative to one another is called _____.

plate tectonics

A mineral that has the same chemical composition but a different crystalline structure than another mineral is known as a ____.

polymorphs

geosphere

rock and other inorganic Earth material that make up the bulk of the planet.

_______ is loose material resulting from the breakdown of rock.

sediment

A silicate mineral that is structured so that three of the oxygen atoms are shared by other tetrahedra has a(n) _____ silicate structure. These structures form in a continuous plane.

sheet

A mineral that contains silicon and oxygen is called a(n) _____.

silicate

The basic building block of the silicate minerals is represented by a geometric shape known as a silica _____.

silicon-oxygen tetrahedron(this part)

Volcanic island arcs form as a result of ______ at ocean-ocean convergent boundaries.

subduction

Continent-continent convergence typically occurs after...?

the closing of an ocean basin due to ocean-continent convergence

atmosphere

the gases that envelop the Earth. -Air we breathe

biosphere

the part of Earth where life exists; includes all of the living organisms on Earth -includes once-living material like fossils

At a convergent plate boundary, plates move ____ each other.

toward

Weak electrostatic ___ bonds hold together the sheets of covalently bonded carbon in graphite

van der Waals

The mineral diopside(a type of pyroxene) has the chemical formula MgCaSi2O6. From this formula you know that for every one atom of silicon (Is), there are _____.

-3 atoms of oxygen(O) -0.5 atoms of calcium(Ca) -0.5 atoms of magnesium(Mg)

Which of these are NOT required for covalent bonding?

-A positively charged ion -A negatively charged ion -At least two different elements

Physical geology is the division of geology concerned with _________

-Earth materials; -Changes in Earth's surface

Which of the following cause continental rifting?

-Extensional forces in the crust, -Upwelling mantle material

Which of the following would not be considered as part of the geosphere? -Glaciers -Minerals -Mountains -Gemstones

-Glaciers

Which two Earth system, or spheres, interact to create a tsunami? -Biosphere -Atmosphere -Geosphere -Hydrosphere

-Hydrosphere -Geosphere

Mountain belts along subduction zones are created through which of the following processes? -Compression of plates -Intrusive igneous activity -Extrusive igneous activity -Extension of subducting plate

-Intrusive igneous activity -Compression of plates -Extrusive igneous activity

The core is believed to be mostly composed of which two metals?

-Iron -Nickel

The ______ is the rigid portion of the Earth made up of the _____ and uppermost part of the mantle

-Lithosphere -crust

Which of these properties are part of the definition of a mineral?

-Naturally occurring -Inorganic -Crystalline solid -Specific chemical composition

Types of convergent boundaries

-Ocean-continent -Continent-continent -Ocean-ocean

Which of these are special properties of minerals? -Taste -Fracture -Piezoelectricity -Smell -Magnetism -Specific gravity -Double refraction

-Smell -Taste -Magnetism -Piezoelectricity -Double refraction

Rocks formed deep within the Earth will be unstable at the surface because of which of the following changes in conditions? -Temperature differences -Compositional differences -Density differences -Pressure differences

-Temperature differences -Pressure differences

Examples of diminishing geology resources include _______.

-aluminum and tin -iron and copper

The ____ is the more ductile portion of mantle directly below the lithosphere.

-asthenosphere

The concept of isostatic adjustment explains that ______ crust floats higher than ______ crust because of differences in density.

-continental -oceanic

Tectonic forces generated inside the Earth are responsible for ____. -earthquakes -ocean circulation -mountain building -soil formation

-earthquakes -mountain building

Ionic bonding occurs when neighboring atoms _____ electrons, while metallic and covalent bonding occurs when they ____ electrons

-exchange -share

Silica is the term used for ____ combined with _____.

-oxygen -silicon

Humans have been on Earth for approximately ____________ million years

5

Dinosaurs went extinct approximately _________ million years ago.

65

As oceanic lithosphere bends and is pulled underneath another plate, what is formed?

A deep oceanic trench

What is the best way to observe a mineral's streak?

A mineral's streak can be observed by scraping the edge of the sample across an unglazed porcelain plate

System

An arbitrarily isolated portion of the universe that can be analyzed to see how its components interrelate.

What portion of the surface of Earth is covered by oceans?

Approximately two-thirds

Which of these best describes how covalent bonding works?

Atoms share outer shell electrons to become stable.

What physical property of mica is being demonstrated in this image?

Cleavage - ability of a mineral to break https://html1-cluster-e.mheducation.com/smartbook2/data/155035/highlighted_epubmhe/OPS/img/chapter02/plu96103_0222.png

What kind of fracture is shown here?

Conchoidal https://html1-cluster-e.mheducation.com/smartbook2/data/155035/highlighted_epubmhe/OPS/img/chapter02/plu96103_0226.png

A set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another is referred to as what?

Crystal form

Which of the following are considered to be the most dangerous geologic hazards? -Earthquakes -Floods -Tsunami -Volcanoes -Tornadoes -Lightning

Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, and tsunami are the most dangerous geologic hazards. so, -Earthquakes -Floods -Tsunami -Volcanoes

T/F The theory of plate tectonics led to the hypothesis of continental drift.

False

T/F Geology is primarily. the study of rocks.

False. Geology is the study of the Earth, not just rocks.

Divergent

Formation of new lithosphere -move away

A mineral's ____ is the way it breaks when not controlled by cleavage.

Fracture

Which of these materials is considered to be a rock?

Granite

Which mountain belt results from the convergence of India with the Eurasian plate?

Himalaya

_____ of an element are atoms containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.

Isotopes

Cenozoic; Mesozoic; Paleozoic; Precambrian

Large mammals, and hominids; Dinosaurs, flowering plants, and trees; First reptiles, and fish; Algae, bacteria

The ______ is the largest of Earth's concentric zones by volume.

Mantle

What is magma?

Molten rock

mid-oceanic ridges question

Most divergent boundaries coincide with the crests of submarine mountain ranges, called mid-oceanic ridges.

Specified gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water. What, then, is the specific gravity of water?

One

How is the magma that erupts at mid-oceanic ridges formed?

Partial melting of the underlying atmosphere

_________________ primary theory of geology

Plate tectonics

Which of these materials is defined as a naturally formed aggregate of minerals or mineral-like substances?

Rock

Transform

Small to large earthquakes; no creation or destruction of crust -slide by

Convergent

Subduction of oceanic lithosphere; very large earthquakes -move towards

The _________ is the external heat engine for Earth processes

Sun

What event marks the start of the Paleozoic era 541 million years ago?

The appearance of abundance complex life-forms

At an ocean-ocean convergent boundary, which plate is subducted into the mantle?

The denser plate

What type of boundary is the San Andreas Fault?

Transform

T/F Fossils are part of the biosphere

True

The rate of seafloor spreading is approximately ____ per year

1-18 centimeters

More than 5,200 minerals have been identified but approximately how many minerals are considered to be common?

200(20 for rocks)