GLG 201 FINAL (all previous exams)
Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: mid ocean ridge
Divergent
Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: basaltic composition of ocean crust
Divergent
Plate tectonic theory is especially robust because... it is supported by numerous lines of independent observations it can explain the distribution of earthquakes and volcanoes it can predict earthquake and volcanic activity it can explain the distribution of fossils on what are now widely separated continents all the above
all the above
The phenomenon of seafloor spreading... is supported by the observation of striped of magnetic reversals recorded in sea floor basalt, arranged symmetrically on either side of the mid-ocean ridge is supported by the presence of older crust farther from either side of the mid-ocean ridge provided a physically realistic mechanism for continental drift came to light after mapping topography of the seafloor all the above
all the above
What types of lavas are erupted at convergent plate boundaries? Andesites basalts rhyolites all of the above
all the above
Which of the following processes will cause metamorphism? an increase in pressure interaction with hydrothermal fluids increase in temp all the above
all the above
In the atlantic ocean region, where are most of the active volcanoes located? along the coastlines of the Americas on the continental shelves along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge distributed randomly along seafloor
along Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault Appalachian Mountains
ancient convergent boundary
Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault New Madrid, Missouri
ancient convergent boundary
Approximately 80% of earth's active volcanoes occur _____________ plate boundaries. at divergent at convergent at transform outside of (intraplate)
at convergent
What type of rock makes up most of the Hawaiian islands? andesite basalt granite peridotite
basalt
Which of the following igneous rocks crystallizes at earth's surface? basalt gabbro granite peridotite
basalt
Mantle plumes generate large volumes of ________ magmas. andesetic peridotitic rhyolitic basaltic
basaltic
When equal amounts of basaltic and granitic magma mix, the resulting magma is.... mafic basaltic felsic andesitic
andesitic
What type of sediments are accumulations of solid fragments produced by weathering? biochemical clastic chemical all the above
clastic sediments
Which of the following is a general pressure in all directions, such as the pressure that the atmosphere exerts? confining pore directional stress
confining
Which of the following lists is written in order of decreasing particle size? conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate sandstone, conglomerate, siltstone siltstone, sandstone, conglomerate
conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone
What is the origin of the word "felsic" in the context of igneous rock classification? iron (Fe) and silica (SiO2) feldspar and silica iron and magnesium (Mg) it means light colored
feldspar and silica
Magmas fall into one of the following groups: felsic, mafic, or intermediate mafic or intermediate intermediate or felsic extrusive or intrusive
felsic, mafic, or intermediate
Find the correct match between magma type and volcano type felsic/dome mafic/dome intermediate/shield volcano felsic/ cinder cone
felsic/dome
Magma generated in the Earth's interior rises because it is ______ than the surrounding rocks. more dense less dense lower in viscosity more volatile
less dense
continental crust is ______________ oceanic crust... less dense than more dense than same density as geoscientists have no idea how dense crust is
less dense than
Which of the following processes would most likely yield a granitic magma? partial melting of subducted oceanic crust and sediments partial melting of continental crust partial melting of core partial melting of upper mantle
partial melting of continental crust
Basaltic lava that cools under water forms distinct _________ features. pillow lava pahoehoe vesicular aa
pillow lava
Which of the following volcanic flows moves most rapidly? basaltic lahars pyroclastic flows rhyolitic flows
pyroclastic flows
Which of the following minerals would be most concentrated at a site containing heavily weathered sediments? amphibole feldspar mica quartz
quartz
Which of the following lavas will flow downhill slowest? andesite basalt rhyolite all will travel at same speed
rhyolite
A clastic sedimentary rock composed of medium grained (1mm diameter) particles called a... conglomerate sandstone shale siltstone
sandstone
Elevation of the ground surface is measured relative to... mount everest the equator sea level north pole
sea level
geologic processes can take place of over times that last from... seconds to billions of years minutes to weeks years to decades seconds to centuries
seconds to billions of years
__________ are the most extensive mountain ranges on earth today. the Alps the Himalayas the Rockies mid ocean ridges
the Himalayas
the typical elevation of the land surface occurs within a range of _______ above sea level 0-20 km 0-1 km 0-10 km 0-5 km
0-1 km
Sodium has an atomic number of 11. How many electrons will the sodium ion Na+ have? 1 10 11 12
10
What is the eruption temperature of basaltic lava? 400° C- 600° C 600-800 800-1000 1000-1200
1000°C to 1200°C
At what temp do olivine and calcium rich plagioclase feldspar crystallize from a mafic melt? 300° C 600° C 1200° C 2000° C
1200° C
When was the theory of plate tectonics developed? 1860s 1920s 1940s 1960s
1960s
the avg density of continental crust is... 2.8 g/cm³ 3.4 g/cm³ 3 g/cm³ 4 g/cm³
2.8 g/cm³
How much partial melting of upper mantle peridotite is needed to generate some basaltic melt? 1-2% volume 10-15% volume 20-30% volume more than 50%
20-30% volume
How many of the oxygen atoms in the silicate tetrahedron are shared in framework silicates? 1 2 3 4
4
the typical depth of ocean basins is... 1-2 km 10-12 km 4-5 km 8-10 km
4-5 km
Approximately how many active volcanoes are there on earth? 50 500 5,000 50,000
500
What is the approximate silica content of granite? 30% 50% 70% 90%
70%
Approximately how deep (below sea level) are the deepest deep sea trenches? 3 km 10 km 30 km 100 km
???
