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Radio waves

UHF, VHF, radio (HF), LF, ULF

TIGER files are created and maintained by

US census bureau

Terra is a collaboration of which countries?

US, Canada, Japan

Who launched the first man-made satellite in 1957 to achieve orbit around Earth?

USSR

which out of: UV light, near infrared light, radio waves and microwaves have the shortest wavelength

UV light

On a sketch of the electromagnetic spectrum label the approximate positions of the following spectral regions: UV, visible blue, visible green, visible red, near IR, thermal IR, microwave (wavelength ranges are not required).

UV, b, g, r, nir, tir, micro

When selecting an area to examine using ESRI's business analyst you can...

Use a simple circle around a chosen point, Use network distance in the form of drive times

block

*def:* a flat polygon that has been extruded to transform it into a polygon

8-bit sensor can produce:

0-255 range of brightness values

IKONOS

1st privately launched commercial satellite, 1999

Computer-based mapping and analysis of a location-based data best describes :

GIS

Computer-based mapping and analysis of location based data best describes

GIS

SQL

GIS queries are composed in which computer language

In essence, a texture used in designing a 3D model is just a graphic file

True

Income alone is not a key determinant is ESRIs market segmentation groupings

True

Metropolitan Statistical Areas sometimes cross state lines

True

Most digital terrain models (DTMs) are 2.5D

True

HIRDLS

the High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder instrument onboard Aura.

MLS

the Microwave Limb Sounder instrument onboard Aura.

LIDAR

(Acronym for light detection and ranging) A remote sensing technique that uses laser beams to create a digital terrain model [measure distances and reflective surfaces]

NDVI

(Normal difference vegetation index) -primarily used to determine health of vegetation

Accuracy Assessment

(also called contingency table or confusion matrix) -columns represent reference data -rows represent predicted classes

Reflectance

(energy reflected at given wavelength/ energy incident at given wavelength)

offset

*def:* a value applied to an object that is not attached to the ground, but is entirely above ground level

Spectral imaging

- Complete spectrum is collected at every location -Divides into bands beyond (visible: R,G,B)

Ikonos

--Provides commercial images

sources of error for PPP/ RTK

-MAINLY ionosphere delay - multipath - satellite orbit uncertainties - antenna phase center variations

Phototypes

...

Ultraviolet

0.1-0.4 microns

What is the visible spectrum?

0.4 - 0.7 micrometers (blue, green, red)

Sensing in the blue portion of the EM spectrum means sensing energy wavelengths of

0.4 to 0.5 um

What are the basic advantges of API?

1) Improved vantage point 2) Stop action/permanent record 3) broadened spectral sensitivity (filters, electronics for digital) 4) increased spatial resolution 5) better geometric accuracy

What conditions does API need?

1) an illumination source (sunlight) 2) good weather 3) must consider atmospheric affects (dust, humidity, smoke, pollution)

Why do geographers use air photos?

1) map the areal extent of features (deliniation) 2) measure distances/heights of objects (photogrammetry) 3) to record changes over time (temporal)

Image interpretation: 1st order elements

1. Tone (variation from B&W) 2. Color (hue, value, chroma) 3. Resolution (sharply defined image)

Middle Infrared

1.3-3.0 microns

What is the typical minimum population size that is used for a census tract

1200

The vertical accuracy of a LIDAR model of terrain is typically about

15 centimeters

Landsat 7 and 8 satellite has the capability to see the same area on the ground every

16 days

GPS satellites make _________ orbits around the Earth each day.

2

Ephemeris errors typically introduce _______ or so of error. 2 meters 1.5 kilometers 2.5 centimeters 3 feet

2 meters

GPS satellite constellations

27 satellites + 4 spares 6 orbital planes 55 degree orbital inclination orbit radius- 20,200 km

space, control, user

3 GPS segments

LANDSAT 8 multispectral imagery is at what resolution?

30m

In 3D modeling a block has at least...faces

6

In 3D modeling, how many faces does a block have?

6

The highest value for the Sun altitude is ____ while the highest value for the Sun azimuth is ____

90, 360

Ultraviolet light

<0.4 micrometers wavelength range -wavelength is shorter than a normal one -SUNSCREEN is to protect from this light

OLI

the Operational Land Imager, the multispectral sensor that will onboard LDCM

Mutually exclusive

A classification scheme in which each feature only belongs to one category

network datasets

A GIS layer that is a network containing turns, points, street names, etc.

QGIS

A GIS software that can be downloaded for free

Corona

A United States government satellite remote sensing program utilizing film-based camera equipment which was in operation from 1960-1972

Model

A _____ represents, simplifies, or generalizes reality

Radar

A good example of active remote sensing

TIGER Line file

A road file developed by the US govt, traditionally used for geocoding; full nationwide coverage

GRS80

A satellite-determined ellipsoid for the Geodetic Reference System 1980 semi major axis a (m)= 6,378,137 semi minor axis b (m)= 6,356,752 flattening ratio, f= 1/298.57

Band

A set of adjacent wavelengths or frequencies with a common characteristic -a narrow range of wavelengths

Ephermis

A table of the predicted positions 0f a satellite within its orbit for each day of the year, or for other regular intervals

A map of a neighborhood showing land cover types is an example of _________

A thematic map

Map Projection

A translation of locations on the Earth's surface to their corresponding locations on a flat surface

True

A vehicle navigation system that shows the correct entrances and exits off a highway exhibits accurate connectivity

A 1:24000 scale topographic map will show how much geographic area? A. 7.5 minutes of latitude by 7.5 minutes of longitude B. 24,000 feet by 24,000 feet C. 15 miles by 15 miles D. 8000 meters by 8000 meters

A. 7.5 minutes of latitude by 7.5 minutes of longitude

Pre-made 3D objects in SketchUp refer to: A. Components B. Prisms C. Georeferences D. Faces

A. Components

True Color...

All colors in correct color bands (Red in 1, Green in 2, Blue in 3)

ASTER: Temporal Resolution

ASTER is an on-demand sensor

Buffer

All of the following are common overlay methods except

Panchromatic photos absorb color from what portions of the EM spectrum?

All portions of the spectrum (Red, Blue, and Green all at once)

The signals containing information about the satellite's status, orbit, and location are collectively referred to as the

Almanac

Stereoscope

An optical device for viewing stereoscopic photographs

Relief Displacement

Angle of objects is inward or outward due to the placement/location of the object from the principle point.

Citizen Science

Any involvement of the public to help answer science questions with many people -ie: Nature's notebook

What is the name of the EOS satellite whose mission it is to examine the elements in the air, especially the chemistry of Earth's atmosphere?

Aura

What is a panchromatic air photo?

Black and white film is often called this because of its sensitivity to visible light Panchromatic means all-colors

Many 3D models are available to use in Google Earth and SketchUp via the: A. 3D Globe B. 3D Warehouse C. 3D Buildings Layer D. 3D Thematic Mapper

B. 3D Warehouse

Extruding a polygon will turn it into a: A. Block B. Line C. Multipatch D. Wall

B. Block

Imaginary lines on a map that represent areas of constant elevation are: A. Bands B. Contours C. Digital Line Graphs D. Collars

B. Contours

Hertz

the SI unit of frequency, equal to one cycle per second.

In the coordinate system which variable represents elevation

z

Pseudoranges

Base station receives GNSS signals, calculates _________________ to satellites, then determines range errors

Symmetrical difference

Based on areas that do not overlap

Panchromatic Photos...

Black and white photos where light from the blue, green, and red spectrums are combined to make the photos (Also possible: Light from any one wavelength is displayed)

Extruding a polygon will turn into a

Block

1. The art and science of making maps describes a. GIS. b. thematic design. c. cartography. d. map intuition

C. Cartography

A digital terrain model that consists of regularly sampled points of elevation is a: A. DLG B. TIN C. DEM D. TED

C. DEM

Which of the following operations would best allow you to place 3D buildings at their proper height on the terrain (ex: the terrain is 900 ft above sea level, you want the building to sit on the terrain, not float above or below it)?: A. extrusion B. offsetting C. applying base heights D. vertical exaggeration

C. applying base heights

Which of the following does not represent an attempt to make GPS more accurate? NDGPS SBAS CORS PDOP

PDOP

1.023 MHz

C/A code frequency

Canadian Gravimetric Geoid of 2013

CGG2013 stands for what?

canadian geodetic vertical datum of 2013

CGVD2013 stands for what?

What is a spectral band?

Certain set of wavelengths within a set region of wavelengths.

Phase Modulation

Changing the phase of the carrier wave to encode data used to differentiate satellite signals and to provide signal timing information for range measurements

Electromagnetic Energy

Characterized by wavelength, frequency, amplitude, and phase.

10. Which of the following uses a rule-based design for quickly rendering 3D buildings?

CityEngine

CDMA

Code Division of Access

The white, information filled border around a topographic map is known as the ____

Collar

Pre made 3D objects in Google SketchUp are referred to as

Components

Map projections that preserve angles locally

Conformal

Hypsography is the technical term for geospatial data that represents

Contour Elevation

Which of the following uses a rule-based design for quickly rendering 3D buildings? A. SketchUp B. GeoWall C. ArcGlobe D. CityEngine

D. CityEngine

In 3D design, elevation or height values are referred to with the letter: A. E B. H C. Y D. Z

D. Z

Lidar uses which of the following to create a digital terrain model? A. satellite imagery B. radar waves C. GPS D. laser beams

D. laser beams

A digital terrain model that consists of regularly sampled points of elevation is a

DEM

tens of kilometers

DGNSS works very well with base-station to rover seperations of up to __________ ___ _______________

Selective Availability

Describes incorrect data deliberately transmitted from GPS satellites -an international degradation of public GPS signals implemented for national security reasons

DGNSS

Differences between the positions can be attributed to satellite ephemeris and clock errors, but mostly to errors associated with atmospheric delay

Define spectral reflectance

Different wavelengths that an object or feature reflects. This shows different colours.

Landsat 7 carries which of the following sensors?

ETM+

Constellation and Signals

Each GNSS constellation has its own signal frequencies and bandwidths. An antenna must cover the signal frequencies transmitted by the constellation and bandwidth supported by the GNSS receiver.

Endlap

Each vertical aerial photograph overlaps the next by ~60% (stereoscopic overlap)

Gamma radiation

Extremely short wavelengths and VERY DANGEROUS

Which of the following operations would best allow you to model a feature such as creating a footprint of your house and showing the house at the proper height in ArcScene

Extrusion

Radar resolution

Factors that effect radar resolution: 1. Range resolution 2. Azimuth resolution --determined by width of synthesized ANTENA and WAVELENGTH

A KML file is a compressed version of a KMZ file

False

Image interpretation: 2nd order elements

GEOMETRIC ARRANGEMENT OF OBJECTS 1. Size (important discrimination of object / features) 2. Shape 3. Texture (smoothness, roughness) 4. Pattern, vegetation

Sidelap

Flightlines are usually overlapped by 20-30%

Tiff file

For clearer graphics and better resolution, it is better to save your map as a

Gamma Radiation

Form of electromagnetic energy with the SHORTEST wavelength

Air photo aquisition components

Found on the edge of the air photo; date,time, film type, GPS, lens info. Series # example 10-00198 (10=flightline, 198 = # of the photo in that flight line)

The Russian equivalent of GPS is

GLONASS

GLONASS (Russia

GLONASS is operated by the Russian government. The GLONASS constellation consists of 24 satellites and provides global coverage.

A technology that uses signals broadcast from satellites to determine position and navigation on Earth is:

GNSS

Step 1-Satellites

GNSS satellites orbit the earth. The satellites know their orbit ephemerides (the parameters that define their orbit) and the time very, very accurately. Ground-based control stations adjust the satellites' ephemerides and time, when necessary.

Propagation

GNSS satellites regularly broadcast their ephemerides and time, as well as their status. GNSS radio signals pass through layers of the atmosphere to the user equipment.

Computation

GNSS user equipment uses the recovered information to compute time and position.

What is an 'annotated orthophotomap'?

Gives you more geographic information about the area Map makers can overlay conventional map symbols on an orthophoto

GNSS

Global Navigation Satellite System

GPS TIME

Global Positioning System time, is the atomic time scale implemented by the atomic clocks in the GPS ground control stations and the GPS satellites themselves. GPS time was zero at 0h 6-Jan-1980 and since it is not perturbed by leap seconds GPS is now ahead of UTC by 18 seconds.

Seperate Elements of DOP

HDOP VDOP PDOP

Red infrared color indicates...

Healthy vegetation (Reflects more infrared radiation)

Quickbird

Hi-Res B&W and color pictures

Draw a spectral reflectance curve for healthy green vegetation.

High in nir, low in r, b, medium in green

Recreational grade GPS can be described as:

High precision, low accuracy

LIDAR is commonly used in the development of

High resolution DEMs, Improved digital orthophotos, digital flood insurance maps, wetland maps

Which of the following questions are asked on a census short form

How many people are living or staying in this house, is this house owned by you, what is your age, what is your telephone number, what is your sex, are you of Hispanic Latino or Spanish origin

Topology (GIS terms)

How objects are connected to one another independently of their coordinates

Temporal Resolution

How often a sensor records imagery of a particular area

Temporal Resolution

How often you can get another image; revisit time.

What is the 'principal point' of an aerial photo?

If you draw two lines between opposite points using the four fiducial marks, they will intersect at a point called the principal point (the center point) The principal point is the point directly below the camera (the nadir) only when the plane is flying parallel to the ground

Exhaustive (Classification system principle)

Includes whole area/all covers or types

Hierarchical (Classification system principle)

Increases in complexity; collapsible

North

Most maps have a graphical device that looks like a compass pointing in one specific direction, which direction

Within an Active Sensor, energy pulses are transmitted from the...

Instrument to the surface and energy is scattered by the surface and is received by the antenna

TAI

International Atomic Time

IGS

International GNSS Service

IGS

International GNSS service

SI

International System of Units

Ratio Data

Into which category would a person's weight fall

Geospatial data is unique because

It is connected to a real world location

What makes geospatial data unique?

It is connected to a real-world location

According to the lectures what are they key reasons that the census is valuable

It is the only source for demographic data with a wide geographic scope, it is the most reliable and detailed information for describing local areas, it is the most consistent source of time series demographic data available

Standard Untit

Kilo (1000), Mega (1,000,000), Giga (1,000,000,000)

Image interpretation: 3rd order elements

LOCATION / POSITION 1. Site (object + arrangement w/ terrain features --> aspect, topography, vegetation) 2. Association (w/ nearby objects) 3. Height 4 Shadow (calculated by x)

Landsat 1,2,3: Spectral Resolution

Landsat 1,2, and 3 have 5 bands (Green, Red, IR, IR, Thermal) (MSS)

Landsat 1,2,3

Landsat 1,2, and 3 were launched in 1972 MSS

Landsat 1,2,3: Spatial Resolution

Landsat 1,2,3 have a 80m spatial resolution (240m for band 8)

Landsat 1,2,3: Temporal Resolution

Landsat 1,2,3 have a repeat time of 18 days

Landsat 4,5: Spectral Resolution

Landsat 4,5 have 7 bands (blue, green, red, Near IR, Mid IR, Mid IR, and Thermal) (Thematic Mapper TM)

Landsat 4,5: Spatial Resolution

Landsat 4,5 have a 30m resolution for bands 1-5 and 7 and 120m resolution for band 6 (Thermal)

Landsat 7: Spectral Resolution

Landsat 7 has 8 bands (Pan, blue, green, red, near IR, mid IR, mid IR, and Thermal) (Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus 'ETM+')

Landsat 7: Spatial Resolution

Landsat 7 has a 15m resolution in the Panchromatic, 30mm resolution in the MS, and 60m resolution in the Thermal

Landsat 7: Temporal Resolution

Landsat 7 has a repeat time of 16 days

Landsat 7

Landsat 7 was launched in 1999 ETM+

What is 'overlap' in air photos?

Large scale airphotos are taken along flight lines about 10,000 feet in the air. The flight lines create a 60-80% overlap. duplicated image of the ground in two successive air photos

LIDAR uses which of the following to create a digital terrain model

Laser Beams

Which of the following does LIDAR use to measure terrain?

Laser beams

0.4- 0.7 micrometers of light (400-700 nanometers)

Light that our eyes are used to viewing (Visible light spectrum)

Baseline and Differential Corrections

Like DGNSS, the position accuracy acheivable by the RTK rover depends on, among other things, its distance from the base station referred to as the ____________ and the accuracy of ___________ ______________

High-oblique

Oblique image showing horizon

Flight Lines

Line of flight of a plane taking aerial photos

Example of non-spatial data

List of addresses for a delivery truck to visit

MODIS: Spatial Resolution

MODIS has a 250m, 500m, or 1000m variable spatial resolution for visible/IR

Steps for calculating the scale of an aerial photograph...

Measure from Point A to Point B on the photo in feet (This is the photo distance [PD] / Measure from Point A to Point B in inches on the USGS topo map (This is the Map Distance [MD] / Convert the map distance to actual feet (ground distance (If the USGS topo map has a scale of 1 inch to 2000 feet, the actual ground distance [GD] = MD x 2000 / Photo Scale is PD÷GD

When the GPS signals bounce off objects to arrive later than anticipated, which of the following types of errors is occurring?

Multipath

A remote sensing device simultaneously measuring 7 bands of energy wavelengths would be capable of producing _________

Multispectral imagery

U.S. GPS is called

NAVSTAR

CUASHI hydrologic data source

NSF-funded project involving more than 120 universities Internet-based system for sharing hydrologic data Designed to aid the integration and sharing of disparate hydrologic data Stream gauges Precipitation Basin topography

NOAA

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, records ocean and weather data

USGS hydrologic data source

Nationwide datasets based on 1:100,000, 1:250,000 and 1:1,000,000 maps Data shows large rivers and a limited set of attributes for each river Not hydrologically continuous Best used for cartography, not for stream analysis

The most common consumer of location based services is:

Navigating

50 Hz

Navigation system frequency

What portions of the EM spectrum are represented by the Red, Green, and Blue color bands?

Near Infrared (Put in Red color gun) / Green (Put in Blue color band) / Blue (Put in Green color band) (IF SHOWING CORRECT INFRARED)

NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index)...

Near Infrared - Red ÷ Near Infrared + R

The energy range of 0.7 to 1.3 micrometers defines which of the following types of energy?

Near infrared

Remote Sensing Definition

Obtaining information about earth's surface from measurements of radiated energy by aircraft or satellite sensors.

