GLG 201 FINAL (all previous exams)

Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: mid ocean ridge

Divergent

Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: basaltic composition of ocean crust

Divergent

Plate tectonic theory is especially robust because... it is supported by numerous lines of independent observations it can explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes it can predict earthquake and volcanic activity it can explain the distribution of fossils on what are now widely separated continents all the above

all the above

The phenomenon of seafloor spreading... is supported by the observation of striped of magnetic reversals recorded in sea floor basalt, arranged symmetrically on either side of the mid-ocean ridge is supported by the presence of older crust farther from either side of the mid-ocean ridge provided a physically realistic mechanism for continental drift came to light after mapping topography of the seafloor all the above

all the above

What types of lavas are erupted at convergent plate boundaries? Andesites basalts rhyolites all of the above

all the above

Which of the following processes will cause metamorphism? an increase in pressure interaction with hydrothermal fluids increase in temp all the above

all the above

In the atlantic ocean region, where are most of the active volcanoes located? along the coastlines of the Americas on the continental shelves along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge distributed randomly along seafloor

along Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault Appalachian Mountains

ancient convergent boundary

Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault New Madrid, Missouri

ancient convergent boundary

Approximately 80% of earth's active volcanoes occur _____________ plate boundaries. at divergent at convergent at transform outside of (intraplate)

at convergent

What type of rock makes up most of the Hawaiian islands? andesite basalt granite peridotite

basalt

Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes at earth's surface? basalt gabbro granite peridotite

basalt

Mantle plumes generate large volumes of ________ magmas. andesetic peridotitic rhyolitic basaltic

basaltic

When equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma mix, the resulting magma is.... mafic basaltic felsic andesitic

andesitic

What type of sediments are accumulations of solid fragments produced by weathering? biochemical clastic chemical all the above

clastic sediments

Which of the following is a general pressure in all directions, such as the pressure that the atmosphere exerts? confining pore directional stress

confining

Which of the following lists is written in order of decreasing particle size? conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate

conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone

What is the origin of the word "felsic" in the context of igneous rock classification? iron (Fe) and silica (SiO2) feldspar and silica iron and magnesium (Mg) it means light colored

feldspar and silica

Magmas fall into one of the following groups: felsic, mafic, or intermediate mafic or intermediate intermediate or felsic extrusive or intrusive

felsic, mafic, or intermediate

Find the correct match between magma type and volcano type felsic/dome mafic/dome intermediate/shield volcano felsic/ cinder cone

felsic/dome

Magma generated in the Earth's interior rises because it is ______ than the surrounding rocks. more dense less dense lower in viscosity more volatile

less dense

continental crust is ______________ oceanic crust... less dense than more dense than same density as geoscientists have no idea how dense crust is

less dense than

Which of the following processes would most likely yield a granitic magma? partial melting of subducted oceanic crust and sediments partial melting of continental crust partial melting of core partial melting of upper mantle

partial melting of continental crust

Basaltic lava that cools under water forms distinct _________ features. pillow lava pahoehoe vesicular aa

pillow lava

Which of the following volcanic flows moves most rapidly? basaltic lahars pyroclastic flows rhyolitic flows

pyroclastic flows

Which of the following minerals would be most concentrated at a site containing heavily weathered sediments? amphibole feldspar mica quartz

quartz

Which of the following lavas will flow downhill slowest? andesite basalt rhyolite all will travel at same speed

rhyolite

A clastic sedimentary rock composed of medium grained (1mm diameter) particles called a... conglomerate sandstone shale siltstone

sandstone

Elevation of the ground surface is measured relative to... mount everest the equator sea level north pole

sea level

geologic processes can take place of over times that last from... seconds to billions of years minutes to weeks years to decades seconds to centuries

seconds to billions of years

__________ are the most extensive mountain ranges on earth today. the Alps the Himalayas the Rockies mid ocean ridges

the Himalayas

the typical elevation of the land surface occurs within a range of _______ above sea level 0-20 km 0-1 km 0-10 km 0-5 km

0-1 km

Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons will the sodium ion Na+ have? 1 10 11 12

10

What is the eruption temperature of basaltic lava? 400° C- 600° C 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200

1000°C to 1200°C

At what temp do olivine and calcium rich plagioclase feldspar crystallize from a mafic melt? 300° C 600° C 1200° C 2000° C