What is limestone made of? calcite feldspar olivine quartz
Calcite
Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: deep sea trench
Convergent
Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: folded mountain belts (Andes mountains in Peru)
Convergent
Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: granitic composition of continental crust
Convergent
Match plate tectonic setting (convergent or divergent boundary) with the following phenomena: island arcs (Japan)
Convergent
Where is one of the best places to study seafloor spreading on dry land? Ireland Iceland Norway Africa
Iceland
In identical mineral structures, cations of similar sizes often substitute for each other. Based on size similarities, which of the following pairs would you expect to substitute with most ease? Na and K Ca and MG Si and K Mg and Fe
Mg and Fe
Which of the following volcanoes is a composite volcano (stratovolcano)? Mauna Loa, Hawaii Shiprock, NM Mount Rainier, WA Yellowstone, Wyoming
Mount Rainier
Most of the world's active volcanoes are located around the edge of which ocean? Arctic Atlantic Indian Pacific
Pacific
How can a sill be distinguished from a lava flow? A sill is generally finer-grained than a lava flow Rocks above and below a sill will show evidence of heating, but only the rocks below a lava flow will show evidence of heating. sills generally have vesicles; lava flows don't sills generally overlie soils; lava flows don't
Rocks above and below a sill will show evidence of heating, but only the rocks below a lava flow will show evidence of heating.
Which of the following is an example of a transform plate boundary? East African Rift Mid-Atlantic Ridge Marianas Trench San Andreas Fault
San Andreas Fault
Why did physicists reject Alfred Wegener's continental drift theory? Wegener proposed a physically unrealistic explanation for how continents moved Wegener never published his ideas so he could not be taken seriously by the scientific community Wegener had insufficient data in support of his hypothesis Wegener was a meteorologist and not a physicist, so he was ignored by the physics community Wegener died shortly after his book was published, so he was not around to promote his theory
Wegener proposed a physically unrealistic explanation for how continents moved
a granitic igneous rock signifies... an origin deep underground, as part of a convergent plate boundary a volcanic origin, as part of a divergent plate boundary continental collision a & c all of the above
a & c (an origin deep underground, as part of a convergent plate boundary continental collision)
The west coast of South America is a convergent plate boundary a divergent plate boundary a transform fault boundary not a plate boundary
a convergent plate boundary
Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault Eruption of Mt. St. Helens
active convergent plate boundary
Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault Yellowstone National Park
active hot spot
Compared with the mantle beneath a mid ocean ridge, the mantle above a subduction zone... contains less water and melts at lower temp contains less water and melts at higher temp contains more water and melts at lower temp contains more water and melts and higher temp
contains more water and melts at lower temp
In which order were these concepts developed? continental drift, seafloor spreading, plate tectonics plate tectonics, seafloor spreading, continental drift seafloor spreading, continental drift, plate tectonics all at the same time
continental drift, seafloor spreading, plate tectonics
The major land environments for sedimentary deposition are often grouped into... land and sea terrestrial and marine continental, shoreline, and marine continental, transitional, and marine
continental, shoreline, and marine
The motion of a flowing material where hot matter rises from the bottom and cool matter sinks from the surface is called... accretion convection differentiation fusion
convection
At what type of plate boundary do the deepest earthquakes occur? convergent divergent transform all have deep earthquakes
convergent
The North American Plate is bounded on the west with ________ boundaries and the east with ___________ boundaries. convergent and transform; divergent divergent; convergent and transform transform; convergent divergent; transform
convergent and transform; divergent
the most dense part of earth is the... oceanic crust continental crust mantle core
core
Regions of intense localized volcanism, such as Hawaii, form above plumes of fast-rising material that originate in the... crust deep mantle lithosphere outer core
deep mantle
The Earth exchanges __________ with the rest of the cosmos. energy and mass mass energy neither energy nor mass
energy and mass
Which of the following igneous rocks does not consist of volcanic glass? ash gabbro obsidian pumice
gabbro
Which of the following pairs of intrusive and extrusive rocks have the same chemical composition? diorite and rhyolite gabbro and rhyolite gabbro and basalt granite and andesite