The value applied to objects to move them off ground level is the

Offset

Which of the following operations would best allow you to model a feature such as an elevated walkway joining two buildings over a busy city

Offsetting

Imagery that you can see in Google Earth represents:

One snapshot in time from when the image was acquired

complexity of project elements

PRIMARY - tone and colour SECONDARY - size, shape, texture TERTIARY - pattern, shadows HIGHER- site, association

pits

Pits are most commonly a result of data errors Pits in DEM's may be naturally occurring karst/cave systems Flat, glaciated areas Directionality for pits and sinks is all inward, no outward flow

Raster Data

Pixel Data

In the video lectures we listed a number of technologies for the acquisition of 3D data. Which of the following are NOT technologies listed in the lectures for the acquisition or creation of 3D data

Plane Table Survey

What is a spectral reflectance curve

Plots spectrum against relative reflectance for an object, its the objects signature or fingerprint. Shows the proportion of incident energy that is reflected by an object as a function of wavelength.

Vector Data

Point, Line, Area data

The output of a buffer is always a _____

Polygon. -radius is defined and output will be a polygon around the radius

PDOP

Position Dilution of Precision

Spectral Signature...

Profile of spectral information about an object in various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum

Continuous field data is best represented by a:

Raster data model

Continuous field data is best represented by which model in a GIS?

Raster data model

We see the sky as blue in the middle of the day because of

Rayleigh scattering.

Types of scattering

Rayleigh, Mie, nonselective

RTK

Real Time Kinematic

Visible Spectrum

Red, Blue, Green. .4-.7 microns

Atmospheric Windows

Refers to the parts of EMR spectrum that let EMR through effectively, little interference, this makes Remote Sensing possible.

What is being sensed by remote sensing instruments?

Reflected solar radiation

At near IR, vegetation is...

Reflective

Spatial Resolution...

Resolution Type where the smallest "thing" once can distinguish on the remotely sensed image

Color Infrared

Sensitive from 0.35-0.9 microns. Ultraviolet, Blue, Green, Red, Infrared "Color Balance Shift" (not how we perceive world)

Orthochromatic Emulsion

Sensitive to blue and green to ~0.6 microns

Near Infrared Emulsions

Sensitive to blue, green, red, and near-IR to ~0.9 microns

(un)active systems?

Sensor systems 1. photographic amera 2. electro-optical scanners

Hybrid webGIS

Server and client processes can be combined to optimize performance and meet special user needs

location characteristics of an object

Site

physical dimensions of an object

Size

Less detail than

Small scale maps usually show _____ large scale maps

Google docs is an example of:

Software as a service

Reflected (RS Electromagnetic Spectrum)...

Some to all of the energy bounces off the object within the RS Electromagnetic Spectrum (Glass)

4 feet

Suppose a map uses the scale 1:24, and the unit used is the inch. On this particular map, what does 2 inches represent?

XOR

Suppose you want a set of data that eliminates everything that two other data layers have in common, which type of Boolean operator would you use

Orthometric height is the equivalent to

Surface Elevation

Advantages of RS...

Synotpic (regional) view of the landscape / Sense portions of the spectrum not visible to the eye / Repeat cycle (temporal resolution) /

What is the geographical data component of the census data called

TIGER

True

TIGER/line files are often used in address matching

repeating tones

Texture

AND

The Boolean operator used for an intersection query is

CERES

The Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System instruments onboard Terra and Aqua.

IRNSS (India)

The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) provides service to India and the surrounding area. The full constellation of seven satellites is planned to be deployed by 2015.

In hillshading, the user would set which two parameters

The altitude of the sun and its location in relation to the Earth

Radiant Flux

The amount of radiant energy on to, off of, or through a surface per unit time measured in watts.

Astronomic Longitude

The angle between the plane of the reference meridian and the plane of the local celestial meridian.

Cartography

The art and science of making maps

Relief displacement

The effect seen in aerial imagery where tall items appear to "bend" outward from the photo's center toward the edges

TOADDL

The ending address number on the left side of a street segment in geocode

Roger Tomlison

The father of GIS is

Infrared

The portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 0.7 and 100 micrometers

Geocoding

The process of matching a typed description like 114 Maple Lane, Smithville, NY to a specific location or set of coordinates is called

What is 'photogrammetry'?

The process of obtaining measurements from aerial photos. This can be used for determining things like height and depth of objects

Atmospheric Correction

The process of removing the effects of the atmosphere on the reflectance values of images taken by satellite or airborne sensors.

The Electromagnetic Spectrum

The range of all possible frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

<>

The relational operator for "not equal" is

Remote Sensing

The science and art of obtaining info about an object, area, or phenomenon through the analysis of data acquired by a device that is not in contact with the object, area, or phenomenon under investigation -primarily senses radiation that is emitted or reflected by the earth's surface or from the atmosphere

Radiometric Resolution

The sensitivity of a sensor to differences in signal strength. Expressed in 'bits'. Higher resolution increases the probability that differences in wavelength will be sensed accurately.

Why do panchromatic air photos need a UV haze filter?

The shorter near ultraviolet wavelengths are scattered by the atmosphere, requiring a UV haze filter to to be placed over the camera lens to increase clarity of the photos.

Cartographic generalization

The simplification of representing items on a map is referred to as

ZIPL

The zip code for the left side of a street segment in geocode

Only __________ energy is directly related to the sensation of heat

Thermal infrared (IR)

How many points of reference (satellites) are required for you to find your exact location on Earth?

Three

Basic Idea of GPS

To have at least 4 satellites above the horizon available 24 hours everywhere on the earth. In principle, the three- dimensional coordinates of the receiver's antenna can be derived from three observed distances

Dissolve

To simplify a dataset

grayscale levels or ranges of color for objects

Tone

TIGER stands for

Topologically Integrated Geographic Encoding Referencing

When light strikes an object, it is either...

Transmitted, Reflected, or Absorbed (Or a combination of each)

All GIS data are models:

True. (representations of real-world phenomena)

VDOP

Vertical Dilution of Precision

The geospatial analysis tool used to calculate a cell phone coverage map

Viewshed Calculation

Google Earth is an example of a

Virtual Globe

Our eyes are sensitive to viewing which wavelengths of light?

Visible 0.4 to 0.7 um

Raster

What type of data is NLCD

Network

Which term is best defined as a series of junctions and edges connected together for modeling geospatial concepts such as streets

Side lap

a 15-20% side-overlap between flightlines

junctions

a network component that focuses on impedances at intersections, such as stop signs & traffic lights or restrictions e.g. no right turns

links

a network component that focuses on physical distances or impedances such as one-way streets, speed limit

PPP

a positioning technique that removes or models GNSS system errors to provide high level of position accuracy from a Single receiver

RTK

a technique that uses Carrier- based ranging and provides ranges (positions) that are orders of magnitude more precise that those of code- based positioning

spectral signature

a unique identifier for a particular item, generated by charting the percentage of reflected energy per wavelength against a value for that wavelength.

micrometer

a unit of measurement equal to one -millionth of a meter. abbreviated um.

8. A graphical representation of the equivalent distances on a map can best be shown with a a. scale bar. b. north arrow. c. type. d. legend.

a) scale bar

Non-spatial data in a GIS are referred to as: a. Attributes b. Tables c. Points d. Layers

a. Attributes

UT1

also known as astronomical time or solar time, it refers to the Earths rotation. It is used to compare the pace provided by TAI with the actual length of a day on earth

vertical photo

an aerial photo in which the camera is looking straight down at a landscape.

address matching

another term for geocoding

Geoprocessing describes

applying an action to one dataset that results in a new dataset being creating

Non-spatial data in a GIS are referred to as

attributes.

29. Setting up the components of an address in a regular format describes a. parsing. b. standardization. c. linear interpolation. d. connectivity.

b) standardization

Compass

china's GNSS currently in development

advantage of RTK

compared to a post- processing approach is the fact that one is able to check their quality of position online. allowing for better efficiency

8. Premade 3D objects in SketchUp refer to:

components

GPS user segment

comprised of both civilian and military users worldwide, acquires signals sent from the NAVSTAR satellites with GPS receivers - the GPS receiver - with received signals and information stored internally, the receiver can calculate its own position on earth

Geocoding

converts aspatial data to spatial data

an early satellite remote sensing program that used film for taking images was

corona

6. A graphical representation of the orientation of the map can best be shown with a a. label. b. legend. c. scale bar. d. north arrow.

d) north arrow

14. Which of the following data classification methods uses the average distance to the mean value of the dataset in determining class break levels? a. Equal interval b. Quantiles c. Natural breaks d. Standard deviation

d) standard deviation

Site suitability analysis

determines which areas are useful or not in spatial analysis

Atomic Clocks

deviate only 1 second in up to 100 million years used to determine international atomic time

Trimble R8

dual frequency geodetic receiver, could be used for static observations

(P) code

encrypted precision

pan-sharpening

fusing a higher-resolution panchromatic band with lower-resolution multispectural bands to improve the clarity and detail seen in the image.

NDVI is primarily used to determine

health of vegetation

plan curvature

index of surface shape at right angle to profile curvature

profile curvature

index of surface shape in the steepest downhill direction

advantage of PPP

it is an absolute mode only data from a single receiver are needed in order to compute the coordinates with a cm- resolution is good in regions where no geodetic reference stations are available

Why, when comparing images from different years, it is important to try and have the images coincide on the day and month of acquisition as closely as possible?

it minimizes differences, effects, and influences on the data.

How can API make an effective contribution?

it must yield information which is CONSISTENT, RELIABLE, and COST EFFECTIVE.

Geoid

level surface that approximates sea level

Ionosphere delay

major error is GPS

Photogrammetry

making maps using aerial photos, science of measuring geometry from images

P-code

modulated on L1 and L2 and has a frequency of 10.23 MHz - Approx 29.3 m wavelength and a repetition sequence of 266 days, serves primarily for precise navigation and is reserved for authorized users

Are there jobs?

most of the new jobs are digital. Some companies specialize in API (JD Mollard and Ass.). Many applications are now digital using digital air photos and satellite imagery (cheaper, faster, more consistent information - less human error)

Panchromatic Film

most used, produces gray tones recognized by humans

A major road (such as Virginia Beach Blvd) would be represented in a GIS as

multiple records, with each representing one piece of the road

In aerial photography, the spot directly under the camera is called

nadir

TIGER files does not contain which information

number of houses per street

disadvantage of RTK

one needs a link for for transmitting the data of the reference station to rover the coordinates of the reference station have to be known

In the vector data model, all items are represented as

points, lines, and polygons.

Vector data model

points, lines, polygons

Carrier Based technique

positioning technique required for surveying or high precision. RTK AND PPP are examples orders of magnitude more accurate than code based GNSS

PPP

precise point positioning

a few meters

precision of code based positioning techniques

Microwaves fall between:

radio waves and infrared

IGS

responsible for determining the broadcast ephemeris this is done by monitoring the satellites using ground control stations around the world the uploaded broadcast ephemeris is uploaded to the satellites every couple of house (keplerian elements) accuracy of broadcast 5-10 m

1 to 10 m

single frequency receiver accuracy? typically a single frequency receiver only uses the L1 band (C/A code)- fixes errors that are easily rectified, but cannot correct for the information of the atmosphere at the time of acquisition

The "information" being handled by GIS refers to

spatial information

The ground size of one pixel's worth of imagery is a measure of

spatial resolution

the ground size of one pixel's worth of imagery is a measure of

spatial resolution

the size of the area on the ground being represented by one pixel's worth of energy measurement is

spatial resolution

What is colour?

specific wavelengths of light that we observe that are reflected but not absorbed by an object.

a file containing line segments representing roads is a

street centerline file

a tool used for viewing imagery at a particular location on a road is

street view

How does this assertion apply, or not, to a supervised classification?

supervised classification

The measurement of how much ground the satellite can image during one pass is called:

swath width

aerial photography

taking photographs of objects on the ground from an airborne platform.

How often a satellite can return to image the same area on the ground is a measure of that sensor's

temporal resolution

SLC

the Scan Line Corrector in the ETM+ sensor. Its failure in 2003 causes landsat 7 ETM+ imagery to not contain all data from a scene.

P code

the digital code broadcast on the L1 and L2 frequencies which is accessible by the military

MSS

the multi-spectral scanner aboard Landsat 1 through 5

ALI

the multispectral sensor onboard EO-1.

NDGPS

the national differential GPS, it consists of ground based DGPS beacons around the us

channels

the number of satellite signals a GPS unit can receive (the number of satellites the receiver obtain signals from at one time)

spectral reflectance

the percentage of the total incident energy that was reflected from that surface.

Landsat 7

the seventh Landsat mission launched in 1999 whcih carries the ETM+ sensor.

minimum condition on the deviations

to give a "refined" definition at the cm level accuracy of the Geoid. By applying __________________ between MSL and the Geoid, the Geoid could be defined as the equipotential surface which best fits MSL at a certain epoch

off-nadir viewing allows a sensor

to image locations not directly under the sensor

the greyscale levels or intensities of particular colors in an aerial image refers to

tone

tone and colour

tone = the brightness of the object on the photo, colour = the RGB method describes the intensity of each of these three colours

The number of units to travel along a link of a network is

transit cost

EOS: ASTER

"Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer" Sensor on EOS satellites

NOAA AVHRR

"Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer" On NOAA-15 to 18

EOS

"Earth Observational Satellite" Two satellites (AM, PM) Instruments to replace NOAA MODIS and ASTER sensors

GOES

"Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite" GOES 8-10 have 5 band spectral resolution, used for Earth surface temperatures and atmospheric conditions.

EOS: MODIS

"MODerate resolution Imaging Spectrometer" Sensor on EOS satellites.

coarse acquisition C/A code

(freely available to the public)

IR

(infrared) the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 0.7 and 100 micrometers

MIR

(middle infrared) the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 1.3 and 3.0 micrometers

NIR

(near infrared) the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 0.7 and 1.3 micrometers.

TIR

(thermal infrared) the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths 3 and 14 micrometers.

LiDAR / ALS

- Airborne Laser Scanning - an active remote sensing sensor that measures distance with a reflected laser light - Light Detection and Ranging (laser radar) - remote sensing method --uses light, in the form of pulses to measure ranges --point clouds, builds surface models (DEM) --PROS: high resolution data, 3D info, precise topographic data --CONS: expensive and not available everywhere

Network RTK

- based on the use of several widely spaced permanent stations - positioning from the permanent stations is regularly communicated to a central processing station - on demand from RTK user terminals, which transmit their approximate location to central terminal, CS then calculates and transmits correction information or corrected position to the RTK user terminal - Benefits include reduced number of RTK base stations -Data may be transmitted over cellular radio links or other wireless medium

Satellite Terra Earth-Observing System (EOS)

- carries 5 sensors to study atmosphere, land, ocean, life, radiant energy (light and health -RE.A.L.L.O - ASTER, CERES, MISR, MODIS, MOPITT

Leap Seconds

- every now and then is added to UTC- universal coordinated time, in order to synchronize clocks worldwide with the Earth's ever slowing rotation -before the difference between UTC and UT1 reaches 0.9 seconds _______ are added to the UTC - by adding the ________ to the time count, our clocks are effectively stopped for that second to give Earth an opportunity to catch up - _______________ that are upcoming are announced by the IERS in paris france

TAI

- is a time scale that used the combined output of some 400 highly precise atomic clocks. tells us the exact speed at which our clocks should tick

RTK breakdown

- requires both base and rover - Communication link between base and rover - offers highest accuracy

GPS control segment

- responsible for maintaining the operation of the GPS satellites, consists of the master control station (Colorado Springs) - 5 globally distributed monitoring stations

Remote sensing

--Collecting landscape data without direct physical contact. --Performed with Orbital (satellite) or suborbital (aerial) platforms. --Expand spectral range - measures electromagnetic radiation to detects light from wavelength (light) outside of human eyesight

DEM

--Digital Elevation Model --Made from LiDAR --Best example: Terra

Stereoscopy

--Needed for aerial imagery --Uses binocular vision for observation of overlapping photographs --ex normal eyesight --related to point scale, vertical photograph @ different elevations have different scales, stereoscopy reconciles w/ overlapping

Landsat

--Type of satellite (active) --8 in total --FREE data can be viewed through USGS "EarthExplorer"

GeoEye

--World's HIGHEST RESOLUTION and most accurate commercial Earth-imaging satellite

Spectral resolution

--different instruments record different bands on the EMS --the number and size of the bands which can be recored by a sensor determine an instruments SPECTRAL RESOLUTION ---small #, wide bands = POOR resolution ---large #, short bands = HIGH resolution

Spatial resolution

--measurements of the MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN 2 OBJECTS that will allow them to be differentiated from one another in an image

Electromagnetic spectrum

--range of wavelengths electromagnetic radiation extends --visible spectrum is small --near infrared spectrum: NAIP Imagery --> 4th Band is not visible; we use the false coloring in order to identify vegetation type GREEN (lush) YELLOW (dry)

Stereoscopic

-By overlapping images of 2 images a 3 dimensional image can be obtained

Data manipulation errors include:

-Coding and topological mismatch error -Vector to raster conversion error

Aerial photographs are used for

-Deliniating stand boundaries -Species composition -Volume -Tree density

Gray levels

-Diff. species reflect sunlight differently -Coniferous trees usually darker

Desired crowd for crowdsourcing:

-Diversity of opinion -Independence -Decentralization -Aggregation

Ephermis

-Error which means the correct satellite position isn't being sent -Can result in 2 meters of GPS accuracy

3 attributes of an object to asses information

-Gray levels -Texture -Structure

High resolution

-HIGHLY detailed -small geographic area

Relief displacement

-Higher an object is above the ground more displaced radially outward from center of airphoto -Verticle structures appear to lean away from center of photo -Used to measure height

Advantages of mirror stereoscopes

-Larger areas can be viewed -Height measurements are more precise

Examples of web GIS applications:

-Maps displayed on a website -Dynamic web applications that can track and map movement in real time -Navigation tools that map out driving routs (Mapquest)

Air photo pictures must...

-Overlap by 50% -Sidelap by 25%

Structure

-Shape of an object -Rectangular shapes agriculutral fields etc.