1200° C

When was the theory of plate tectonics developed? 1860s 1920s 1940s 1960s

1960s

the avg density of continental crust is... 2.8 g/cm³ 3.4 g/cm³ 3 g/cm³ 4 g/cm³

2.8 g/cm³

How much partial melting of upper mantle peridotite is needed to generate some basaltic melt? 1-2% volume 10-15% volume 20-30% volume more than 50%

20-30% volume

How many of the oxygen atoms in the silicate tetrahedron are shared in framework silicates? 1 2 3 4

4

the typical depth of ocean basins is... 1-2 km 10-12 km 4-5 km 8-10 km

4-5 km

Approximately how many active volcanoes are there on earth? 50 500 5,000 50,000

500

What is the approximate silica content of granite? 30% 50% 70% 90%

70%

Approximately how deep (below sea level) are the deepest deep sea trenches? 3 km 10 km 30 km 100 km

???

What is limestone made of? calcite feldspar olivine quartz

Calcite

Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: deep sea trench

Convergent

Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: folded mountain belts (Andes mountains in Peru)

Convergent

Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: granitic composition of continental crust

Convergent

Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: island arcs (Japan)

Convergent

Where is one of the best places to study seafloor spreading on dry land? Ireland Iceland Norway Africa

Iceland

In identical mineral structures, cations of similar sizes often substitute for each other. Based on size similarities, which of the following pairs would you expect to substitute with most ease? Na and K Ca and MG Si and K Mg and Fe

Mg and Fe

Which of the following volcanoes is a composite volcano (stratovolcano)? Mauna Loa, Hawaii Shiprock, NM Mount Rainier, WA Yellowstone, Wyoming

Mount Rainier

Most of the world's active volcanoes are located around the edge of which ocean? Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific

Pacific

How can a sill be distinguished from a lava flow? A sill is generally finer-grained than a lava flow Rocks above and below a sill will show evidence of heating, but only the rocks below a lava flow will show evidence of heating. sills generally have vesicles; lava flows don't sills generally overlie soils; lava flows don't

Rocks above and below a sill will show evidence of heating, but only the rocks below a lava flow will show evidence of heating.

Which of the following is an example of a transform plate boundary? East African Rift Mid-Atlantic Ridge Marianas Trench San Andreas Fault

San Andreas Fault

Why did physicists reject Alfred Wegener's continental drift theory? Wegener proposed a physically unrealistic explanation for how continents moved Wegener never published his ideas so he could not be taken seriously by the scientific community Wegener had insufficient data in support of his hypothesis Wegener was a meteorologist and not a physicist, so he was ignored by the physics community Wegener died shortly after his book was published, so he was not around to promote his theory

Wegener proposed a physically unrealistic explanation for how continents moved

a granitic igneous rock signifies... an origin deep underground, as part of a convergent plate boundary a volcanic origin, as part of a divergent plate boundary continental collision a & c all of the above

a & c (an origin deep underground, as part of a convergent plate boundary continental collision)

The west coast of South America is a convergent plate boundary a divergent plate boundary a transform fault boundary not a plate boundary

a convergent plate boundary

Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault Eruption of Mt. St. Helens

active convergent plate boundary

Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault Yellowstone National Park

active hot spot

Compared with the mantle beneath a mid ocean ridge, the mantle above a subduction zone... contains less water and melts at lower temp contains less water and melts at higher temp contains more water and melts at lower temp contains more water and melts and higher temp

contains more water and melts at lower temp

In which order were these concepts developed? continental drift, seafloor spreading, plate tectonics plate tectonics, seafloor spreading, continental drift seafloor spreading, continental drift, plate tectonics all at the same time

continental drift, seafloor spreading, plate tectonics

The major land environments for sedimentary deposition are often grouped into... land and sea terrestrial and marine continental, shoreline, and marine continental, transitional, and marine

continental, shoreline, and marine

The motion of a flowing material where hot matter rises from the bottom and cool matter sinks from the surface is called... accretion convection differentiation fusion

convection

At what type of plate boundary do the deepest earthquakes occur? convergent divergent transform all have deep earthquakes

convergent

The North American Plate is bounded on the west with ________ boundaries and the east with ___________ boundaries. convergent and transform; divergent divergent; convergent and transform transform; convergent divergent; transform

convergent and transform; divergent

the most dense part of earth is the... oceanic crust continental crust mantle core

core

Regions of intense localized volcanism, such as Hawaii, form above plumes of fast-rising material that originate in the... crust deep mantle lithosphere outer core