gabbro and basalt
Solid materials that do not possess an orderly arrangement of atoms are called... glasses minerals crystals polymorphs
glasses
Which of the following statements about convection is true? heat is transferred from hot to cold material without inducing flow hot material flows up and displaces cool material cool material flows up and displaces hot material random circulation occurs
hot material flows up and displaces cool material
the plate tectonic system is driven by.... magnetism gravity solar energy internal heat
internal heat
Earth's core is primarily made up of iron lead oxygen silicon
iron
How the surface of a mineral reflects light is referred to as... luster sheen gloss luminosity
luster
Which of the following makes up the largest part of earth's volume? crust inner core mantle outer core
mantle
Which of the following is a divergent plate boundary? Andes mountains mid Atlantic ridge Himalayan mountains san andreas fault
mid Atlantic ridge
If a magma undergoes fractional crystallization, the remaining magma will be ______. more felsic less viscous more mafic the same
more felsic
Which of the following sediment sequences shows increasing grain size (left to right)? sand, silt, clay silt, sand, mud mud, sand, pebble gravel, sand, silt
mud, sand, pebble
Isotopes of the same element have different numbers of... electrons neutrons protons all the above
neutrons
The east coast of north america is... a convergent plate boundary a divergent plate boundary a transform plate boundary not a plate boundary
not a plate boundary
The Hawaiian volcanoes are... located at a convergent plate boundary located at a divergent plate boundary located at a transform plate boundary not at a plate boundary
not at a plate boundary
An island arc forms when there is __________ convergence. ocean-continent ocean-ocean continent-continent island-continent
ocean-ocean
The chemical formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄ describes which of the following minerals? feldspar mica olivine pyroxene
olivine
Which of the following minerals is most likely to settle to the bottom of a magma chamber? olivine plagioclase feldspar pyroxene quartz
olivine
The two most common elements in earth's crust are... calcium and carbon iron and sulfur chlorine and sodium oxygen and silicon
oxygen and silicon
Which of the following sets of processes is written in order of increasing temperature? sedimentation, metamorphism, diagenesis diagenesis, sedimentation, metamorphism sedimentation, diagenesis, metamorphism metamorphism, diagenesis, sedimentation
sedimentation, diagenesis, metamorphism
Which of the following rocks is composed of clay sized clastic sediments? conglomerate dolostone sandstone shale
shale
Marie Tharp's contribution to plate tectonic theory was... she was the coinventor of sonar, which allowed us to finally map the ocean floor she helped to draft the first maps of the ocean floor she helped to discover radiometric dating of ocean floor rocks she was married to Alfred Wegener and supported him financially she came up with the mechanism of seafloor spreading
she helped to draft the first maps of the ocean floor
the three main types of sediment are... siliciclastic, biological, chemical bioclastic, chemical, granitic clastic, fossiliferous, bioclastic siliciclastic, erosional, ionic
siliciclastic, biological, chemical
The tendency for variations in current velocity to segregate sediments on the basis of particle size is called... compaction lithification metamorphism sorting
sorting
Which of the following is a type of convergent plate boundary? continental rift spreading center mid ocean ridge subduction zone
subduction zone
which of the following sedimentary structures suggests the presence of a back and forth current? asymmetric ripple marks cross bedding graded bedding symmetric ripple marks
symmetric ripple marks
The identity of a rock is dependent on its mineralogy and _________. shape color hardness texture
texture
Bowen's reaction series describes... how fast crystals grow from cooling magmas how fast magmas cool how magmas react to cooling the sequence in which minerals form when magmas cool
the sequence in which minerals form when magmas cool
Match setting with plate tectonic setting including active convergent, active divergent, ancient convergent, active hot spot, transform fault San andreas fault
transform fault
Which of the following locations is least likely to have active volcanoes? mid ocean ridge continental rift valley transform fault island arc
transform fault
Which of the following igneous rocks has the lowest silica content? felsic intermediate mafic ultramafic
ultramafic
Which of the following is not a sedimentary structure? bioturbation cross-bedding vesicles ripples
vesicles
Between 70% and 90% of volcanic glass consists of... carbon dioxide nitrogen sulfur dioxide water vapor
water vapor