Texture

-Small scale variation in gray levels -Old growth heterogenous stands have high texture -Even aged stands have less texture

Height measurements can be used only if

-The ground is visible (must measure the height of one point to another)

BAD crowd for crowdsourcing:

-Too homogenous -Too centralized -Too divided/isolated -Too imitative -Too emotional

Approach to stereoscopy

-Use 4 fiducial marks in corner of the airphoto or at midpoint of each of the edges to mark center in each air photos -Center is called principle point (pp) -Identify corresponding principle point (CPP) or location of PP of the neighboring airphoto on the photo of interest -Draw a line between PP and CPP on each airphoto

Universal Time UT1

-also known as astronomical time, refers to the earths rotation. It is used to compare the pace provided by TAI with the actual length of a day on Earth

GNSS FACTS! control segment

-comprises of a ground- based network of master control stations, data uploading stations and monitor stations - in the case of GPS, two master control stations (primary+ backup), 4 uploading stations and 16 monitor stations, located worldwide

Sources of Error in geospatial data:

-data collection and input -human processing (misinterpretation) -actual changes (natural changes, river courses) -data manipulation (coding and topological mismatch errors) -data output (scaling accuracies)

Vertical Earth Datums

-define elevations - take into account a map of gravity anomalies between the ellipsoid and the geoid (eg NAVD88)

Low resolution

-only coarse features can be observed in the image -large geographic area

GNSS FACTS! space segment

-orbit about 20,000 km above the earth -each GNSS system has its own "constellation" of satellites, arranged in orbits to provide desired coverage -each GNSS satellite constellation broadcasts a signal that identifies it and provides its time, orbit and status

Internet Exchanges

-where the big networks connect to each other (peering) -Facebook, Netflix -largest ones are in Europe

Identify 3 differences between a supervised and an unsupervised classification. For each difference be sure you state its consequence for both supervised and unsupervised classification.

...

Name one resampling method commonly used during geometric correction. List one advantage and one disadvantage of that method.

...

Under what conditions do remotely sensed images need to be radiometrically corrected?

...

Which of vegetation, soil, and water have the highest and lowest reflectances in the visible portion of the spectrum?

...

Which of the following file extensions is not associated with a shapefile?

.aux (.shp, .shx, and .dbf are all shapefile extentions)

Sensing in the "visible" portion of the EM spectrum means sensing energy wavelengths of

0.4 to 0.7 um

Blue

0.4-0.5 microns

our eyes are sensitive to viewing what wavelengths of light?

0.4um - 0.7um

Sensing in the green portion of the EM spectrum means sensing energy wavelengths of

0.5 to 0.6 um

Green

0.5-0.6 microns

Sensing in the "red" portion of the EM spectrum means sensing energy wavelengths of

0.6 um-0.7 um

Red

0.6-0.7 microns

Near Infrared

0.7-1.3 microns

For data in the National Elevation Data set associate the data type with the nominal post spacing

1 arc second: 30 M post spacing 1/3 arc second: 10 M post spacing 1/9 arc second: 3 M post spacing

What are the benefits of Remote Sensing

1) high information content 2) more economical than surveying large areas (still requires field work for accuracy assessment) 3) stereo viewing 4) Experimental design control by you

How do you measure parallax?

1) identify the PP and the conjugate PP in the stereo pair 2) then we line them up in a straight line 3) measure the distance between the y-axis line and the feature (if you measure on the left side of the axis you get a negative number)

Three types of air photos

1) vertical (used for photogrammetry) less than 3degrees from nadir. 2) High Oblique - can see sky or horizon in the photo 3) Low Oblique - cannot see the sky in the photo

History of remote sensing

1. Airborne sensors (reconnaissance AIRCRAFT) 2. Satellites (landsat, quickbird, geoeye, ikonos)

Why would anyone want to spend money on remote sensing images when there are images out there for free?

1. An image may be needed for a specific time 2. Depends on the type of imagery needed

Three important features of a geographic database:

1. Attributes (what is at the location) 2. Location 3. Topology (Relationship with neighbor)

Factors to consider when choosing a GNSS antenna include

1. Constellation and Signals 2. Antenna Gain 3. Element Gain 4. antenna beam width and gain roll off 5. Phase Center Stability 6.Application

Advantages of remote sensing over other methods of data collection. eg. overhead view vs ground view.

1. Covers greater area, so more context and better perspective. 2. easy to measure distance 3. sight not limited by terrain

1. The end of Selective Availability allowing for in-car navigation 2. Constellations of the various GNSS 3. The Control Segment of GPS - monitoring the health of the satellites 4. Accuracy, Privacy, and Applications 5. How Pseudorange and Trilateration help determine our location A. Todd Humphreys on GPS B. GNSS in 2013 C. Smartphone Lesson D. PC Mag E. Air Force Space Command

1. D 2. B 3. E 4. A 5. C

Types of LiDAR systems

1. DISCRETE-RETURN - system records specific values for each pulse downward (first, middle, last pulse recorded) --first pulse: not ground --second pulse: typically ground 2. WAVEFORM- collects continuous record of pulse returns

Steps to using Remote Sensing Data

1. Define information 2. Collect data 3. Data analysis 4. Verification of analysis 5. Sharing results 6. Taking action

How can EMR interact with surface objects?

1. Diffuse scattering (diffuse reflection) - energy scattered in all directions. 2. Specular reflection - large amount of energy is directly reflected off the objects surface (hot spots). 3. Transmitted - energy is transmitted through the object(s). 4. Absorbed - energy is absorbed (ie photosynthesis). Air Photo Interpretation - air photographs record the reflected EMR (diffuse scattering and specular reflection). This is the same for satellite/airborne digital imagery.

List ways in which remote sensing images differ from maps

1. Display different information, such as vegetation health 2. Maps are labeled ex. roads, elevation

what are some applications of GPS

1. Emergency response 2. farming 3. forensics 4. public utilities 5. transportation 6. wildlife management

Disadvantages of remote sensing over other methods of data collection. eg. overhead view vs ground view.

1. Interferance: atmosphere, tree canopy, clour cover, etc. 2. Limited detail 3. Limited time frames highly dependent on weather conditions

The City of Regina is planning to build a major multi-modal transportation hub to the west of the airport. This hub will consist of significant rail and road transport infrastructure and associated office and warehouse space. What sensors would provide the data to best suit their needs for planning construction? Why?

1. Landsat 8 - OLI sensor - would proviide an overall perspective, general overview. 2. Quickbird - Quickbird sensor - more spatial resolution, so more details about the site.

3 common applications for remote sensing imagery?

1. Monitoring vegetation health 2. Management of land use 3. Comparing land before and after an event. ex: Chernobyl, volcano eruption.

Three basic types of models:

1. Physical 2. Idea (theoretical, empirical, mechanistic) - based on observations 3. Computer

Electromagnetic spectrum- order from least dangerous to most dangerous (longest wavelengths to shortest wavelengths)

1. Radiowave 2. Microwave 3. Infrared 4. Ultraviolet 5. X rays 6. Gamma rays

Why did these things (EMR) evolve on our planet?

1. Region of maximum sun putput (most energy to work with) 2. Atmospheric windows (visible is a region of high transmission)

Popular myths of remote sensing, BUSTED

1. Satellite based remote sensing has sufficient resolution 2. 90% lvl of confidence for accuracy of satellite 3. Satellite remote sensing images are cheaper than aerial photographs 4. visual interpretation is valuable

What are 4 types of image resolution that we are concerned about when interpreting remote sensing data? For each resolution type, give one example of an actual resolution value from a common remote sensor. You may use the same or different sensors for each value.

1. Spatial - size of each pixel. ex. OLI on Landsat 8 has a 30 m spatial resolution 2. Spectral - number of bands being measured. ex. OLI on Landsat 8 has 8 bands 3. Temporal - time satellite takes to acquire image of same ares. ex. Landsat 8 has 16 day temporal resolution 4. Radiometric - precision of sensitivity of measurements; how fine measurement scale is. ex.

finding your position on the ground with GPS relies on three separate components all operating together

1. a space segment 2. a control segment 3. a user segment

describe what a z-value (vertical dimension) means in the context of geospatial data

1. height of an object above whatever surface it's standing on THUS based on a location (geospatial data)

What are the 3 basic steps of digital image analysis? List one procedure which is commonly used from each step.

1. image correction 2. image enhancement 3. classification

What are the BASIC ELEMENTS of API

1. tone and colour 2. Shape 3. Pattern 4. Size 5. Shadows 6. Texture 7. site 8. association

extrusion

1.*def:* the extension of a flat object to have a z-value 2. extruding a polygon will transform it into a block 3. ex: if you know the building is x feet high and only have the footprint, you can extend it to the given height

L5

1176.45 MHz available beginning with Block IIF satellites, has begun broadcasting CNAV messages The benefits of the_____ signal include meeting the requirements for critical safety-of-life applications such as that needed for civil aviation and providing: Improved ionospheric correction. Signal redundancy. Improved signal accuracy. Improved interference rejection.

L2

1227.60 MHz modulated by the P-code and, beginning with the Block IIR-M satellites, the L2C (civilian) code. L2C has begun broadcasting civil navigation (CNAV) messages.

L1

1575.42 MHz modulated by the C/A code (Coarse/Acquisition) and the P-code (Precision) which is encrypted for military and other authorized users.

landsat 8 sensor has the capability to see the same area on the ground every

16 days

Speed of light

186,00 miles/sec in vacuum

When was NASA established?

1958

3 significant developments in the history of remote sensing and why were they significant?

1972: Earth resources technology satellite launch with RBV and MSS (4 bands, 80m spatial resolution) 1980s: Landsat 4 5 6 carrying TM (7 bands, 30m spatial resolution)

In which year was the first GPS satellite launched?

1978

Place in order from large geographic unit to smallest

1: United States 2: Region 3: State 4: County 5: Place 6: Tract 7: Block group 8: Block

Using the notation that is used by ArcGIS associate the direction with the aspect value

1: north 89: east 182: south 265: west

What is the typical scale for forestry?

1:10 000 to 1:20 000

5 STEPS OF GNSS

1:Satellites 2: propogation 3 reception 4:computation 5:application

Microwaves

1mm - 1 meter

describe the difference between 2.5 and true 3D spatial data

2.5 D has only 1 Z value per xy point, while 3D can have multiple

Only being able to show one elevation value for each x/y pair of coordinates is a conceptualization of a

2.5 dimensional model

What is the minimum number of satellites required for a constellation?

24

Use of WAAS can reduce position error within:

3 meters

Thermal IR

3.0-5.0 microns AND 8.0-14.0 microns

7. Many 3D models are available to use in Google Earth and SketchUp via the:

3D Warehouse

Use of WAAS can reduce position error to within

3meters

The minimum number of satellites needed to get a good location and elevation from GPS is _____

4

What is a multispectral scanner?

4 bands

What is the optimum population size for a census tract

4000

A 1:24000 scale topographic map will show how much geographic area

7.5 minutes of latitude by 7.5 minutes of longitude

SRTM resulted in a highly accurate digital elevation model of about what percentage of Earth?

80

Ionospheric Delay

80 km and 600 km above the earth. This layer contains electrically charged particles called ions. These ions delay the satellite signals and can cause a significant amount of satellite position error (Typically ±5 metres, but can be more during periods of high ionospheric activity). varies with solar activity, time of year, season, time of day and location.

What is the nominal maximum population size of a census tract

8000

What is a channel on a remotely sensed image?

A channel refers to a spectral band in the visible spectrum. coloured layer.

Differential Correction

A class of techniques used for improving GPS accuracy by comparing measurements taken by two or more receivers (one stationary, one mobile) -can correct pretty much every other type of error EXCEPT multipath error

Continuous Field View

A conceptualization of the world in which all items vary across Earth's surface as constant fields, and values are available at all locations along the field *Real world phenomena continuously vary -Example: temperature, atmospheric pressure, elevation

True

A good model each edge is considered a separate entity

Which of the following is an example of a thematic map?

A map of a neighborhood showing land cover types

Thematic map

A map that shows the percentage of population in each U.S. state that was born in a different country is an example of a

IFOV

A measure of the spatial resolution of a remote sensing imaging system. Defined as the angle subtended by a single detector element on the axis of the optical system.

True color (composite image)

A photo in which there are three bands, each representing either red, green, or blue light (natural color)

What is a CIR air photo?

A photo made with CIR film which was made during WW2 and is sensitive to near-infrared light and visible light. NIR reflection is seen as red on the photo It could be used to detect camouflage or healthy vegetation

More clarity

A photo of 300 DPI will have _____ than a photo of 72 DPI

Network

A series of interconnected links and junctions representing routes for locating spatial features or travelling from one location to another.

Metadata

A set of information about your data found in a separate file is called

Algorithm

A set of steps to solve a problem

Map algebra

A site suitability analysis where two or more raster layers are added together is an example of

What is the difference between a vertical aerial photo and an oblique aerial photo?

A vertical aerial photo is taken with the camera looking directly down at the landscape In an oblique photo, the camera is tilted so instead of looking directly down at the landscape, it is looked at an angle.

Scale bar

A visual element on a map shows that 1 centimeter is the equivalent of 40 miles, what element are you looking at

The grading system with a better "radiometric resolution":

A-F (In contrast to pass- fail)

What is the organization of satellites called that serves as the Afternoon Constellation?

A-Train

Small scale maps would use: A. a wider contour interval than a large scale map B. a narrower contour interval than a large scale map C. the same contour interval as a large scale map D. no contour intervals due to the small scale of the map

A. a wider contour interval than a large scale map

Viewing an image that is offset in both the color red and the color blue that enables a "3D" style effect is an example of: A. Anaglyph B. GeoWall C. Stereovision D. CityEngine

A. anaglyph

A DSM can be used to determine which of the following: A. building heights B. the types of leaves on trees C. the health of vegetation D. sub-surface soil types

A. building heights

Which of the following operations would best allow you to model a feature such as creating a footprint of your house and showing the house at the proper height? A. extrusion B. offsetting C. applying base heights D. vertical exaggeration

A. extrusion

A 3D-style choropleth map is a: A. prism map B. smartmap C. raised poly map D. omni-theme map

A. prism map

advantages of using a satellite instead of an aircraft?

A. satellites are constantly orbiting Earth and taking images B. satellites can image a much larger area than a single aerial photograph can C. satellites provide global coverage

A SRTM performed which of the following? A. used radar waves from space to map the terrain surfaces of the Earth B. used radio waves from space to create a full three-dimensional model of the Earth C. used both radar and sonar to create a map of the Earth's surface (and the objects on the surface) D. used radar to map the heights of the oceans to create a new permanent vertical datum

A. used radar waves from space to map the terrain surfaces of the Earth

The SRTM performed which of the following: A. used radar waves from space to map the terrain surfaces of the Earth B. used radio waves from space to create a full three-dimensional model of the Earth C. used both radar and sonar to create a map of the Earth's surface (and the objects on the surface) D. used radar to map the heights of the oceans to create a new permanent vertical datum

A. used radar waves from space to map the terrain surfaces of the Earth

ASTER: Spectral Resolution

ASTER has a 14 band spectral resolution (3 visible/IR, 3 SWIR, 5 TIR) Geological applications.

ASTER: Spatial Resolution

ASTER has a spatial resolution of 15m in the visible, 30m in the SWIR, and 90m in the TIR

NOAA AVHRR: Spectral Resolution

AVHRR has 5 bands. Provides regional information on vegetation, condition and sea-surface temperature

AVHRR: Spatial Resolution

AVHRR has a spatial resolution of 1.1km

AVHRR: Temporal Resolution

AVHRR has a temporal resolution of 2 time per day

Ephemeris error can result in what level of error in GPS accuracy?

About 2 meters

Energy that is trapped and held by a surface has been:

Absorbed

What is 'remote sensing'?

Acquiring data about the reflection of light energy off of a target by a device a considerable distance away from the target from an aircraft or spacecraft

Examples of remote sensing methods:

Aerial photography, radar, and satellite imaging

Human population has led to a substantial expansion in what land use?

Agriculture

Union

An OR Boolean query results in a(n)

Buffer

An area of spatial proximity around a point (GIS operation)

Which of the following operations would best allow you to place 3D buildings at their proper height on the terrain

Applying base heights

What is the name of the EOS satellite whose mission it is to monitor Earth's water cycle?

Aqua

The current version of the "A-Train" consists of

Aqua, Aura, Calipso, and Cloudsat

Which of the following programs is used for analyzing 3D data on a local scale only

ArcScene

What are 'fiducial marks' on an air photo?

Are a way to find the photo center, fiducial marks are placed at the midpoint of each edge Small registration marks exposed on the film edges of a photograph

Raster data model

Areas are modeled using equally spaced and equally sized grid cells

geocoding

Assigning spatial locations of features using relative locations recorded in tabular format and then plotting the location of the spatial features along a network

relating an object to other nearby features

Association

The current generation of topographic maps produced by the USGS are: A. Printed 1:240000 topoquads B. GeoPDF versions of US Topos C. High resolution DRG products D. 3D contours available via a mobile app

B. GeoPDF versions of US Topos

KML and KMZ files are the native file formats used to work with 3D objects in: A. SketchUP B. Google Earth C. ArcScene D. CityEngine

B. Googe Earth

KML and KMZ files are the native file formats used to work with 3D objects in: A. SketchUp B. Google Earth C. ArcScene D. CityEngine

B. Google Earth

In hillshading, the user would set which two parameters: A. the vertical datum and the grid cell resolution B. the altitude of the sun and its location in relation to the Earth C. the vertical accuracy of the model and the steepness of the terrain D. the angle of the suns rays and the vertical exaggeration of the model

B. the altitude of the sun and its location in relation to the Earth

BeiDou (China)

BeiDou is the Chinese navigation satellite system. The system will consist of 35 satellites. A regional service became operational in December of 2012. BeiDou will be extended to provide global coverage by end of 2020.

In the Fayetteville AR area the geoid is

Below the ellipsoid and below the ground surface

Ecosystem services

Benefits that ecosystems supply humans

terrain analysis calculations

Best-applied to raster data Based on cell values assigned in a regular grid Applies Z-values to X-Y planar coordinates Typically use neighborhood operations to define angle and orientation of lines Specific mathematical operations applied to a moving window Use analyses to define normal vectors, at 90° to ground surface, and relative Z-values

Types of film

Black and white (panchromatic), colour (3 layers), colour infrared (CIR), black and white infrared (BWIR). Digital imaging done in some other parts of the EM spectrum (UV, microwave)

The result of an extrusion is a

Block

What is the atomic or most basic geographical unit used in the census

Block

Radar vs. LiDAR

Both ACTIVE systems: generate energy signal and energy signal returned --Radar - radio detection (beam energy through antenna) --LiDAR - light detection

Panchromatic aerial photography uses...

Broad cover types (Forest / Agriculture / Urban / Etc.) / Legacy: Often older photographs are only available as Panchromatic

An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation?

