Germany and the Holocaust
Treaty of Versilles
No military; No colonies; no Military; has to pay for the damage; War Guilt Clause (Article 231) take full responsibility for the war and all the deaths/damage - the thing Hitler references the most because of the "unfairness" Germans lost everything because they Significance - Hitler uses this a lot in his campaign and uses it to gain territory during the Weimar conference
Sudetenland
Part of Chezch that was taken from Germany in the treaty of Versailles When - Nazis occupied it in Sept. 1938 because of the Munich Agreement Significance - Showed Hitler's rebellion against the Treaty of Versailles
Lebensraum
What - living space When - justification for Hitlers late 1930's actions Significance - Uses this to justify him wanting to destroy the Treaty of Versailles
Martin Luther/ The Jews and Their Lies
When - 1543 What - very anti-semitic writing saying Jews are the Devil, senseless people, misleading, robbers and that they need to be eliminated (encouraged murder) Who - A German reformation leader; Protestant Significance - form of propaganda that planted another seed of antisemitism and helped antisemitic views be carried through history; Insulting the Jews in a very stereotypical and aggressive way
Weimar Republic
When - 1919-1933 What - German Democracy Significance - Failed because of the difficult economic situation and this allowed Hitler to become a dictator. made the SA have to try to keep Germany in order
Henry Ford/ The International Jew
When - 1920's What - four-volume pamphlet of antisemitic work that said Jews are plotting to control the planet; portrayed Jews as single-minded and not as individuals; said the murders of Jews in Russia was false Who - Created one of the first cars; highly antisemitic and xenophobic How - He published pieces in Dearborn Independent newspaper Significance - Made more people antisemitic/scared of Jews; Hitler used it to justify his actions and people believed the killing of the Jews was fake. Even in America there were antisemitic views, not just in Europe. Afraid Jews were going to take over his business/the world by taking over banks
Joseph Goebbels
When - 1933-1945 What - He was head of the propaganda/enlightenment/ media for Hitler Significance - He made Hitler's image and brainwashed Germany's citizens.
The Hangman
When - 1954 Significance - Only committed the crimes because the narrator let him (bystander effect) The Hangman represents the people in authority (Hitler, Police, Nazis etc)
Einsatzgruppen
When - Established in 1939 Who - Germans (Nazis) What - Death squads that were trained to kill Jews in mass numbers Significance - first time a group of people were assigned to only kill Jews; Led to the final solution/death camps
Warsaw Ghetto
When - Established in October-November 1940; Opened on November 16, 1940 Who - Jews What - They were confined to one area Significance - one of the first times large numbers of Jews were concentrated to one area; first step to more ghettos and camps
Wannsee Conference/ Final Solution
When - January 20, 1942 Who - high ranking Nazi officers; Hydric (chief of police) Eichmann (chief of Jewish affairs) Significance - when the Nazis establish the death camps and the finial solution
Evian Conference
When - July 6-13, 1938 Who - different countries (U.S., Britain, Dominican Republic) What - meeting to decide what they should do about the Jewish refugees; only the Dominican Republic said they would take in refugees Significance - Shows the world standing bystander to the Jewish refugee crisis
Voyage of St. Louis
When - Leaves Germany on May 13, 1939 Who - 930 Jewish refugees What - An attempt to leave Germany, one of the last times a large number of Jews tried to leave Germany Significance - Chile and U.S. wouldn't take them so it showed the world wasn't going to do much to help them and showed how antisemitism was in other places
Anschluss
When - March 14, 1938 Significance - Union of Austria and Germany; Hitler was born in Austria so he uses that for justification; Make a blockade between the East and West; Nuremberg laws apply to the Austrian Jews
Munich Beer Hall Putsch
When - November 8-9, 1923 Who - Nazi Party What - Failed attempt to seize power in Munich Significance - Put Hitler in jail where he wrote Mein Kamph
Kristallnacht
When - November 9-10, 1938 Who - Nazis, Jews, Police What - When the Nazis/Police destroyed Jewish homes, businesses and synagogues Significance - showed Hitler that most of the German population was not going to stop him
Nostra Aetate
When - October 28, 1965 What/Who - declaration made by Pope Paul VI Significance - Said that everyone should be more loving/accepting of other races/religions; opposite to what the Nazis believed BUT he brought back the Deicide myth but said they don't hate them for it as much
Mein Kamph
When - Published in 1925 and 1926 Who - Hitler What - his book Significance - Laid out his plans for the future of Germany
Nuremberg Laws
When - Sept. 15 and Nov. 14 1935 What - citizenship laws Significance - made Jews "stateless citizens" and stripped them of all their rights and defined what a Jew is
Munich Agreement
When - September 1938 What - Meeting about the Sudenland in Czehch. Who - Hitler, Leaders of Britain, France and Italy Significance - allows Hitler to gain more land and showed him the world wasn't going to try to stop him yet
Heydrich Directive
When - September 1939 What - Directive to the Einsatzgruppen Chiefs for what they should do Significance - Plan for the final solution
Sonderkommando
Who - Able bodied Jewish men from 18-45 What - Jews who were forced to lie to other Jews about the gas chambers and take anything off the Jews dead bodies that is valuable and transport them to the crematorium Significance - the faster they worked, the more Jews could be killed; Shows the separation in the camps.
Triumph of the Will
Who - Lennie Reifenstapel When - 1935 Significance - Is she responsible? Propaganda
The Protocols of the Elders of Zion
Who/When - Published in Russia in 1903; disproven by the London times in 1921 What - forged documents that said the Jews wanted to take over the world and become very powerful and rich following the Zionist meeting in Bozel (to find a Jewish state) Significance - Sparked antisemitic views, Hitler used it as one of this reasons for eliminating them