Geology Trash
The ____ _____ _____ is the total amount of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
atomic mass number
The ____ ______ of an element is defined by the number of protons in its nucleus.
atomic number
The ____ _____ of an element is the mass of an average atom of an element, given in atomic mass units.
atomic weight/atomic mass
Which mineral group contains CO3 in its chemical formula?
carbonates
A(n) _____ is a positively charged ion.
cation
The concept of isostatic adjustment tells us that when a mountain is subjected to a period of significant erosion, the ____
continent will rise
Subduction does not occur during continent-continent convergence because...?
continental lithosphere is less dense than the underlying mantle
Rock within the Earth's interior will rise toward the surface because it has lower ______ than the surrounding rocks.
density
What is a material's mass per unit volume?
density
Three types of plate boundaries
divergent, convergent, transform
Each species of an atom is called a(n) ____. They are arranged on the periodic table according to their size.
element
Ocean circulation, rain, and erosion are all examples of processes driven by Earth's ___________ heat engine.
external
______ igneous rocks are those that form from the solidification of magma below the surface.
extrusive
A _____ luster gives a substance a glazed appearance, like glass or porcelain. This is very common luster, and most silicates have this characteristic.
glassy(vitreous)
The ____ of a mineral is that minerals "scratchability." This can be determined with a relative scale such as Mohs scale or with an instrument to get an absolute value.
hardness
A ____ is a tentative answer to a scientific question that is formed from the observation of data.
hypothesis
Rock that forms when magma solidifies is
igneous rock
___________ igneous rocks are those that form from the solidification of magma below the surface
intrusive
solidifying within the crust becomes what igneous rock?
intrusive
A(n) ____ is an atom that has a surplus or deficit of electrons relative to the number of protons in its nucleus and therefore has a positive or negative charge.
ion
Erosion
is the process in which material is removed by moving wind, water, or ice.
hydrosphere
is the water on or near Earth's surface. The hydrosphere includes the oceans, rivers, lakes, and glaciers of the world.
The vertical motion of the Earth's crust as it "floats" on the underlying mantle is called _____ adjustment
isostatic
The quality and intensity of light that is reflected from the surface of a mineral is termed ____.
luster
A(n) ____ luster gives a substance the appearance of being made of metal.
metallic
Most transform faults are found along?
mid-ocean ridges
The study of minerals
mineralogy
If a material is created by humans(through anthropogenic means) it is NOT considered _____ occurring
naturally
By definition, no human-made material would ever be classified as _____.
naturally occurring
Carbonates, sulfates, oxides, and chlorides are examples of _____ minerals
nonsilicate
At an ocean-continent convergent boundary, the denser _____ plate will be subducted.
oceanic
When ocean-content convergence occurs, the _____ crust will be subjected because it is denser.
oceanic
At its core, the rising cost of fuel prices inevitably results from ______.
our growing dependence on diminishing nonrenewable resources
The theory that regards the lithosphere as broken slabs that move relative to one another is called _____.
plate tectonics
A mineral that has the same chemical composition but a different crystalline structure than another mineral is known as a ____.
polymorphs
geosphere
rock and other inorganic Earth material that make up the bulk of the planet.
_______ is loose material resulting from the breakdown of rock.
sediment
A silicate mineral that is structured so that three of the oxygen atoms are shared by other tetrahedra has a(n) _____ silicate structure. These structures form in a continuous plane.
sheet
A mineral that contains silicon and oxygen is called a(n) _____.
silicate
The basic building block of the silicate minerals is represented by a geometric shape known as a silica _____.
silicon-oxygen tetrahedron(this part)
Volcanic island arcs form as a result of ______ at ocean-ocean convergent boundaries.
subduction
Continent-continent convergence typically occurs after...?
the closing of an ocean basin due to ocean-continent convergence
atmosphere
the gases that envelop the Earth. -Air we breathe
biosphere
the part of Earth where life exists; includes all of the living organisms on Earth -includes once-living material like fossils
At a convergent plate boundary, plates move ____ each other.
toward
Weak electrostatic ___ bonds hold together the sheets of covalently bonded carbon in graphite
van der Waals
The mineral diopside(a type of pyroxene) has the chemical formula MgCaSi2O6. From this formula you know that for every one atom of silicon (Is), there are _____.
-3 atoms of oxygen(O) -0.5 atoms of calcium(Ca) -0.5 atoms of magnesium(Mg)
Which of these are NOT required for covalent bonding?
-A positively charged ion -A negatively charged ion -At least two different elements
Physical geology is the division of geology concerned with _________
-Earth materials; -Changes in Earth's surface
Which of the following cause continental rifting?
-Extensional forces in the crust, -Upwelling mantle material
Which of the following would not be considered as part of the geosphere? -Glaciers -Minerals -Mountains -Gemstones
-Glaciers
Which two Earth system, or spheres, interact to create a tsunami? -Biosphere -Atmosphere -Geosphere -Hydrosphere
-Hydrosphere -Geosphere
Mountain belts along subduction zones are created through which of the following processes? -Compression of plates -Intrusive igneous activity -Extrusive igneous activity -Extension of subducting plate
-Intrusive igneous activity -Compression of plates -Extrusive igneous activity
The core is believed to be mostly composed of which two metals?