Buffer

Polygons

Buffers created around line features will result in

Describe (what colour is it?) and explain (why is it that colour?) the appearance of commercial / industrial areas on a true colour composite image of Regina in summer.

Buildings are white/light grey because the material is reflecting all or most of the visible spectrum.

A measurement of the rate of elevation change at a location is: A. viewshed B. slope aspect C. slope D. perspective

C. slope

Code Division of Access

CDMA is a form of spread spectrum. GPS satellite signals, although they are on the same frequency, are modulated by a unique pseudorandom digital sequence, or code. Each satellite uses a different pseudorandom code. Pseudorandom means that the signal only appears random; in fact, it actually repeats after a period of time. Receivers know the pseudorandom code for each satellite. This allows receivers to correlate (synchronize) with the CDMA signal for a particular satellite. q

Manual Rectification

Calculate new output pixel locations (x,y)--relate image location to map location using a "mapping polynomial" function.

Pseudorange

Calculated distance between a GPS satellite and a GPS receiver

network analysis

Calculates the shortest route from a source to a destination through a network and is restricted to follow a linear network

Standard False Color Composite (FCC)

Can be seen if: -NIR wavelengths are displayed through the red filter -Red wavelengths displayed through the green filter -Green wavelengths displayed through blue filter

What can't be done with RS?

Can't see everything (spectral limitations) / Can't see everything at all times (temporal limitations) / Can't see everything everywhere (Spatial limitations) / Can't see everything at any resolution (Spatial limitations)

CSRS

Canadian Spatial Reference System

Multispectral Images

Captures image at specific frequencies across the electromagnetic spectrum -contains a few to several image layers (less than 30) -multispectral sensor can measure multiple wavelength bands simultaneously

The art and science of making maps describes

Cartography

Map making

Cartography is the science of

The pre-made 3D objects in Google SketchUp are called

Components

Land Satellite images allow us to bring in more...

Components of the EM spectrum to see more things (Species differentiation, broad vegetation patterns etc.)

network dataset

Composed of lines, points, and turn features

Orthorectification...

Correcting for elevation differences on the Earth (DOQQ photos)

Cover aerial photography uses...

Cover type mapping into many classes (Different tree species)

Interpolation

Creating s continuous surface from a set of points

The vertical accuracy of a lidar model of terrain is about: A. 30-45 meters B. 15-20 meters C. 1-3 meters D. 15-30 centimeters

D. 15-30 centimeters

A commonly used vertical datum for US geospatial data: A. NED98 B. NAD27 C. NAD83 D. NAVD88

D. NAVD88

A determination of the direction of the steepest slope for an area is: A. Perspective B. Viewshed C. Slope D. Slope Aspect

D. Slope Aspect

methods of determining flow direction

D8-method: simple, define flow among adjacent cells, Prone to error due to overestimation of flow in rigidly-defined orientations D-infinity method: distribute flow to one downslope cell when flow is directly towards the center of that cell; otherwise assigns proportions of flow; More complex equations

The use of a base station or other Earth-bound source to transmit a correction signal to a GPS receiver refers to

DGPS

Inaccuracy of Position Measurement

DOP x Inaccuracy of Range Measurement

EPA hydrologic data source

Data on waters and watersheds that may correspond to HUC's Modern data (RF3) provide a nationally-consistent hydrographic database recording geography and unique identifiers for all surface water features

DGNSS

Differential GNSS

Binary Signals

Digital signals in which on of two values is encoded by modulating a wave characteristic navigation message is produced in this form (+1 and -1 sequence) in pseudorandom noise form

Geometric Correction

Digitally manipulating image data such that the image's projection precisely matches a specific projection surface or shape.

The shortest path between an origin and other nodes on a network can be determined with

Dijkstra's Algorithm

The shortest path between an origin and a destination

Dijkstra's algorithm is used to calculate

Nadir Line

Directly under flight lines, The "trace line" of the ground directly beneath the aircraft while taking photographs

When modeling the world in GIS, when all features are treated as objects with definite locations and boundaries, what is being described?

Discrete object view of the world

Wavelength

Distance from one wave crest to the next.

Quantum Theory

Energy of Quantum = Planck Constant x Frequency

Near infrared energy

Energy rate of 0.7 to 1.3 micrometers

Active Sensor...

Energy source such as an instrument within the RS Electromagnetic Spectrum

Passive Sensor...

Energy source such as the sun within the RS Electromagentic Spectrum

When the correct satellite position is not being sent, what type of error is being encountered?

Ephemeris

In the video lectures we defined seven key TIGER attributes. Associate the attribute name with its characteristics

FID: Field ID Number LENGTH: Length of full extent FNODE: Intersection of "start" of street TNODE: Intersection of "end" of street FENAME: Street name FRADDR: # of first house on right side TOADDL: # of last house on left side

(T/F) The average person can receive information from L1 frequencies when he or she is indoors.

False

(T/F) The goal of SA was to make C/A (coarse acquisition) code on the L1 frequency more accurate

False

(T/F) Users of GPS (on the ground) can send information back to satellites orbiting the earth.

False

A horizontal datum is a baseline used as a starting point in measuring elevation values (either above or below this value)

False

GeoTIFF files do not carry spatial referencing

False

If only one height value can be assigned to a coordinate, then the data is considered fully 3D

False

In general, a narrower contour interval is used when mapping more mountainous terrain.

False

KMZ files cannot be used in Google Earth

False

The geoid and mean sea level are essentially the same

False

As frequency increases, speed of light increases:

False.

Application

GNSS user equipment provides the computed position and time to the end user application, for example, navigation, surveying or mapping.

Reception

GNSS user equipment receives the signals from multiple GNSS satellites then, for each satellite, recovers the information that was transmitted and determines the time of propagation, the time it takes the signals to travel from the satellite to the receiver.

GOES Imager: Spectral Resolution

GOES 8-10 have 5 band spectral resolution

GOES Imager: Temporal Resolution

GOES Imager has a repeat time of ~15 minutes

GOES Imager: Spatial Resolution

GOES Imager has an 8km spatial resolution

Three primary geospatial technologies

GPS GIS Remote Sensing

L-Band

GPS operates in a frequency band referred to as the ______, a portion of the radio spectrum between 1 and 2 GHz

GPS (United States)

GPS was the first GNSS system. GPS was launched in the late 1970s by the United States Department of Defense. It uses a constellation of 27 satellites, and provides global coverage.

The three primary geospatial technologies are

GPS, GIS, and remote sensing

The European Union's version of GNSS is known as

Galileo

Galileo (European Union)

Galileo is a civil GNSS system operated by the European Global Navigation Satellite Systems Agency (GSA). Galileo will use 27 satellites with the first Full Operational Capability (FOC) satellites being launched in 2014. The full constellation is planned to be deployed by 2020.

Who took the first aerial photograph?

Gaspar Felix Tournachon

Remote Sensing (RS)...

Gathering data and information about the physcial world by measuring electromagnetic radiation (Associated with objects located beyond the immediate vicinity of the sensor device[s]) / Measuring an object from a distance / In GIS: Using photographic or satellite images to gather spatial data

GPS satellites are

Geo-stationary

The process of hiding small objects in an area, then listing their coordinates on the Web in a form of "treasure hunting" is known as:

Geocaching

Ways to Download Remote Sensing Data

Geoeye GloVis (USGS) Earth Explorer (USGS) MODIS website Global Land Cover Facility EROS/USGS Seamless Explorer

Geoeye: Sensor

Geoeye has .4m Pan, 1.6 MS sensor

Geoeye: Spatial Resolution

Geoeye has 0.4, Pan, 1.6 MSS spatial resolution

Geoeye: Spectral Resolution

Geoeye has 5 bands (pan, blue, green, red, IR)

Geoeye: Temporal Resolution

Geoeye has a repeat time of 3 days

Geoeye

Geoeye-1 was launched by Geoeye in 2008.

Which of the following is not a common datum?

Geographic Coordinate System (GCS)

Acquiring real-time location information from a series of satellites in orbit best describes

Global Positioning system

9. KML and KMZ files are the native file format used to work with 3D objects in:

Google Earth

KMZ files are the native file format used to work with 3D objects in

Google Earth

The control segment of GPS is composed of a series of

Ground Stations

Geocaching

High tech "treasure hunting" that is assisted with GPS

Which method of making a terrain model look more realistic involves showing how the terrain would look under different lighting conditions?

Hillshade

HDOP

Horizontal Dilution of Precision

IKONOS: Sensor

IKONOS has 1m Panchromatic, 4m Multispectral sensor

IKONOS: Spatial Resolution

IKONOS has 1m pan and 4m MS spatial resolution

IKONOS: Spectral Resolution

IKONOS has 5 bands (pan, blue, green, red, near IR)

IKONOS: Temporal Resolution

IKONOS has a repeat time of 3-5 days off-nadir

Relief Displacement

INCREASES more as you move away from the centre of the air photo (radial distance = r). INCREASES as the flying height (H) DECREASES. This effect can be used to measure the height of an object (h).

terrain or morphometric features

Identifiable surface features: Peaks, Saddles, Planes, Cliffs, Channels, Passes, Ridges, Pits

Color IR aerial photography uses...

Improved differentiation of tree species / Forest Health (Disease / Insects)

Challenges to VDOP

In Canada, and in other countries at high latitude, GNSS satellites are lower in the sky and achieving optimal DOP for some applications, particularly where good VDOP is required, is sometimes a challenge.

Polygons

In a vector data model of a fairly small geographic area, such as N.C., counties and their boundaries would likely be represented as

A network of computers and computer networks, copper wires, fiber-optic cables, wireless networks combine to make the:

Internet

The incoming radiance to the earth, the amount of energy that hits a certain amount of the earth's surface.

Irradiance

What is an 'orthophoto'?

Is a photo that has been geometrically corrected through rectification so that the scale of the photo is uniform and planimetrically corrected to remove distortion caused by camera optics, camera tilt, and differences in elevation. Makes it look like you are looking straight down at every point

Landsat 4,5: Temporal Resolution

Landsat 4,5 have a repeat time of 16 days

Landsat 4,5

Landsat 4,5 were launched in 1982 and 1984 TM

An example of a satellite using a near-polar orbit is:

Landsat 7

MODIS: Temporal Resolution

MODIS has an individual satellite repeat time of 2 days. The different satellites combine create 1 day repeat time.

Most remote sensing systems can collect data in both a panchromatic and a multispectral mode. What is one advantage of each mode?

MSS mode shows colour bands, pan mode is black and white. good for showing roads and features.

Which of the following allows businesses to gather valuable info about you that they can then sell to other companies

Magazine subscriptions, web browser cookies, warranty cards, loyalty card programs

2

Maps often use _____ different fonts to avoid making the map too difficult to read

Better spectral resolution=

More detail for the same interval -more bands

Landsat satellites sense _________

More than one band (each band corresponds to a wavelength range)

Temporal resolution

More than one image over time -the revisit time between satellite passes -finer temporal resolution= shorter revisit time

Terra flies as part of the

Morning Constellation.

NASA

National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Responsible for aviation and spaceflight.

What type of orbit does a remote sensing satellite have to be in to acquire images of sea ice? Why?

Near polar orbit, so it passes close to the poles and can pick up sea ice.

Tobler's first law of Geography states "Everything is related to everything else, but ______ things are more related than ______ things."

Near, distant (Spatial dependence)

Tabular Data

Non-spatial data -can be done in any database management system (Microsoft access, Oracle, SQL, EXCEL) -does not specifically require a GIS

Attributes

Non-spatial data in GIS

NDVI

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index - determine areas with / without lush vegetation

GPS, VLBI, SLR, DORIS

Nowadays, four main geodetic techniques are used to compute accurate coordinates

Frequency

Number of crests passing a fixed point in a given period of time.

the multispectral instrument on board landsat 8 is

OLI

Low-oblique

Oblique image not showing herizon

NAD83 vs NAD27

One of the primary difference is that NAD83 uses an Earth-centered reference, rather than a fixed station in NAD27. All coordinates were referenced to Kansas Meade's Ranch (39°13'26.686″ north latitude, 98°32'30.506″ west longitude) for NAD27 datum. The National Geodetic Survey relied heavily on the use of Doppler satellite to locate the Earth's center of mass.

gps error compensation

One way of compensating for clock error is to download precise satellite clock information from an Spaced Based Augmentation System (SBAS) or Precise Point Positioning (PPP) service provider.

Digital Ortho Quarter Quad (DOQQ)...

Orthorectified images

Clip

Outcome is a specific part of the data sheet that you want to show on its own

A military receiver is required to pick up which of the following? C/A code Almanac L1 frequency P Code

P Code

10.23 MHz

P-Code frequency

Precise Code

P-code is abbreviation for?

decimeter

PPP accuracy

Types of aerial photographs...

Panchromatic (Black & White) / True Color / Color Infrared (CIR)

Which of the following is an example of non-spatial data?

Parcel database of all residential developments in a neighborhood

arrangement of objects

Pattern

Viewing a digital terrain model from an oblique angle to make it appear three dimensional is called..

Perspective View

Geographic Coordinates

Phi, Lambda, Z - defining lat, long using an ellipse rotated about an axis - elevation, z, determined using a geoid, a surface os constant gravitational potential - earth datums define standard values of the ellipsoid and geoid

False-Color or Color Infrared Photo...

Photographs where the green, red, and NIR portions of the spectrum are captured separately / Features that reflect green are displayed blue, features that reflect red are displayed green and features that reflect NIR are displayed red / Useful for highlighting vegetation

Natural (True) Color Photos...

Photos where light from the blue and green protions of the spectrum are captured separately / Features that reflect blue light are blue, green light are green, and red light are red...

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main/cooperating segments of GNSS? Control Segment Position Segment User Segment Space Segment

Position Segment

GNSS Augmentation

Positioning based on standalone GNSS service is accurate to within a few metres. The accuracy of standalone GNSS, and the number of available satellites, may not be adequate for the needs of some users.

A 3D style choropleth map is a

Prism map

Extrusions on a map are called _____

Prisms

Transmission time (t) multiplied by the speed of light (c) gives you the

Pseudorange between receiver and satellite

QZSS (Japan)

QZSS is a regional navigation satellite system that provides service to Japan and the Asia-Oceania region. The QZSS system is planned to be deployed by 2018.

Vegetation Indices

Quantitative measures, based on digital values, that attempt to reduce the multiple bands of data down to a single number per pixel that is related to vegetation characteristics such as biomass, aboveground net primary productivity, leaf area index, and/or percent vegetative ground cover

QuickBird: Spatial Resolution

QuickBird has 0.6m Pan, 2.4m MS spatial resolution

QuickBird: Sensor

QuickBird has 0.6m Panchromatic, 2.4 MS sensor

QuickBird: Spectral Resolution

QuickBird has 5 bands (pan, blue, green, red, IR)

QuickBird: Temporal Resolution

QuickBird has a repeat time of 5 days

QuickBird

QuickBird was launched by EarthWatch in 2001.

Microwave bands

Radar imaging technique --radar dish that pulses microwaves that bounce off any object in its path --EX: LiDAR, NED data

Normal Color Film

Records 0.4-0.7 microns (Blue, Green, Red) Depicts terrain in same hues as we see it.

Land Cover

Refers to the TYPE of feature present Eg: Lake, cornfield, maple trees

Land Capability

Refers to the ability of land to support a certain land use Eg: the ability of the land to support crops

Spatial info

Refers to the information being handled by GIS

Environmental conditions for the planet Earth can be monitored by which of the following?

Remote Sensing

Environmental conditions on earth can be monitored by:

Remote sensing (taking images constantly)

Precision

Repeatability of a measurement

Image

Representation of an object. Includes photographs, but not limited (remote sensors do not take photographs)

Image Pixel

Represents the brightness of each area with an integer value or digital number.

Automatic Rectification

Resampling--fill in the geometrically correct cells with DN values, nearest neighbor, Bilinear interpolation, and cubic convolution.

Temporal Resolution..

Resolution Type that is a repeat cycle of the sensor (Amount of time it takes the sensor to re-capture information about the same area)

Spectral Resolution...

Resolution type where the portion or portions of the electromagnetic spectrum are recorded by the sensor

slope

Rise relative to horizontal distance Typically reported in degrees relative to horizontal Calculated using the tangent function May also be reported as a percentage or fraction Changes over the area of the data Not necessarily aligned with raster grid

Slope is calculated as

Rise/Run

TIGER / Line files

Road network data is provided by the U.S. Census Bureau in the form of

space based augmentation system

SBAS

Which is NOT true about SKP files? -They are native to Google SketchUp -Only one SKP file can be open at a time -SKP files allow you to see how mulitple buildings look next to one another -Google SketchUp must be running for an SKP file to be viewed

SKP files allow you to see how multiple buildings look next to one another

SPOT

SPOT-7 is the most recent of the french satellites. Not yet in orbit

SPOT: Spectral Resolution

SPOT-7 will have 5 bands (Pan, Blue, Green, Red, near IR)

SPOT: Spatial Resolution

SPOT-7 will have a 1.5m Pan and 'Color Merge' resolution and 8m MS

What is the SCL?

Scane Line Corrector on Landsat 7 ETM.

A DRG is a

Scanned version of a USGS topo map

Photogrammetry

Science of making measurements from photographs, especially for recovering the exact positions of surface points.

shadings caused by a light source

Shadow

the form of an object

Shape

Ways to interpret an aerial photo

Shape - particular form of an object in an image. An oval shape can be used to identify a racetrack. Size - the length, width, and area on the ground of objects in the image Shadow - the dark shape cast by an object with a source of light shining on it. Can help provide info about height and depth of objects Tone - the particular grayscale or intensity of a particular color of objects in an image. Light blue color helps distinguish a swimming pool. Texture - differences of certain shading or color throughout parts of the image. Can be coarse or smooth. Pattern - the physical arrangement of objects in an image. How objects are ordered or disordered can help interpret the image. Site - location of characteristics of an item Association - relates an object in an image to other nearby features in the image

Aerial photography interpretation relies on analysis of...

Shape / Association / Pattern / Location / Tone / Texture / Shadow

Pixel

Short for picture element. A pixel is the smallest logical unit of visual information that can be used to build an image.

X-ray

Shorter wavelength than visible light SO there is more energy per unit --> DANGEROUS

Small scale maps

Show a LARGER geographic area than large scale maps

SRTM

Shuttle Radar Topography Mission --mission that collected most of the data we have today for NED data --measured 80% of earth --contained two types of antenna panels; C-band(DEM) and X-band (NED)

Multipath error

Signal is bouncing off of something and arrives later than expected

Why do some systems have higher temporal resolutions?