deep mantle

The Earth exchanges __________ with the rest of the cosmos. energy and mass mass energy neither energy nor mass

energy and mass

Which of the following igneous rocks does not consist of volcanic glass? ash gabbro obsidian pumice

gabbro

Which of the following pairs of intrusive and extrusive rocks have the same chemical composition? diorite and rhyolite gabbro and rhyolite gabbro and basalt granite and andesite

gabbro and basalt

Solid materials that do not possess an orderly arrangement of atoms are called... glasses minerals crystals polymorphs

glasses

Which of the following statements about convection is true? heat is transferred from hot to cold material without inducing flow hot material flows up and displaces cool material cool material flows up and displaces hot material random circulation occurs

hot material flows up and displaces cool material

the plate tectonic system is driven by.... magnetism gravity solar energy internal heat

internal heat

Earth's core is primarily made up of iron lead oxygen silicon

iron

How the surface of a mineral reflects light is referred to as... luster sheen gloss luminosity

luster

Which of the following makes up the largest part of earth's volume? crust inner core mantle outer core

mantle

Which of the following is a divergent plate boundary? Andes mountains mid Atlantic ridge Himalayan mountains san andreas fault

mid Atlantic ridge

If a magma undergoes fractional crystallization, the remaining magma will be ______. more felsic less viscous more mafic the same

more felsic

Which of the following sediment sequences shows increasing grain size (left to right)? sand, silt, clay silt, sand, mud mud, sand, pebble gravel, sand, silt

mud, sand, pebble

Isotopes of the same element have different numbers of... electrons neutrons protons all the above

neutrons

The east coast of north america is... a convergent plate boundary a divergent plate boundary a transform plate boundary not a plate boundary

not a plate boundary

The Hawaiian volcanoes are... located at a convergent plate boundary located at a divergent plate boundary located at a transform plate boundary not at a plate boundary

not at a plate boundary

An island arc forms when there is __________ convergence. ocean-continent ocean-ocean continent-continent island-continent

ocean-ocean

The chemical formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ describes which of the following minerals? feldspar mica olivine pyroxene

olivine

Which of the following minerals is most likely to settle to the bottom of a magma chamber? olivine plagioclase feldspar pyroxene quartz

olivine

The two most common elements in earth's crust are... calcium and carbon iron and sulfur chlorine and sodium oxygen and silicon

oxygen and silicon

Which of the following sets of processes is written in order of increasing temperature? sedimentation, metamorphism, diagenesis diagenesis, sedimentation, metamorphism sedimentation, diagenesis, metamorphism metamorphism, diagenesis, sedimentation

sedimentation, diagenesis, metamorphism

Which of the following rocks is composed of clay sized clastic sediments? conglomerate dolostone sandstone shale

shale

Marie Tharp's contribution to plate tectonic theory was... she was the coinventor of sonar, which allowed us to finally map the ocean floor she helped to draft the first maps of the ocean floor she helped to discover radiometric dating of ocean floor rocks she was married to Alfred Wegener and supported him financially she came up with the mechanism of seafloor spreading

she helped to draft the first maps of the ocean floor

the three main types of sediment are... siliciclastic, biological, chemical bioclastic, chemical, granitic clastic, fossiliferous, bioclastic siliciclastic, erosional, ionic

siliciclastic, biological, chemical

The tendency for variations in current velocity to segregate sediments on the basis of particle size is called... compaction lithification metamorphism sorting

sorting

Which of the following is a type of convergent plate boundary? continental rift spreading center mid ocean ridge subduction zone

subduction zone

which of the following sedimentary structures suggests the presence of a back and forth current? asymmetric ripple marks cross bedding graded bedding symmetric ripple marks

symmetric ripple marks

The identity of a rock is dependent on its mineralogy and _________. shape color hardness texture

texture

Bowen's reaction series describes... how fast crystals grow from cooling magmas how fast magmas cool how magmas react to cooling the sequence in which minerals form when magmas cool

the sequence in which minerals form when magmas cool

Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault San andreas fault

transform fault

Which of the following locations is least likely to have active volcanoes? mid ocean ridge continental rift valley transform fault island arc

transform fault

Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica content? felsic intermediate mafic ultramafic

ultramafic

Which of the following is not a sedimentary structure? bioturbation cross-bedding vesicles ripples

vesicles

Between 70% and 90% of volcanic glass consists of... carbon dioxide nitrogen sulfur dioxide water vapor

water vapor