-Iron -Nickel
The ______ is the rigid portion of the Earth made up of the _____ and uppermost part of the mantle
-Lithosphere -crust
Which of these properties are part of the definition of a mineral?
-Naturally occurring -Inorganic -Crystalline solid -Specific chemical composition
Types of convergent boundaries
-Ocean-continent -Continent-continent -Ocean-ocean
Which of these are special properties of minerals? -Taste -Fracture -Piezoelectricity -Smell -Magnetism -Specific gravity -Double refraction
-Smell -Taste -Magnetism -Piezoelectricity -Double refraction
Rocks formed deep within the Earth will be unstable at the surface because of which of the following changes in conditions? -Temperature differences -Compositional differences -Density differences -Pressure differences
-Temperature differences -Pressure differences
Examples of diminishing geology resources include _______.
-aluminum and tin -iron and copper
The ____ is the more ductile portion of mantle directly below the lithosphere.
-asthenosphere
The concept of isostatic adjustment explains that ______ crust floats higher than ______ crust because of differences in density.
-continental -oceanic
Tectonic forces generated inside the Earth are responsible for ____. -earthquakes -ocean circulation -mountain building -soil formation
-earthquakes -mountain building
Ionic bonding occurs when neighboring atoms _____ electrons, while metallic and covalent bonding occurs when they ____ electrons
-exchange -share
Silica is the term used for ____ combined with _____.
-oxygen -silicon
Humans have been on Earth for approximately ____________ million years
5
Dinosaurs went extinct approximately _________ million years ago.
65
As oceanic lithosphere bends and is pulled underneath another plate, what is formed?
A deep oceanic trench
What is the best way to observe a mineral's streak?
A mineral's streak can be observed by scraping the edge of the sample across an unglazed porcelain plate
System
An arbitrarily isolated portion of the universe that can be analyzed to see how its components interrelate.
What portion of the surface of Earth is covered by oceans?
Approximately two-thirds
Which of these best describes how covalent bonding works?
Atoms share outer shell electrons to become stable.
What physical property of mica is being demonstrated in this image?
Cleavage - ability of a mineral to break https://html1-cluster-e.mheducation.com/smartbook2/data/155035/highlighted_epubmhe/OPS/img/chapter02/plu96103_0222.png
What kind of fracture is shown here?
Conchoidal https://html1-cluster-e.mheducation.com/smartbook2/data/155035/highlighted_epubmhe/OPS/img/chapter02/plu96103_0226.png
A set of faces that have a definite geometric relationship to one another is referred to as what?
Crystal form
Which of the following are considered to be the most dangerous geologic hazards? -Earthquakes -Floods -Tsunami -Volcanoes -Tornadoes -Lightning
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods, and tsunami are the most dangerous geologic hazards. so, -Earthquakes -Floods -Tsunami -Volcanoes
T/F The theory of plate tectonics led to the hypothesis of continental drift.
False
T/F Geology is primarily. the study of rocks.
False. Geology is the study of the Earth, not just rocks.
Divergent
Formation of new lithosphere -move away
A mineral's ____ is the way it breaks when not controlled by cleavage.
Fracture
Which of these materials is considered to be a rock?
Granite
Which mountain belt results from the convergence of India with the Eurasian plate?
Himalaya
_____ of an element are atoms containing different numbers of neutrons but the same number of protons.
Isotopes
Cenozoic; Mesozoic; Paleozoic; Precambrian
Large mammals, and hominids; Dinosaurs, flowering plants, and trees; First reptiles, and fish; Algae, bacteria
The ______ is the largest of Earth's concentric zones by volume.
Mantle
What is magma?
Molten rock
mid-oceanic ridges question
Most divergent boundaries coincide with the crests of submarine mountain ranges, called mid-oceanic ridges.
Specified gravity is the ratio of the mass of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of water. What, then, is the specific gravity of water?
One
How is the magma that erupts at mid-oceanic ridges formed?
Partial melting of the underlying atmosphere
_________________ primary theory of geology
Plate tectonics
Which of these materials is defined as a naturally formed aggregate of minerals or mineral-like substances?
Rock
Transform
Small to large earthquakes; no creation or destruction of crust -slide by
Convergent
Subduction of oceanic lithosphere; very large earthquakes -move towards
The _________ is the external heat engine for Earth processes
Sun
What event marks the start of the Paleozoic era 541 million years ago?
The appearance of abundance complex life-forms
At an ocean-ocean convergent boundary, which plate is subducted into the mantle?
The denser plate
What type of boundary is the San Andreas Fault?
Transform
T/F Fossils are part of the biosphere
True
The rate of seafloor spreading is approximately ____ per year
1-18 centimeters
More than 5,200 minerals have been identified but approximately how many minerals are considered to be common?
200(20 for rocks)