Some bands need more time to get a clear photo ex. Band 6 on Landsat and so takes longer to get around the Earth. Quickbird has a high temporal resolution, but it doesn't have complete coverage of an area. (off-nater)

multipath propagation

Some of the signal energy transmitted by the satellite is reflected on the way to the receiver. This phenomenon is referred to as ______________

Absorbed (RS Electromagnetic Spectrum)...

Some to all of the energy is neither transmitted nor absorbed; the object retains the radiation and is heated by it within the RS Electromagentic Spectrum (Pavement)

Transmitted (RS Electromagnetic Spectrum)...

Some to all of the energy passes through the object within the RS Electromagnetic Spectrum (Clear water)

SBAS

Space based augmentation system

Types of resolutions...

Spectral / Spatial / Temporal

Every surface has a spectrum pattern known as a...

Spectral Signature

Hyperspectural imaging

Spectral imaging technique- collect and processes information from across EMS (imaging for each pixel) Good for continuous sampling of broad intervals of spectrum

A charted identifier for an feature based on its reflectance of different wavelengths of energy is a

Spectral signature

Basic wave law

Speed of Light = wavelength x frequency

Intersect

Tabular data is merged (data sheets are combined)

Oblique Airphoto

Taken from a side angle. High oblique and Low oblique

Vertical Airphoto

Taken straight down. Usually used in photogrammetry.

Aerial photography

Taking photographs of objects on the ground from an airborne platform

How do you measure heights using Relief Displacement?

Tall buildings will have its roof's position on the photo displaces radially outward from nadir (away from the centre of the photo). The distance measured on the air photo, from the bottom to the top of one side of the building is the objects reflief displacement.

Flagship satellite for the EOS programis

Terra

Nadir line

The "trace line" of the ground directly beneath the aircraft during acquistion.

MODIS: Spectral Resolution

The MODIS sensor has a 36 band spectral resolution

NASA

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, established in 1958; it is the U.S. government's space exploration and aerospace development branch.

TES

The Tropospheric EMission Spectrometer instrument onboard Aura.

All of the following help to explain why GPS isn't perfectly accurate, EXCEPT: -A poor geometric arrangement of satellites. -The U.S. Department of Defense currently uses Selective Availability in the interest of national defense. -The multipath effect. -Atmospheric interference in the ionosphere and troposphere.

The U.S. Department of Defense currently uses Selective Availability in the interest of national defense.

The original developer of NAVSTAR GPS was which country's Department of Defense?

The United States

Phase Center Stability

The _____ _______ of the antenna is the point where the signals transmitted from satellites are collected. When a receiver reports a location fix, that location is essentially the _______ _________ of the antenna.

What is 'relief displacement' in an aerial photo?

The apparent leaning out of the top of a higher object on a vertical air photo If the top of a feature is higher than the elevation of the nadir point, then it will be displaced outward and imaged at a slightly lower scale.

FRADDL

The beginning address number on the left side of a street segment in geocode

FRADDR

The beginning address number on the right side of a street segment in geocode

Query

The conditions used to retrieve data from the database

Digitizing

The creation of vector objects through sketching or tracing representations from a map or image source is called

Phenology...

The cyclical pattern of growth and senescence

Remote Sensing (in geospatial technology)

The data being acquired is information about the light energy being reflected off of a target (from an aircraft or spacecraft)

Wien's Displacement Law

The dominant wavelength of a blackbody

TOADDR

The ending address number on the right side of a street segment in geocode

Amplitude

The equivalent to the height of each peak, often measured in energy levels or watts.

Principle Point

The exact point on the Earth where the optical axis of the camera was pointing during the instant of exposure. Only point without manipulation.

Phase

The extent to which the peaks of one wave form align with those of another.

Digital Line Graph (DLG)

The features (such as roads, rivers, or boundaries) digitized from USGS maps -vector data applications

dual- frequency operation PPP

The first-order ionospheric delay is proportional to the carrier wave frequency. Therefore, the first-order ionospheric delay can totally be eliminated by using the combinations of dual-frequency GNSS measurements

FENAME

The geocoded name of a street

Spatial resolution is a measure of:

The ground size of one pixel's worth of imagery

The Internet

The hardware part. Big collection of computers and cables, wires, fiber optic cables, and wireless networks

Why Use UTC - Not TAI?

The high level of precision achieved by using atomic clocks is both a blessing and a curse. On the one hand, accurate time-keeping is a necessity, for example for time-sensitive technology, such as modern air traffic control systems that rely on satellite navigation. On the other hand, TAI does not take into account the Earth's slowing rotation, which determines the length of a day. For this reason, TAI is constantly compared to UT1. Before the difference between the two scales reaches 0.9 seconds, a leap second is added to UTC.

Land Use

The human activity or economic function associated with land

Legend

The map element that serves a guide to the various colors and symbols on the map is the

Map Distance (MD)

The measured distance from Point A to Point B in inches on the USGS topo map

Photo Distance (PD)...

The measured distance from Point A to Point B on a photo

Photogrammetry...

The measuring of photographs

Linear interpolation

The method used to plot a point at its approximate distance along a segment is

Raster data model, grid cells

The model used to represent continuous fields in GIS is the ______ which represents data in a set of ______

Spectral Resolution

The number and size of spectral regions the sensor records data, bands and regions.

Spectral Resolution

The number of spectral bands (as in electromagnetic spectrum) in which the sensor can collect reflected radiance.

Dissolve

The original version of a map of the United States shows each state's boundaries, another map is created from the original just showing the outline of the entire US., the state boundaries having been eliminated. What type of operation was performed

troposphere

The other layer of the atmosphere that influences the transmission of GPS signals is the _________, the lowest layer of the Earth's atmosphere. The thickness of the _______ varies, about 17 km in the middle latitudes, up to 20 km nearer the equator, and thinner at the poles. _________ delay is a function of local temperature, pressure and relative humidity. L1 and L2 are equally delayed, so the effect of __________delay cannot be eliminated the way ionospheric delay can be.

Exitance

The outgoing radiance from the earth, back to the atmosphere.

Radiometric Resolution

The sensitivity of dectors to small differences in EMR; basically the ability to note slight differences in energy.

Spatial Resolution

The size of the instantaneous-field-of-view.

Radiometric resolution

The smallest change in the intensity that can be detected by the sensor in the electromagnetic spectrum

The Web

The software part. A collection of web pages connected through hyperlinks and URLs. Service provided by the internet

FETYPE

The street name type such as ST., Rd, and Ln. in geocode

GIS

The term used for a computer based set of hardware and software that captures, analyzes, manipulates, and visualizes spatial information is

Topology

The term used to describe how vector objects connect to one another (in terms of adjacency, connections, containment, and so forth) is

Sidereal Time vs. Solar Time

The time measured by the stars is called sidereal time. It is not the same as solar time, so scientists have to mathematically convert their measurements to arrive at UT. Sidereal time reflects the period it takes Earth to complete a full rotation around its axis in relation to a fixed object outside of Earth's orbit around the Sun. Universal Time, on the other hand, refers to the time it takes Earth to complete a full rotation in relation to the Sun. Since the Earth revolves around the Sun, moving in the same direction as it spins around its axis, it has to rotate a little further each day to catch up with the Sun. This makes a solar day a little longer than a sidereal day—just under 4 minutes on average.

How does project success vary?

The training and experience of the interpreter, the nature of the object being interpreted, the quality of the photos beinf utilized.

GNSS FACTS! user segment

The user segment consists of equipment that processes the received signals from the GNSS satellites and uses them to derive and apply location and time information. The equipment ranges from smartphones and handheld receivers used by hikers, to sophisticated, specialized receivers used for highend survey and mapping applications.

By applying vertical exaggeration to a model which of the following will occur

The vertical scale is made larger than the horizontal scale

ZIPR

The zip code for the right side of a street segment in geocode

What do horizontal measurements rely on?

They primarily rely on knowing the accurate scale for each region of the photo (scale changes with changes in elevation)

External Error Correction Data PPP

This includes satellite orbit and clock corrections. In the case of TerraStar service, the corrections generated are broadcast for end-users by Inmarsat telecommunication satellites.

Stefan-Boltzmann Law

Total emitted radiation from the black body is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature.

____________ occurs when a wavelength of energy simply passes through a surface to interact with something else later.

Transmittance

TIN stands for

Triangulated Irregular Network

GPS works through a process of ______

Trilateration

(T/F) GPS is a "public domain" good in that it is free and available to everyone worldwide.

True

(T/F) GPS satellites have atomic clocks, wheres typical GPS receivers have inexpensive quartz clocks.

True

A base height represents the elevation of the terrain above a vertical datum

True

A digital terrain model (DTM) is a model of the landscape that is used in conjunction with GIS or remotely sensed imagery

True

A topographic map shows the features on the land.

True

Communication systems, electrical power grids, and financial networks all rely on precision timing from GPS for synchronization and operational efficiency.

True

Contour lines on a map represent areas of constant elevation

True

Differential GPS requires at least one other GPS receiver be running at the same time on a known location.

True

Esri's ArcGlobe allows 3D visualization on a global level

True

Ideally 3D models should be georeferenced

True

Ideally, 3D models should be georeferenced

True

In draping, a remotely sensed image is overlaid on a hillshade

True

Income alone is not a key determinant in ESRI's market segmentation groupings

True

Remote sensing is the process of collecting information related to the reflected or emitted electromagnetic energy from a target by a device a considerable distance away from that target from an aircraft or spacecraft.

True

Satellites with a geostationary orbit rotate at the same speed as Earth

True

Slope is often calculated as rise over run and expressed in either degrees or percentages

True

The information that is being sensed is the reflection of electromagnetic (EM) energy off a target

True

Using the notation in ArcGIS aspect values that range between 340-360 and between 0-20 would be considered as north or at least northerly

True

Reflectance is a unitless ratio.

True.

The increasing ubiquity of location based services is leading to loss of privacy

True.

The progenitors of today's submarine fiber optic cables were the submarine telegraph cables linking disparate portions of the British Empire

True.

The web requires the internet to work

True.

Virginia has two state plane and UTM systems

True.

What is the order of the bands?

UV, blue, green, red, NIR, TIR, Micro

The geoid

Undulates, is more or less similar to mean sea level, is a surface of uniform or equal gravity

USGS

United States Geological Survey

UTC

Universal Time Coordinated- leap seconds are added to universal time at specific epochs in order to keep is close to UT1. this is the basis for civil time, used globally

When selecting an area to examine using Esri business analyst you can

Use a simple circle around a chosen point, use network distance in the form of drive times

Vertical measurements

Use many methods depending on weather you are using a singel air photo or a stereo pair. Single photo - use shadow length method. Stereo Pair - use parallax measurement (many different ways)

The SRTM performed which of the following

Used radar waves from space to map the terrain surfaces of the Earth

Landsat satellite

Used to gather data for images of Earth's land surface and coastal regions -equipped with sensors that respond to Earth-reflected sunlight and infrared radiation

Server-side GIS:

Users (clients) submit requests for data and analysis to a web server. The server processes the requests and returns data or a solution to the remote client -Disadvantages: It may be affected by bandwidth and internet traffic, every request must be processed and passed through internet

Client-side web GIS

Users to perform some data manipulation and analysis locally on their own machines -Can be more difficult to implement because they require additional software and user expertise to be effective

Cholera

Using spatial analysis Dr. John Snow traced the source of which disease to London's water pumps

national hydrologic dataset (NHD)

Vector based spatial data about surface waters Combines data from USGS digital line graphs (DLG's) and EPA "river reach" data Based on 1:100,000 scale Shows both natural and manmade features Represent topology network, with lines assigned directionality Can identify both connections and bypasses Organized in a hierarchy of nested, coded hydrologic units Use HUC's

Most reflectance in NIR (near infrared light):

Vegetation

Which regions of the spectrum show the largest reflectances for vegetation/soil/water?

Vegetation: NIR Soil: red Water: Low in all visible spectrums

Have more capabilities than

Vehicle navigation systems typically _____ a GPS reciever

How are air photos taken?

Vertical air photos are taken along flightlines or flight strips.

What are some conditions of vertical air photos?

Vertical air photos have the same map projections as planar or azimuthal map projections. Measurements are reliable from the centre point (PP) outwards only. This is why we use the Cartesian Coordinate System for all measurements.

Big Data can be described by

Volume, Velocity, Variety, Value

Which of the following software packages is the best to use to create the landscapes, trees and vegetation in visualization

Vue

The datum used by GPS is

WGS84

Black and White Infrared

Water shows up black, healthy vegetation bright white (it reflects 40-70% IR light)

Electromagnetic Spectrum

Waves characterized by wavelength location over which electromagnetic radiation extends -usual units are micrometer

small registration marks exposed on the film at the edges of a photo

What are fiducial marks on an air photo?

a film that is sensitive to infrared wavelengths and visible light

What is a CIR air photo?

has film with sensitivity to visible light from 0.3 to 0.7um

What is a panchromatic air photo?

overlaying conventional map symbols on an orthophoto

What is an annotated orthophotomap?

imagery in which distortion from the camera angle and topography has been removed

What is an orthophoto?

1"=400miles

What is not a component of geographical scale

It should leave fairly large areas empty to give the readers' eyes a rest

What is not a principle of effective map layout

The map should make use of as much color as possible

What is not a principle of good map design

Median

What is not a type of data classification commonly used by GIS in creating cloropleth maps

The full length of the road

What is not a valid attribute for the line segments of a long road

duplicated image of the ground in two successive air photos

What is overlap in air photos?

process of obtaining measurements from aerial photos

What is photogrammetry?

the apparent leaning out of the top of a higher object

What is relief displacement in an aerial photo?

data collected by an aircraft in the form of electromagnetic energy being reflected off a target

What is remote sensing?

vertical photographs are taken from a 90 degree angle and can be scaled, whereas oblique photos are taken from an angle and have distorted scale

What is the difference between a vertical aerial photo and an oblique aerial photo?

the center of an aerial photo

What is the principal point of an aerial photo?

Geoprocessing

When a layer has some sort of action performed to it and the result is a new layer

True

When a vehicle navigation system provides incorrect directions to a driver, the error is usually a result of problems in the base network data

Discrete object view of the world

When all features are treated as objects with definite locations and boundaries

Transmission

When light passes through a target

Conjugate Principle Point

When the principle point appears in an adjacent photo.

Houses

Which of the following is not a feature of the digital line graphs (DLSs) created from the USGS

Cardinal Data

Which of the following is not a form of attribute data in GIS

Angles

Which of the following is not used by GIS systems that utilize the discrete object view

1:500,000

Which of the following is the smallest-scale map

Union

Which would result from the following compound query? INC2013>=35000 OR MEANINC2013>28500

"Digital divide"

Who has the internet and who doesn't (societal change)

to correct for UV effects (modified other colors), and to eliminate haze (dust particles)

Why do panchromatic air photos need a UV haze filter?

WAAS

Wide Area Augmentation System

What does WAAS stand for

Wide Area Augmentation System (covers United States and portions of N. America)

Satellite geometry: Error is reduced if satellites are:

Widely spaced

Attribute Error

Wrong quantities or descriptions associated with features, or missing or invalid values

Which of the following is the most highly encrypted and secure? The L1 frequency C/A code P Code Y Code

Y Code

Can we find the true planar location of an object if we don't know its elevation?

YES! using a stereo parallax and a stereo pair of air photos. The 60% overlap means that the principle point from the neighbouring photo can be seen on the first photo (these are called the conjugate principle points). The distance between the PP and the conjugate principle point is the photo base length (distance between exposures)

Reference map

You are visiting Seattle and receive a map from the Seattle Visitors' Bureau showing the streets of downtown Seattle and points of interest. You are looking at a

If you were in Central America and wanted to take some spectral reflectance measurements on the ground at the same time as a Landsat or SPOT satellite passes overhead, at about what time should you start taking your measurements? Why are the satellites programmed to cross overhead at this time?

You should start taking measurements on a sunny day at mid morning. Satellites are programmed to cross overhead at this time because they are sun synchronous, and there are less clouds in mid morning than in the afternoon.

Join

You wish to combine two non-spatial tables using a common field, the operation to do this is called a

5. In 3D design, elevation or height values are referred to with the letter:

Z

In 3D design elevation or height values are referred to with the letter

Z

In the coordinate system, which variable represents elevation?

Z

The value used to represent the height of an object is

Z

Ephemerides

_________________ allow for the satellite position computation which is required in order to triangulate the receiver's position. Thus, it is very common for clients to log the ____________________ of each constellation they are tracking with the receiver.

Virtual Globe

a 3D software model or representation of the Earth or another world

DOQ

a Digital Orthophoto Quad. Orthophotos that cover an area of 3.75 minutes of latitude by 3.75 minutes of longitude. or one-fourth of a 7.5 minute USGS quad.

dual frequency

a GPS receiver that can pick up both the L1 and L2 frequencies

single frequency

a GPS receiver that can pick up only the L1 frequency

user segment

a GPS unit somewhere on the earth that is receiving the signals from the satellite

ambiguity resolution

a complicated process needed to determine the number of whole cycles when using RTK receiver high precision GNSS receivers can resolve the ambiguities almost instantaneously

One key part of all API project reports is....

a description of the image characteristics for each feature of interest. Describe each land cover class and/or describe the shape, shadow, ect for each feature. Recording these characteristics helps to maintain consistency during the API.

8-bit imagery

a digital image that carries a range of brightness values from 0 to 255

TIGER/Line

a file produced by the US Census Bureaeu that contains the line segments that correspond with roads all over the United States

The american fact finder is

a government developed tool for investigating and accessing US Census data

laser interferometer

a gravimeter operates by an object being dropped inside a vacuum chamber, its position is then monitored very accurately using a __________ _________________?

PLEIADES

a high resolution series of satellites.

A small-scale map would show

a larger geographic area than a large-scale map.

In a GIS network an "edge" represents

a link on the network

in a GIS network, an edge represents

a link on the network

Landsat

a long-running United States remote sensing project that had its first satellite launched in 1977 and continues today.

navigation message

a low bit rate message that includes the following information: GPS date and time. Satellite status and health. If the satellite is having problems or its orbit is being adjusted, it will not be usable. When this happens, the satellite will transmit the out-of-service message. Satellite ephemeris data, which allows the receiver to calculate the satellite's position. This information is accurate to many, many decimal places. Receivers can determine exactly where the satellite was when it transmitted its time. Almanac, which contains information and status for all GPS satellites, so receivers know which satellites are available for tracking. On start up, a receiver will recover this "almanac." The almanac consists of coarse orbit and status information for each satellite in the constellation.

cognitive map

a map-like representation in the black-box of our nervous system

NDVI

a method of measuring the health of vegetation using near-infrared and red energy measurements.

linear interpolation

a method used in geocoding to place an address point among a range of addresses along a link

band

a narrow range of wavelengths being measured by a remote sensing device.

PPP

a positioning technique that removes or models GNSS system errors using just one "dual frequency rover" receiver depends on GNSS satellite clock, and orbit corrections generated from a network of global reference stations once corrections are calculated they are delivered to the rover via satellite or by the internet, delivering 5-10cm accuracy

orthorectification

a process used on aerial photos to remove the effects of relief displacement and give the image uniform scale.

Datum

a reference surface of Earth

Gaussian Geoid Definition

a refined model of the figure of the earth. described as the equipotential surface of the earths gravity field, coinciding with the mean sea level of the oceans

EGNOS

a satellite based augmentation system that covers Europe

MSAS

a satellite based augmentation system that covers japan and nearby regions

WorldView-2

a satellite lauched in 2009 by the DigitalGlobe company, featuring in 8-band multispectral sensor with 1.84-meter resolution and a panchromatic sensor of 0.46-meter resolution.

GeoEye-1

a satellite lauchned in 2008 by the GeoEye company, which features a spatial resolution of 41 centimeters with its panchromatic sensor.

IKONOS

a satellite launched in 1999 by SpaceImaging, Inc. (now called GeoEye), which features multispectral spatial resolution of 4 meters and panchromatic resolution of 1 meter.

EO-1

a satellite launched in 2000 and set to orbit 1 minute after landsat 7

QuickBird

a satellite launched in 2001 by the DigitalGlobe company, whose sensors have 2.4 meter multispectral resolution and 0.61-meter panchromatic resolution.

WorldView-1

a satellite launched in 2007 by the Digital Globe company, whose panchromatic sensor has 0.5-meter spatial resolution.

SPOT

a satellite program operated by the French Space Agency and the Spot Image Corporation.

along-track

a scanning method using a linear array to collect data directly on the path the satellite moves on.

across-track

a scanning method using a rotating mirror to collect data by moving the device the width of the satellite's swath.

hyperspectral sensor

a sensor that can measure hundreds of different wavelength bands simultaneously.

Multispectal sensor

a sensor that can measure multiple different wavelength bands simultaneously.

panchromatic sensor

a sensor that can measure one range a wavelengths.

radiometric resolution

a sensor's ability to determine fine differences in a band of energy measurements

temporal resolution

a sensor's capability that determines how often it can view the same location on the ground.

What is EOS

a series of remote sensing satellites operated and maintained by NASA

Afternoon Constellation

a set of satellites that pass the equator in the afternoon during their orbits.

Morning Costellation

a set of satellites that pass the equator in the morning during their orbits.

algorithm

a set of steps used in a process to solve a particular type of problem

landsat scene

a single image obtained by a landsat satellite sensor

road segment

a small portion of a road network that can have multiple attributes

UT (Universal Time)

a time standard that reflects the average speed of the Earth's rotation. not measured by clocks but by looking at the stars - using prime meridian at 0 longitude as a reference point, it shows the actual length of an average solar day on Earth, which is the time from one solar noon to the next -during a solar day, our planet completes a full rotation around its axis in relation to the sun. Because of the Earth's slowing rotation, a solar day is a little longer than 24 hours on average - despite being defined as in relation to the sun, UT is usually measured by the stars. ensuring a higher degree of accuracy

PPP accuracy

a typical solution requires a period of time to converge to decimeter accuracy in order to resolve any local biases such as (atmospheric conditions, multipath environment and satellite geometry) actual accuracy acheived and the convergence time required is dependent on the quality of the correction and how they are applied to the receiver

nanometer

a unit of measurement equal to one-billionth of a meter abbreviated nm.

an atmospheric window is best described as

a wavelength of energy that is most easily transmitted to the earth

Small Scale maps would use

a wider contour interval than a larger scale map

3. Which of the following representative fractions would indicate the largest scale map? a. 1:1 b. 1:0 c. 1:1000000 d. 1:24000

a) 1:1

In order to create a colour composite image, we select 3 bands from a multispectral scene and display one band in red, the second in green, and the third in blue. If you wanted to display a Landsat ETM image, which ETM band numbers would you assign to each colour to create: (a) a true colour composite; and (b) a standard false colour composite?

a) Band 1: blue, band 2: green, band 3: red b) Band 4: red, band 3: green, band 2: blue

25. The shortest path between an origin and other nodes on a network can be determined with a. Dijkstra's Algorithm. b. network junctions. c. address standardization. d. impedance.

a) Dijkstra's Algorithm

16. Which of the following data formats will result in the least loss of data of a map graphic? a. TIFF b. JPEG c. DPI d. CMYK

a) TIFF

2. A small-scale map would show a. a larger geographic area than a large-scale map. b. a smaller geographic area than a large-scale map. c. the same geographic area as a large-scale map, just at a smaller resolution. d. the same geographic area as a large-scale map, just at a larger resolution.

a) a larger geographic area than a large-scale map

22. In a GIS network, an "edge" represents a. a link on the network. b. an intersection on the network. c. the side of the road on a network. d. the boundary of a road on the network.

a) a link on the network

9. A map template provides a. a pre-arranged way of placing elements on a map. b. a blank space that can be used to place items on a map. c. a pre-made map that can immediately be printed. d. previously created symbology already applied to the map's legend.

a) a pre-arranged way of placing elements on a map

5. A very-large-scale map would likely show a. more detail than a very-small-scale map. b. less detail than a very-small-scale map. c. the same amount of detail as a very-small-scale map, just at a smaller resolution. d. the same amount of detail as a very-small-scale map, just at a larger resolution.

a) more detail than a very-small-scale map

15. Having all count values of the data brought to the same level describes a. normalization. b. graduated symbols. c. cholopleth mapping. d. reference mapping

a) normalization

19. TIGER files typically contain all of the following data except a. number of houses per street. b. address ranges on streets. c. zip code information for streets. d. names of streets.

a) number of houses per street

4. On a very small scale map, cities would likely be shown as a. points. b. polygons. c. individual lines. d. grid cells.

a) points

12. Which of the following data classification methods attempts to place an equal number of data values in each class? a. Quantiles b. Standard deviation c. Equal interval d. Natural breaks

a) quantiles

28. The base network data used for geocoding is referred to as a. reference database. b. street view. c. linear match. d. standardization.

a) reference database

Why are the orbits for resource satellites: a) sun synchronous, b) near polar, c) have a mid-morning equator crossing ?

a) same time as the sun b) in order to image the whole earth, not just parts of it c) there are less clouds at this time, and it minimizes differences in the data.

23. Address parsing is done to a. separate the parts of an address. b. make sure that all parts of an address have the same format. c. remove incorrect addresses prior to geocoding. d. align each address with a zip code.

a) separate the parts of an address

Which of the following representative fractions would indicate the largest scale map? a. 1:1 b. 1:0 c. 1:1000000 d. 1:24000

a. 1:1

A small scale map would show: a. A larger geographic area than a large scale map b. A smaller geographic area than a large scale map c. The same geographic area as a large scale map, just at a smaller resolution d. The same geographic area as a large scale map, just at a larger resolution

a. A larger geographic area than a large scale map

Which of the following is an example of a reference map? a. A map showing the lakes in Ohio and the number of fishing days per lake b. A map showing the percentage of the population living in poverty per state c. A map showing the degree of employment in each state in the US d. A map of the population density of each country in the world

a. A map showing the lakes in Ohio and the number of fishing days per lake

The "information" being handled by GIS refers to: a. Spatial information b. Tabular information c. Visual information d. Non-spatial information

a. Spatial information

What type of data is NHD? a. Vector b. Raster c. Non-Spatial d. Interoperable

a. Vector

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and all areas from the second dataset, except those areas they have in common? a. symmetrical difference b. identity c. union d. intersect

a. symmetrical difference

Energy that is trapped and held by a surface has been

absorbed

energy that is trapped and held by a surface has been

absorbed

____________ occurs when the energy is trapped and held by a surface rather than passing through or reflecting off it

absorption

tens of km

acceptable baseline distance with RTK

1 meter or so

accuracy of DGNSS

3 cm

accuracy of PPP

TIGER files typically contain what data

address ranges on streets, Zip code information for streets, names of streets

Instantaneous sea surface topography

affected by temporal variations of long term, annual, seasonal, and short-term character, occuring at different scales

What are airphotos used for?

air photos are used to compliment, improve, or reduce field work rater then take its place.

oblique photo

an aerial photo taken at an angle.

orthophoto

an aerial photo with uniform scale.

watershed

an area contributing flow to a single area downstream on a landscape (Basins, Contributing areas, Catchments, Drainages)

Y code

an encrypted version of the P code (an anti spoofing technique)

false color composite

an image arranged by not placing the red band in the red color, the green band in the green color gun, and the blue band in the blue color gun.

standard false color composite

an image arranged by placing the near-infrared band in the red color gun, the red band int he green color gun, and the green band in the blue color gun.

true color composite

an image arranged by placing the red band in the red color gun, the green band in the green color gun, and the blue band in the blue color gun.

color composite

an image formed by placing a band of imagery into each of the three color guns (red, green, and blue) to view a color image rather than a grayscale one.

in a GIS network, a junction represents

an intersection on the network

geostationary orbit

an orbit in which an object rotates around earth at the same speed as earth.

Sun-synchronous orbit

an orbital path set up so that the satellite crosses the same areas at the same local time.

near-polar orbit

an orbital path that carries an object around Earth, passing close to the north and south poles.

true orthophoto

an orthophoto where all objects look as if they're being seen from directly above

4. Viewing an image that is offset in both the color red and the color blue that enables a 3D style effect is an example of:

anaglyph

Ellipsoidal Latitude

angle measured in the meridian plane between the equator and the ellipsoid normal at point P. Reckoned positive north

Vertical Angle

angle measured in the vertical plane between the horizontal plane and the direction to the target point. generally the zenith, is used instead of the vertical angle

Satellite Differential Services

another method for obtaining real- time differential correction data in the field by using geo- stationary satellites this system obtains correction from more that one reference station. reference stations collect the base station GPS data and relay the data to a network control center, which sends the information to a geostationary satellite for verification the verified information is sent to the roving GPS receiver to ensure it obtains GPS positions in real time.

3. Which operation would best allow you to place 3D buildings at their proper height on the terrain? (ex. the terrain is 900 ft above sea level, you want the building to sit on the terrain, not float above or below it?)

applying base heights

Differential GPS

are enhancements to the Global Positioning System (GPS) which provide improved location accuracy, in the range of operations of each system, from the 15-meter nominal GPS accuracy to about 10 cm in case of the best implementations.

radio signals

are used to connect the rover station to the base station in DGPS and RTK... this provides real time location in the field

allometric equations

are used to estimate indirect measurements based on biophysical relationships derived through research

why a fourth satellite?

as the clocks of the satellite and the receiver are not synchronized, this is necessary in order to determine the clock synchronization error. Therefore the original distances derived from the travel time of a signal are called Pseudoranges

The wavelengths that pass through the atmosphere are referred to as __________________.

atmospheric windows

why add leap second?

atomic time too accurate - the velocity of Earth's rotation around its own axis does not match the speed of atomic time - on average its a tiny bit too slow, gradually slowing down - compared to earth's rotation, atomic clocks are too consistent - does not mean days are 27 seconds longer now. the only difference is that the days a leap second was added has 86,401 seconds instead of the usual 86,400 seconds

Mean Sea Level

averaging the ocean surface over time (at least a year), or modelling ocean tides provide _____________ for the corresponding time interval. even after reducing all time dependent parts, a quasi-stationary SST would remain

24. Multiple addresses can be geocoded at once via a. address standardization. b. batch geocoding. c. Dijkstra's Algorithm. d. standard geocoding.

b) batch geocoding

13. Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels by taking the complete range of values and dividing by the desired number of classes? a. Natural breaks b. Equal interval c. Standard deviation d. Quantiles

b) equal interval

18. A major road (such as Virginia Beach Blvd) would be represented in a GIS as a. a single record. b. multiple records, with each representing one piece of the road. c. two records, each representing half of the road's distance. d. one file entitled "FENAME = 'Virginia Beach Blvd'."

b) multiple records, with each representing one piece of the road

11. Which of the following data classification methods selects class break levels by searching for spaces in the data values? a. Standard deviation b. Natural breaks c. Equal interval d. Quantiles

b) natural breaks

21. Linear interpolation is used in geocoding to a. find the exact point where an address is matched to. b. place a point an approximate distance along a line. c. count the number of houses on the street. d. separate the component parts of an address.

b) place a point an approximate distance along a line

26. In a TIGER file, the FEDIRP field refers to a. the name of the street. b. the direction of the prefix of a street. c. the direction of the suffix of a street. d. the type of road.

b) the direction of the prefix of a street

20. The number of units to travel along a link of a network is a. link speed. b. transit cost. c. travel vector. d. via points.

b) transit cost

An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation? a. Spatial Join b. Buffer c. Closed Circle d. Union

b. Buffer

The use of a base station or other earth-bound source to transmit a correction signal to a GPS receiver refers to: a. CORS b. DGPS c. WAAS d. MSAS

b. DGPS

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and also are zoned as "residential" areas? a. union b. intersection c. negation d. exclusive or

b. intersection

Which geoprocessing operation will select all areas from the first dataset and also all areas from the second dataset? a. intersect b. union c. symmetrical difference d. identity

b. union

What type of data is NLCD? a. Vector b. Raster c. Non-Spatial d. Interoperable

ba. Raster

A narrow range of wavelengths describes a

band

a narrow range of wavelengths describes a

band

pour point or outlet

base of drainage network

profile plot

based on elevation data along a defined transect line or "profile path" (topographic profile), vertical exaggeration otherwise features would appear flat

dynamical time

based on the motions of bodies in the solar system. is used in celestial mechanics with Newton's equations of motion- eg, as an argument for the astronomical ephemeris of the moon and the sun

Multiple addresses can be geocoded at once via

batch geocoding

multiple addresses can be geocoded at once via

batch geocoding

Pseudorange

biased ranges between the receivers antenna and the antennas of each satellite being tracked

panchromatic imagery

black and white imagery formed by viewing the entire visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum

6. Extruding a polygon will turn it into a

block

Extruding a polygon will turn it into a

block

similarities of RTK and PPP

both make use of - pseudorange (code based) position estimates - Mitigation of positioning errors, either by using relative positioning or correction data - Multiple satellite signal observations to find the ambiguity terms that fit best with the measurement data

An area of spatial proximity around a point refers to which GIS operation?

buffer

"error" in setting up the theodolite

by orientating it along the plumb line direction instead of the ellipsoidal norma

TAI realized

by a large set (more than 200) atomic clocks (mostly cesium beam frequency standards providing long- term stability and a few hydrogen masers)

10. Which of the following is an example of a thematic map? a. A trail map of a local municipal park b. A map of a new subdivision, showing the locations of new roads and houses c. A map of a neighborhood showing which houses are rentals and which are not d. A map showing the locations of all casinos in Pennsylvania

c) A map of a neighborhood showing which houses are rentals and which are not

7. A key to what the various symbols on a map are representing can be found in the map's a. type. b. labels. c. legend. d. scale bar.

c) legend

Polygons are: a. 0-dimensional objects b. 1-dimensional objects c. 2-dimensional objects d. 3-dimensional objects

c. 2-dimensional objects

Use of WAAS can reduce position error to within: a. 30 meters b. 15 meters c. 3 meters d. 1 meter

c. 30 meters

Which of the following boolean operators would be used to determine which parcels of land in a database have an assessed value of more than $100,000 and are also zoned as "residential" areas, but not parcels that meet both of these criteria? a. Negation b. Intersection c. Exclusive or d. Union

c. Exclusive or

The overall term for the technologies that use signals from satellites to find locations on Earth's surface is: a. NAVSTAR 3D b. Globalnav c. GNSS d. GPS

c. GNSS

Which of the following queries will select all counties that have a population with more than 100000 persons (from a layer called POP) as well as all counties that have more than 100000 housing units (from a layers called HOUSES)? a. POP > 100000 AND HOUSES > 100000 b. (POP AND HOUSES) > 100000 c. POP > 100000 OR HOUSES > 100000 d. POP > 100000 XOR HOUSES =< 100000

c. POP > 100000 OR HOUSES > 100000

Selecting objects from one layer based on their spatial relationship with another layer describes a: a. spatial join b. spatial selection c. spatial query d. spatial attribute

c. spatial query

RTK range calculation

calculated by determining the number of carrier cycles between the satellite and the rover station, then multiplying this number by the carrier wavelength

DOP

can be calculated without determining the range. All that is needed is the satellite positions and the approximate receiver location.

Antenna Gain

can be defined as the relative measure of an antenna's ability to direct or concentrate radio frequency energy in a particular direction or pattern. A minimum ________ is required to achieve a minimum carrier- to-power-noise ratio (C/No) to track GNSS satellites.

ionosphere delay

can be eliminated using dual frequency observations

Ionospheric Corrections

can be made by measuring the difference in transmission delay between the two carrier L1/L2 frequencies for this reason, when a single GPS receiver is used in navigation application, P-Code outperforms C/A code by a large margin

Terrestrial Reference Frame

can be used to measure plate tectonics, regional subsidence or loading and/ or used to represent the earth when measuring its rotation in space

shadows

can be utilized two ways: 1) the shape or outline of the shadow can provide an impression of the profile view of the object. 2) measuring the heights of objects

Air photo mosaics

can cut out and paste cnetral portions of an air photo series together. Central areas have the least distortion (azimuthal map projections)

tropospheric delay

caused mostly by humidity, temperature and atmospheric pressure changes in the atmosphere

1-2 cm a year

change in coordinates when referring to changes over time between ITRF epochs continental drift would likely be the culprit

RTK

code based positioning

Navigation System

code that contains almanac and ephemeris data

viewshed

collective areas that are visible from a given point (areas not blocked by surrounding terrain), calculated based on cell to cell inter-visibility Line of sight drawn between the view cell and target cell Elevation of line is calculated for every intervening cell If the slope to a target cell is less than the slope of a cell closer to the viewpoint along the line of sight, then the target cell is not visible

CIR stands for

color infrared

what type of photo is: near-infrared energy displayed as the color red, red energy displayed as the color green, and green energy displayed as the color blue?

color infrared photo

CIR photo

color infrared- a photo where infrared reflection is shown in shades of red, red reflection is shown in shades of green and green reflection is shown in shades of blue.

Identify the basic elements of object interpretation and give an example of how they can be used when interpreting a remote sensing image.

colour, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadow, and site or association.

FG5

common gravimeter

contour lines

connected lines representing uniform elevation running perpendicular to slope, if not for elevation data, referred to as isopleths Define a regular contour interval Changes in slope steepness easily inferred from closeness of contour lines Closer together = steeper slope Farther apart = shallower slope

Navigation Message

contains the coordinates of the satellites as a function of time- ie ephemeris (Keplerian elements/ orbital corrections) contains a clock correction with respect to GPS- time, the coefficient of an ionospheric refraction model, and information on the status of the GPS system. The broadcast ephemeris are accurate to a few m and approach sub- meter accuracy

Code Based technique

correlates and uses Pseudorandom PRN codes transmitted by four or more satellites to determine position and time

27. Destinations to visit on a network are referred to as a. junctions. b. edges. c. batches. d. stops.

d) stops

A map showing streams in Ohio, displaying the number of available fishing days for each stream is showing line data of which type? a. nominal b. ordinal c. interval d. ratio

d. ratio

almanac

data concerning the status of a GPS satellite, which is included in the information being transmitted by the satellite

ephemeris

data referring to the GPS satellite's position in orbit

Indirect measurements

dbh (diametre at breast height), site index (productivity), growth, stand age, stand structure (volume - individual tree and stand m3/ha, basal area m2/ha)

flow accumulation area

defined by flow direction surface, returns value equal to lateral area being drained through the cell, calculation of area based on defining local topographic high points, sum area beneath high points flowing towards cell of interest

Ephemeris Time

defined by the motion of the earth about the sun and determined through long- term astronomic observations

Element Gain

defines how efficient the antenna element is at receiving the signals. In any signal chain, you are only as good as the weakest link. so an antenna with lower _________ might be compensated by an increased low noise amplifier gain.

PPP solution

depends of GNSS satellite clock and orbit corrections, generated from a network of global reference stations - once corrections are calculated, they are delivered to the end user via satellite or over internet - these corrections are used by the receiver, resulting in decimeter level or better positioning with no base station required

Metadata

descriptive info about the data (data about data)

Site suitability analysis is used to

determine which areas are useful or not useful in spatial analysis

DGPS

differential GPS- a method using a ground based correction in addition to the satellite signals in position determination

the shortest path between an origin and other nodes on a network can be determined with

dijkstra's algorithm

aspect

direction of steepest slope, determines direction of water flow , amount of sunlight received, landscape visibility define with compass (azimuth) direction

flow direction

direction that water would take in the real world - steepest slope (defined based on aspect) - Must remain aware of errors due to subsurface groundwater flow, soil permeability may be saved as a raster of compass angles (aspects), May also show as identifiers of which adjacent cell water will flow to Be aware: Not always simple flow Flat areas and peaks/ridges may be sites of divergent flow Some valley sites may also show convergence from multiple cells

size

directly related to the scale of the photo. The scale of the air photo is critical in identification of the given object. Ex. a buildings purpose can be categorized much easier if its true size is known

deflection of the vertical

does not depend on the azimuth and corresponds to a twist in the observed directions; horizontal angles are not affected

RTK position determination

done using algorithms that incorporate ambiguity resolution and differential correction

Atomic Clocks

each satellite has 2 rubidium and 2 cesium

ITRS

earth fixed, meaning it rotates and moves with the earth origin is center of mass of the earth Z- axis is along the spin axis of the earth X-axis is in line with the vernal equinox (mean) Y-axis is orthogonal to the Z and X axes

color gun

equipment used to display a color pixel on a screen through the use of the colors red, green and blue.

6263856.0

equipotential surface of CGVD2013 numerical value (m^2s^-2)

describe how extrusion relates to true 3D representation of geospatial data

extrusion to a specific z value, 3D is a specific xy value

trilateration

finding a location in relation to three other points of reference

Define spectral signature

fingerprint. an objects unique spectral reflectance curve.

satellites in near polar orbit

follow a north-to-south orbital path

Ephemerides

for GNSS these contain information on week number, satellite accuracies and health, age of data, satellite clock correction coefficients and orbital parameters

RTK accuracy

for applications that require high, such as centimeter accuracy, level positioning up to 1 cm + ppm accuracy

P(Y) code

for military use. It provides better interference rejection than the C/A code, which makes military GPS more robust than civilian GPS.

When does Relief Displacement work the best?

for parts of the scene away from nadir (PP) and for objects that are nearly vertical (buildings, smokstacks). Also when nadir = PP (only reliable when using vertical air photos)

methods for calculating slope

four nearest cells third order finite difference

GNSS Signals

frequencies are around 1.5_GHz (gigahertz)—1.5_billion cycles per second. ____ operates at frequencies that are higher than FM radio, but lower than a microwave oven. By the time _____ signals reach the ground, they are very, very weak

pan sharpening is used to

fuse panchromatic imagery with multispectral imagery to get a finer image

a receiver can only

gather data from the satellite, it cannot transmit data back up to the satellites

High-tech "treasure hunting" that is assisted with GPS is referred to as

geocaching

gps

global positioning system, a technology that uses signals broadcasted from satellites for navigation and position determination on the earth

Regression analysis

ground plot measurements regressed against photo measurements produces allometric equations (ie stand volume = f (tree height, stocking)

17. TIGER files are created and maintained by e. USGS. f. NAVTEQ. g. U.S. Department of Transportation. h. U.S. Census Bureau

h) U.S. Census Bureau

Phase modulation

happens to the carrier wave using the PRN code. used to differentiate satellite signals and to provide signal timing information for range measurements.

Colour film

has 3 active layers. Haze filter reduces blue light (atmospheric scattering). Green active layer also sensitive to blue (green and red light) - use a yellow filter to remove remaining blue light.

Colour Infrared

has 3 active layers. Uses yellow coloured filter to remove blue light. When the CIR neagtive it made into a print; the IR layer is converted to red, the red layer is converted to green, and the green layer is converted to blue. Objects that reflect a lot of IR light show up as RED. Healthy vegetation reflects a lot of IR light (broadleaf plants) - able to see plant stress weeks before in IR then with visible light.

Black and white film

has one active layer that is sensitive to all visible wavelengths. Some films are sensitive to the UV part of the spectrum but the glass lens filters most UV light.

physical maps

help humans build cognitive maps

shaded relief map

hillshade map: depicts brightness of terrain reflections based on a defined location of the sun, brightness depends on local incidence angle between the incoming light and the normal to the surface slope Requires a calculation of visibility - like a viewshed from an elevated position

20,200km

how high are GPS satellites approximately

12

how many hours for a period of revolution- GPS SATELLITES?

6

how many nearly circular orbits in the GPS system?

21 plus 3 spares

how many satellites in the GPS space segment?

Topology (in GIS terms) describes

how objects are connected to one another independently of their coordinates.

On what assumptions do we classify remotely sensed data?

human assumptions based on colour, shape, size, pattern, texture, shadow, and site or association.

Why use leap seconds

if atomic time is so accurate, why use ____________? To achieve the highest possible level of accuracy, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures combines the output of about 400 atomic clocks in 69 national laboratories worldwide to determine TAI. The time scale is weighted, prioritizing the time signal provided by institutions that maintain the highest quality of primary cesium.

equipotential surface

in geodesy, a surface where the gravitational potential is the same at all points. The direction of the normal to an ________ coincides with the direction of the force of gravity, that is, with the plumb line. An example of an ___________ is the surface of a liquid in equilibrium.

Street type

in the address 1865 South Oak Ridge Lane which type of attribute is Lane

Satellite Errors

include ephemeride and clock errors

permanent tidal effect - the mean geoid

includes the direct effect of attraction and the indirect effect of deformation. it would coincide with an "undisturbed" sea level. an interest for oceanography

20 to 60 minutes

initial convergence time of PPP

TAI

international atomic time scale based on a continuous counting of the SI second. TAI is currently ahead of UTC by 37 seconds. TAI is always ahead of GPS by 19 seconds.

DOP

is a numerical representation of satellite geometry, and it is dependent on the locations of satellites that are visible to the receiver. The smaller the value of _____, the more precise the result of the time or position calculation

CSRS

is a three-dimensional grid on which positions (latitude, longitude and height) of any object or feature can be precisely pinpointed. The infrastructure underlying a grid consists of a network of points whose coordinates are determined with the highest precision. within this system a network of continuously operating GNSS receivers. CACS data support positioning accuracy at the decimeter-level (e.g. for imagery geocoding and realtime applications), the centimeter-level (e.g. for legal surveys) and the millimeter-level (e.g. for measuring crustal motion).

TAI

is a uniform time- scale of high accuracy. It corresponds to the definition of the SI second. Which has been made approximately equal to the second of the formerly used ephemeris- time

ITRS

is a world spatial reference system co-rotating with the Earth in its diurnal motion in space the IERS is in charge of providing global references to the astronomic, geodetic and geophysical communities, supervises the realization of the ________

constellation

is simply an orderly grouping of satellites, figure 11typically 20-30, in orbits that have been designed to provide a desired coverage, for example, regional or global.

Temps Atomique International

is the international atomic time scale based - Is one of the main components of Coordinated Universal Time UTC - Time scale used to determine local times around the world - tells us at which speed our clocks should tuck - is a time scale that used the combined output of some 400 highly precise atomic clocks. tells us the exact speed at which our clocks should tick

What are three factors that determine if an object is big enough to be seen on a remotely sensed image?

its size, and the spatial resolution of the sensor

Tropospheric Delay

layer of atmosphere closest to the surface of the Earth. Variations in tropospheric delay are caused by the changing humidity, temperature and atmospheric pressure in the troposphere. Since tropospheric conditions are very similar within a local area, the base station and rover receivers experience very similar tropospheric delay. This allows Differential GNSS and RTK systems to compensate for tropospheric delay.

ionosphere

layer of the atmosphere that most influences the transmission of GPS (and other GNSS) signals is the ________, the layer 70 to 1,000 km above the earth's surface. Ultraviolet rays from the sun ionize gas molecules in this layer, releasing free electrons. These electrons influence electromagnetic wave propagation, including GPS satellite signal broadcasts. __________ delays are frequency dependent so by calculating the range using both L1 and L2, the effect of the ________ can be virtually eliminated by the receiver.

Photogrammetry

making measurements from vertical air photos. Both horizontal (distance, anglesm areal extent) and vertical measurements (object height, angles, and elevation changes)

unambiguous

measurements based on the PRN modulation are ___________________, but precision is limited to sub- meter

ambiguous

measurements of the phase of the Carrier wave can be made to millimeter precision, but the measurement is ____________________ because of the total number cycles between the satellite and the receiver are unknown

a major road (such as virginia beach blvd) would be represented in a GIS as

multiple records, with each representing one piece of the road

A remote sensing device simultaneously measuring seven bands of energy wavelengths would be capable of producing which type of imagery?

multispectral

a remote sensing device simultaneously measuring 7 bands of energy wavelengths would be capable of producing what type of imagery

multispectral

A remote sensing device simultaneously measuring seven bands of energy wavelengths would be capable of producing which type of imagery?

multispectural

What are the main API applications?

municiple planning, forestry, infrastructure planning, surveys for mapping (NTS maps), environmental assessment, agriculture, geology, and many more

the location on the ground directly under the camera in aerial photography is referred to as?

nadir

Healthy vegetation reflects

near infrared

the energy range of 0.7 to 1.3 micrometers defines what types of energy

near infrared

When a satellite moves close to the north and south poles while it makes several passes a day about Earth, it is called

near polar orbit

TIGER files typically contain all of the following data except

number of houses per street

Why do we see objects in different colours?

objects reflect and absorb different wavelengths of light

In a(n) ____________ photo, the camera is tilted so that it's not positioned directly at nadir, but rather at an angle.

oblique

what type of aerial photo is taken when the camera is placed at an angle?

oblique photo

Multipath

occurs when a GNSS signal is reflected off an object, such as the wall of a building, to the GNSS antenna. Because the reflected signal travels farther to reach the antenna, the reflected signal arrives at the receiver slightly delayed. This delayed signal can cause the receiver to calculate an incorrect position.

Multipath

occurs when a GNSS signal is reflected off an object, such as the wall of a building, to the GNSS antenna. Because the reflected signal travels farther to reach the antenna, the reflected signal arrives at the receiver slightly delayed. This delayed signal can cause the receiver to calculate an incorrect position. to reduce __________ errors is to place the GNSS antenna in a location that is away from the reflective surface.

real time DGNSS

occurs when the base station calculates and broadcasts corrections for each satellite as it receives the data

What is meant by off-nadir viewing on the SPOT satellite? Identify two major reasons why the off-nadir viewing capability is useful in the acquisition of imagery.

off-nadir means that the sensor can tilt side to side to take a picture of something specific. 1) can focus on one area that is not directly underneath it in its flight path 2)

2. Which operation would best allow you to model a feature such as an elevated walkway joining two buildings over a busy city?

offsetting

BW Infrared

one active layer sensitive to all visible light and infrared light. Healthly vegetation absorbs most visible light, but reflects most infrared light.

disadvantage of single frequency

one has to rely on models, leading to residual errors. in the relative mode this effect is strongly attenuated

disadvantage of PPP

one needs dual frequency of some few hours to reach this high (sub cm) level of accuracy

control segment

one of the three segments of GPS consisting of the control stations that monitor the signals from the GPS satellites

space segment

one of the three segments of GPS consisting of the satellites and the signals being broadcast from space

RGB Colour Theory

our eyes see red, green, and blue. Plants phosynthesize visible light (hence their colour). This is called additive colour theory. Fliters are based on subtractive colour theory (if you want to filter out a certain colour, put the opposite coloured filter in front of the camera lens - yellow filter eliminates blue)

How long have images of the ground from the sky been captured?

over 150 years

__________ imagery only captures the visible portion of light in its entirety

panchromatic

a sensor that will be measuring only one wide band of wavelengths is which type of sensor

panchromatic sensor

Cell phone without flash=

passive remote sensing

landsat scenes are arranged according to the worldwide reference system, which indexes the scenes in a series of

paths and rows

the physical arrangement of items in an aerial image refers to

pattern

Datacenters

physically go to internet~ cables under (in) ocean carrying light wavelengths -landing station to landing station

What is a mixed pixel? How do mixed pixels affect the interpretation of an image?

pixel with several features in one. heterogeneous, not homogeneous.

linear interpolation is used in geocoding to

place a point an approximate distance alone a line

Linear interpolation is used in geocoding to

place a point an approximate distance along a line

The zero- geoid

preferred in geodesy, as the response of the earth to the permanent tidal part is not known. the attraction part is eliminated, but the permanent deformation retained. this definition takes into account the fact that positioning also refers to a deformed earth, with respect to a best fitting reference ellipsoid. the geoid deviates by about +-30 meters, in some cases +-100m

Applications of API in forestry

preparing forest type (v-type), working group, ecosite maps, locating access roads and corridors for primary to tertiary forest road development, assessing forest disturbances (fire, insect defoliation/disease, and plant stress), estimating tree or stand volume, timber sale and appraisal, monitoring forest changes and harvesting practices, management regulation and compliance, preparing harvest operations, conducting regeneration surveys, mapping wildlife habitat.

When looking down on an aerial photo, the center of the photo is referred to as its _____________ point.

principal

what is the center of an aerial photo referred to as?

principal point

Address standardization

process of setting up address components in a consistent way

digital elevation model

provide elevation in raster format for most of the Earth current cell size 100 to 1000 m on a side, ongoing project to map states using LiDAR in much greater detail (<1 m) commonly used to make TINs

What is a geostationary satellite? Are the Landsat satellites geostationary?

provides consistent data, but only on one spot. Landsat is not geostationary.

cross- correlating

pseudoranges are derived by __________ _______________ the pseudorandom noise code received from a satellite with a replica in the receiver

which has the lowest frequency: gamma rays, x-rays, infrared light, radio waves

radio waves

A sensor's ability to determine fine differences in a band of energy measurements is a sensor's

radiometric resolution

a sensor's ability to determine fine differences in a band of energy measurements is a sensor's

radiometric resolution

we see the sky as blue in the middle of the day because of

rayleigh scatterign

TAI

realized by over 200 monitoring stations around the world, maintained at 60 or so global stations

Describe (what colour is it?) and explain (why is it that colour?) the appearance of healthy green vegetation on a false colour composite image of Regina in summer.

red because chlorophyl is reflected strongly in NIR band. NIR band is displayed as red on the image.

What colours can RGB make?

red+blue = violet (purple); green+blue = cyan (turquoise); red+green = yellow; all three mixed together = white. All of the colour mixtures are affected by the bightness level of each colour; 50% red+ 50% green+ 50% blue = grey

The base network data used for geocoding is referred to as

reference database

the base network data used for geocoding is referred to as

reference database

Receiver Noise

refers to the position error caused by the GNSS receiver hardware and software. High end GNSS receivers tend to have less ________ _________ than lower cost GNSS receivers.

Which of the following is not a component of a geodatabase

relationship classes

th leaning of tall objects away from the center point of an aerial photo is due to

relief displacement

hyperspectral imagery

remotely sensed imagery comprised of the bands collected by a sensor capable of sensing hundreds of bands of energy at once.

multispectral imagery

remotely sensed imagery comprised of the bands collected by a sensor capable of sensing several bands of energy at once.

Byte:

represents 8 bits (bit= binary digit; 0, 1)

wetness index

represents the increased soil wetness due to large upslope areas and low slopes, includes analysis of profile v. plan curvatures w = ln(SCA/tan b) SCA = specific catchment area b = slope at the cell

differential positioning

requires a data link between the base station and rovers, if corrections need to be applied in real- time, and at least four GNSS satellites are in view of both the base station and the rover(s), then the computed position will depend on the absolute accuracy of the base station's position

Address matching

requires a reference layer, geo-locator tool, and an address list

RTK error elimination

requires measurements to be transmitted from the base station to the rover station

how to create allometric equations?

research. Conduct field work measuring biophysical parametres. Regression analysis.

DOP above 6

results in generally unacceptable accuracies for DGNSS and RTK operations.

a geostationary satellite

rotates at the same speed as the earth

Range corrections

rover stations receive GNSS signals, calculate pseudoranges, then apply _______ _____________. these are then used to determine accurate position

SBAS

satellite based augmentation system a method of using correction information sent from an additional satellite in the GPS position determination

RTK sources of error

satellite clock, ephemerides, ionospheric and tropospheric delays

non selective scattering

scattering of light caused by atmospheric particles larger than the wavelength being scattered.

Rayleigh Scattering

scattering of light caused by atmospheric particles smaller than the wavelengths being scattered.

Mie Scattering

scattering of light caused by atmospheric particles the same size as the wavelength being scattered.

Panchromatic

sensitive to ultraviolet, blue, green, and red light to ~0.7 microns

Address parsing is done to

separate the parts of an address

address parsing is done to

separate the parts of an address

SBAS or PPP

services which provide precise satellite clock information to account for attributing errors

drainage network

set of cells through which surface water flows, based on flow direction surface (exampe: convergent streams), completely contained within individual watersheds

PPP vs SBAS

similar to SBAS, PPP systems provide corrections to a receiver to increase position accuracy (PPP provide greater level of accuracy but charge a fee) PPP systems also allow a single correction stream to be used worldwide, while SBAS systems are regional

Antenna Beam width and Gain Roll-Off

specifies how much the gain changes over the elevation angle of the antenna. From the antenna's point of view, the satellites rise from the horizon towards zenith and fall back to the horizon. The variation in gain between zenith (directly overhead) and the horizon is known as the gain roll-off. Different antenna technologies have different gain roll-off characteristics.

The specific bands and wavelengths that a sensor can measure defines its

spectral resolution

the specific bands and wavelengths that a sensor can measure defines its

spectral resolution

A charted identifier for an feature based on its reflectance of different wavelengths of energy is a

spectral signature.

the first man made satellite to successfully orbit the earth

sputnik

placing the green band in the blue color gun and the red band in the green color gun and the near infrared band in the red color gun will create what type of composite image

standard false color

Setting up the components of an address in a regular format describes

standardization

Destinations to visit on a network are referred to as

stops

destinations to visit on a network are referred to as

stops

how often a satellite can return to image the same area on the ground is a measure of that sensor's

temporal resolution

Forest species identification: use of your knowledge of:

terrain analysis, landforms, soild types, forest silviculture

the differences of a certain tone throughout an aerial image (degree of roughness or smoothness) refers to

texture

1. Graphics that can be applied to the faces of an object provide a more realistic appearances are:

textures

End Lap

the 60% overlap between neighbouring air photos (stereo pair, stereotriplet, or stereogram). This permits stereo viewing of all the surface areas when using a stereoscope.

GRS80

the CGG2013 provides separation between the ________ _____________ and the equipotential surface

EROS

the Earth Resources Observation Science Center; located outside Sioux Falls. South Dakota which serves (almong many other things) as a downlink station for satellite imagery.

ETM+

the Enhanced Thematic Mapper sensor onboard landsat 7

Galileo

the European union's GNSS currently in development

MISR

the Multi-Angle imaging SpectroRadiometer Instrument onboard Terra.

geodetic survey division

the NRCan branch associated with maintaining CGVD2013

OMI

the Ozone Monitoring Instrument onboard Aura.

Ambiguity Fixed Solution

the RTK roving receiver is computing ?

TM

the Thematic Mapper sensor onboard landsat 4 and 5

Coordinate Systems

the X,Y coordinate systems for map data

optical fringes

the __________ _____________ generated in the interferometer (FG5) provide a very acc

Spatial Resolution

the ability of a sensor to render a clearly defined image or the smallest object that can be seen by a sensor.

What is remote sensing?

the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon without making physical contact with the object and thus in contrast to in situ observation.

if an address is matched to the correct street segment but the wrong location on that street, the problem could be

the address ranges in the reference database do not match the actual street address ranges in the real world

When does the shadow method work best?

the air photo was taken under strong lighting conditions (bright sunlight creates dark shadows), the object has clearly seen top edges/point, the object is nearly vertical, there is flat ground, little understory or snow, the object is close to nadir.

ambiguities

the aligning of GPS signals (wavelengths) of an unbroken series of measurements of the carrier phase frequency by a GPS receiver

Astronomic Latitude

the angle between the plane of the earth's equator and the plumb line (direction of gravity) at a given point on the earth's surface

Ellipsoidal Longitude

the angle measured in the equatorial plane between the Greenwhich and the ellipsoidal meridian at point P. Reckoned positive east

Horizontal Angle

the angle measured in the horizontal plane of the local astronomic system between two vertical planes. formed by the difference in horizontal directions to the target points, which define the vertical planes

What does the term parallax refer to?

the apparent change in relative positions of a stationary object caused by the change in the viewing position (ie objects in the foreground appear to move more then the background) NOTE: in vertical air photos parallax displacement occurs only parallel to the flight line (along the x-axis)

pattern

the arrangement of objects in an image interpretation.

Air photo Interpretation Definition

the art and science of IDENTIFICATION of objects by their images, and DETERMINING THEIR MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE. or the systematic visual examination of imagery to identify, interpret and determine the significance of results applied to a problem

spectral resolution

the bands and wavelengths being measured by a sensor.

reference database

the base network data used as a source for geocoding

Pseudorange

the calculated distance between a GPS satellite and a GPS receiver

pseudorange

the calculated distance between a GPS satellite and a GPS receiver (T x C)

off-nadir viewing

the capability of a satellite to observe areas other than the ground directly underneath it.

principle point

the center point of an aerial photo

in order to match an address to a particular street location, what fields are necessary to have in the reference database

the city name and zip code of the street address

Association

the co-occurance of certain features in relation to each other. ie. what things would be expected to occur near already identified objects

ephemeris

the computation of gps location is based on the known ___________ of the satellites and the intersection of spherical shells.

CORS

the continuously operation reference stations a system operated by the national geodetic survey to provide a ground based method of obtaining more accurate GPS positioning

the u-2 aircraft's remote sensing capabilities were especially proven during which event in history?

the cuban missile crisis

C/A code

the digital code broadcast on the L1 frequency, which is accessible by all GPS receivers

In a TIGER file the FEDIRP field refers to

the direction of the prefix of the street

wavelength

the distance between the crests of two waves.

Ellipsoidal Height

the distance measured from the ellipsoid to surface point p along the ellipsoid normal

relief displacement

the effect seen in aerial imagery where tall items appear to bend outward from the photo's center toward the edges.

Gravitation anomaly

the elevation difference between a standard shape of the earth (ellipsoid) and a surface of constant gravitation potential (geoid)

brightness values

the energy measured at a single pixel according to a pre-determined scale. Also referred to as Digital Numbers.

Landsat 5

the fifth landsat mission launched in 1984, which carries both the TM and MSS sensors.

Terra

the flagship satellite of the EOS program

GLONASS

the former USSR's GNSS currently rebuilding to a constellation of satellites

texture

the frequency of the tonal variation for a given object or region on the air photo. Texture is prodiced by an assembly or region of features to small to be identified individually. Image texture changes as scale changes.

constellation

the full complement of satellites comprising a GNSS

10.23 MHz

the fundamental frequency of atomic clocks on GPS satellites

shape

the general form, configuration, or outline of the individual objects. When viewing in 3D, height can also be considered. Must remember that you are viewing the object from nadir, which can be an unfamiliar vantage point.

site

the geographic location of the object (physical and social characteristics). Knowing geography of the study region can provide many clues as to the expected types of land cover or activities

gnss

the global navigation satellite system, an overall term for the technologies using signals from satellites for finding locations on the earth's surface

worldwide reference system

the global system of paths and rows that isued to identify what area on earth's surface is present in which landsat scene.

GloVis

the global visualization viewer set up by the USGS for viewing and downloading satellite imagery.

spatial resolution

the ground size represented by one pixel of satellite imagery.

Hyperion

the hyperspectral sensor onboard EO-1

Spatial

the information handled by GIS is primarily

selective availability

the intentional alteration of the timing and position information transmitted by a GPS satellite

estimating

the key to achieving precise positioning with RTK or PPP

LDCM

the landsat data continuity mission- the future of the landsat program, scheduled to be launched in 2012

electromagnetic spectrum

the light energy wavelengths and the properties associated with them.

connectivity

the linkages between edges and junctions of a network

nadir

the location under the camera in aerial photography

Sea Surface Topography

the ocean surface does not coincide with the level surface (geoid) of the earths gravity field. the deviations are called ___________, also known as dynamic ocean topography

a sun synchronous orbit indicates

the orbit is set up so that an area on the ground is imagd at the same time of day

UV

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 0.01 and 0,4 micrometers.

visible light spectrum

the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum with wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.7 micrometers.

PDOP

the position dilution of precision it describes the amount of error due to the geometric position of the GPS satellites

DGNSS

the position of a fixed GNSS receiver (base station), is determined to a high degree of accuracy using conventional surveying techniques, then the base station determines ranges to the GNSS satellites in view using - code based positioning technique - the location of the satellites are determined precisely, as they are known from orbit ephemerides and satellite time

geopotential numbers

the potential energy differences between 2 points. if they are the same, water will not flow between them

remote sensing

the process of collecting information related to the reflected or emitted electromagnetic energy from a target by a device a considerable distance away from that target from an aircraft or spacecraft.

remote sensing

the process of collecting information related to the reflected or emitted electromagnetic energy from a target by a device a considerable distance away from the target onboard an airborne or spacecraft platform.

Visual image interpretation

the process of discerning information to identify objects in an aerial (or other remotely sensed) image.

photogrammetry

the process of making measurements using aerial photos

photogrammetry describes

the process of obtaining measurements from an aerial photo

blue band

the range of wavelengths between 0.4 and 0.5 micrometers

green band

the range of wavelengths between 0.5 and 0.6 micrometers.

red band

the range of wavelengths between 0.6 and 0.7 micrometers

attenuation

the reduction of the amplitude of a signal, electric current, or other oscillation

in active remote sensing

the remote sensing device generates its own source of energy and measures the reflection or return of that particular type of energy

photo scale

the representation used to determine how many units of measurement in the real world are equivalent to one unit of measurement on an aerial photo.

shortest path analysis

the route results from the lowest cost between stops

Remote Sensing

the scanning of the earth by satellite or high-flying aircraft in order to obtain information about it.

Environmental Informatics

the science of how to apply info to data pertaining to natural environment and obtain, manage, process, interpret, communicate information pertaining to one or many aspects of the natural environment *There is a ton of data out there, coming in so quickly that we need computers to help handle and convert it into information

Geodesy

the shape of the earth and definitions of earth projections

True

the shortest path between two locations is based on criteria determined by the person who is using the vehicle navigation system

spatial resolution

the size of the area on the ground being represented by one pixel's worth of energy measurements.

Pattern

the spatial arrangement of objects. Can be regular, linear, random, clumped. Usually describes the arrangement of a group of objects, or at a scale larger than the objects being described

incident energy

the total amount of energy (per wavelengths) that interacts with an object.

Map Projection

the transformation of a curved earth to a flat map

TAI and UT1

the two components that are used to determine Coordinated Universal Time UTC

Time Systems

the unit for a time interval and by a time epoch. They are based either on the definition of the SI second or on the diurnal rotation of the earth about its axis

navstar gps

the united states global positioning system

WAAS

the wide area augmentation system a satellite based augmentation system that covers the US and other portions of North America

swath width

the width of the ground area the satellite is imaging

UTC (coordinated universal time)

the worlds time standard -basis for civil time today - 24 hour time standard that is kept using highly precise atomic clocks, combined with the earths rotation

GPS monitoring stations

these 5 globally distributed stations are equipped with cesium standards and GPS receivers. they take continuous measurements of Pseudoranges to all satellites and transfer the results to the master station -- after computation of the satellite orbits and the clock correction, the extrapolated broadcast ephemeris and GPS time are transmitted to the satellites for storage and retransmission by three ground antennas collocated with monitoring stations

Coarse Acquisition C/A

this code is modulated on L1 carrier only, with a frequency of 1.023 MHz (approx 292 m wavelength) and a repetition rate of 1 ms

Phyisical definition of the Geoid

this considers the waters of the oceans as freely moving homogenous matter, subject only to the force of gravity and free from variations with time. upon attaining a state of equilibrium, the surface of such idealized oceans would assume a level surface of the gravity field. the ocean surface could be regarded as being extended under the continents (eg a series of conduit tubes)

Site Selection for RTK

this is important for minimizing environmental effects such as interference and multipath, as is the quality of the base station and rover receivers and antennas

atmospheric windows

those wavelengths of electromagnetic energy in which most of the energy passes through Earth's atmospheric.

What are some recognition elements?

tone/colour, pattern, texture, shape, size, association (branching characteristics, crown shapes, shadows, spatial distributionpatterns)

specific catchment area

total area draining to a point relative to drainage width SCA = Area/C, where Area = accumulated area upstream C = raster cell dimension

A map projection is a

translation of locations on the Earth's surface to their corresponding locations on a flat surface.

energy passing thru a target material describes what

transmission

L1

transmits a navigation message

What variables can be measured directly from air photos using interpretation, measurement tools, guides?

tree or stand height, visible stand diametre, degree of stocking (stem density), percent crown closure. Many of the most important tree or stand characteristics CANNOT be measured directly on aerial photographs. They must be ESTIMATED through statistical techniques (ie regression analysis) using tree or stand characteristics that can be measured directly.

Being able to examine CIR imagery is very useful in environmental studies

true

Terra's orbit is synchronous with the sun.

true

placing the blue band in the blue color gun and the green band in the green color gun and the red band in the red color gun will create what type of composite image

true color

Which of the following forms of electromagnetic energy has the shortest wavelength?

ultraviolet light

UT1

universal time corrected for polar motion. Universal time is not constant and must be corrected for changes in polar motion. Parameters are provided by the IERS

Today, digital aerial photography is obtained by _____________ aerial vehicles

unmanned

UAV

unmanned aerial vehicle- a reconnaissance aircraft that is piloted from the ground via remote control.

Why can we say that an unsupervised classification can never be wrong?

unsupervised classification

what do you you use for species mapping?

use interpretation guides, or interpretation keys

SLR and LLR

use short-pulse lasers and state-of-the-art optical receivers and timing electronics to measure the two-way time of flight (and hence distance) from ground stations to retroreflector arrays on Earth orbiting satellites and the Moon.

navigation message

used both L1 and L2 carriers for two code modulations and for data signal

Ephemerides

used for real time satellite coordinate computation, which is required in position computation

rubidium clocks

used in latest generations of GPS satellites, accurate to within ±5 parts in 10^11. synchronized by moreaccurate ground-based cesium clocks

stream power index

used to identify the potential erosion of a point, depending on upstream area and local slope SPI = SCA * tan (b) SCA = Specific Catchment Area b = slope at the cell

Precise Ephemeris

user accesses this by post- processing their raw data using the CSRS-PPP service provided by NRCAN -- submitting a RINEX file online data is processed using precise orbital information and clock informations NRCAN is responsible for determining the precise ephemeris and this is accomplished using the CACS system accurate to +-1 cm

Broadcast Ephemeris

user accesses this through the navigation message that is modulated on the L1 and L2 frequencies the receiver extracts the ephemeris from the navigation message and uses the information to determine the location of each satellite in the sky in order to calculate its position on earth

NAD27 ELLIPSE

uses Clarke (1866) _______ on a non geocentric axis of rotation

WGS84 ELLIPSE

uses GRS80 ________, almost same as NAD83

NAD83 ELLIPSE

uses GRS80 _________ on a geocentric axis of rotation

DGNSS

uses a base station and compares the surveyed position to the position calculated from the satellite ranges

LiDAR

uses lasers mounted on aerial or satellite-based systems to measure ground elevation Heights are then used to create a TIN or grid-based DEM

RTK

uses pseudorandom codes transmitted by four or more satellites to determine the ranges to the satellites from these ranges and knowing where the satellites are, the receiver can establish its position to within a few meters

UTM

uses the TM projection - each zone has a central meridian (lo), zones are 6° wide, and go from pole to pole - 60 zones cover the earth from east to west - reference latitude is at the equator - (Xshift, Yshift) = (xo,yo) = (500000, 0) in the Northern Hemisphere, units are meters

networks analysis

using a series of interconnected links and junctions (represented by nodes) to calculate routes through a network

street centerline

usually used as a reference layer in geocoding

Ephemerides

valid two hours before and two hours after time of acquisition (toe), the toe can be thought of as when the data was computed from the GNSS control segment

what kind of photo is taken from a camera looking straight down at the ground

vertical photo

how are UAS's flown? (unmanned aircraft system)

via remote control from the ground

A data layer that determines a persons visibility from a location before his or her view is blocked by the terrain

viewshed

Big Data

volume variety velocity value

adjustment of UTC

was adjusted several times until 1972 when leap seconds were introduced to keep UTC in line with the Earth's rotation, which is not even, and less exact than atomic clocks

IERS

was created in 1988 to establish and maintain a Celestial Reference Frame

What is light?

wavelengths/radiation within the visible spectrum

What can we determine using parallax measurements?

we can determine the elevation difference between the datum and the given point.

What is a fundamental premise upon which much of remote sensing is built?

we can identify and learn about objects and features on the Earth's surface by studying the spectral characteristics of the radiation reflected by these features. We interpret an image based on its colour.

seismic isolation

what does the superspring provide in the gravimeter? this is for the reference optic to improve the noise performance of the FG5

1575.42

what is the L1 Megahertz frequency? at 19.05cm wavelengths?

1227.60

what is the L2 Megahertz frequency? at 24.45 cm wavelengths?

What are the key questions when designing an API project?

what is the purpose of the study? what is the best type of film product? what is the optimal scale (expected detail)? What is the local relief (expected relief displacement - lower flight more displacement)? What is the optimal time of acquisition (hour, season)?

float

when determining ambiguities, the receiver sets interger values to individual wavelengths- the interger values are then set to a ________ valye and statistically analyzed using a LSA

absorption

when light is trapped and held by a target.

transmittance

when light passes through a target

permanent tidal effect - the non-tidal geoid

where the total wide effect would be eliminated. agreeing with the theoretical demand of geodesy to have no masses outside the boundary of the "geoid"

NRCAN and CACS

who maintains the CGVD2013?

superspring

with gravimeters, the free-fall trajectory of the dropped object is referenced to a very stable active- spring system called a _______________?

describe the importance of base heights and spatial reference information in properly placing 3D objects in their correct position on the Earth's surface

ya need it to make sure ya got the right datum


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