Unit 6 Retake Prep
A combination of factors, including geography, lack of resources, the dominance of traditional landed elites, the persistence of serfdom in some areas, and inadequate government sponsorship, accounted for eastern and southern Europe's lag in industrial development. Geographic factors in eastern and southern Europe: Lack of resources, Lack of adequate transportation
Analyze 3-4 factors that accounted for eastern and southern Europe's lag in industrial development.
Britain's ready supplies of coal, iron ore, and other essential raw materials promoted industrial growth. Essentially, these resources were used to power the factory which was created through the ideas of the science at the time, and water ways were crucial to powering it.
How did Britain's raw materials promote industrial growth?
Great Britain established its industrial dominance through the mechanization of textile production, iron and steel production, and new transportation systems in conjunction with uniquely favorable political and social climates. Britain's leadership: §The Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition of 1851 §Banks §Government financial awards to inventors
How did Great Britain established its industrial dominance?
France moved toward industrialization at a more gradual pace than Great Britain, with government support and with less dislocation of traditional methods of production. Government support of industrialization: Canals, Railroads, Trade agreements
How was France's industrialization different than Great Britain's?
By the end of the century, higher wages, laws restricting the labor of children and women, social welfare programs, improved diet, and increased access to birth control affected the quality of life for the working class.
How was the working class' quality of life impacted by the 2nd Industrial Revolution (1870-1914).
Anarchists
Mikhail Bakunin, Georges Sorel
GB industrial dominance through:
The Crystal Palace at the Great Exhibition of 1851, Banks, Government financial awards to inventors
Laws restricting the labor of children and women: Factory Act of 1833 Mines Act of 1842 Ten Hours Act of 1847
What English laws restricted the labor of children and women?
Britain's parliamentary government promoted commercial and industrial interests because those interests were represented in Parliament. Commercial interest in government: Repeal of the Corn Laws
Why did Britain's parliamentary government promote commercial and industrial interests?
Economic institutions: institutions and people created the foundations for industry and the establishment of capitalism promoted the competition necessary to foster such economic growth of industry. Human Capital: engineers, inventors, and capitalists helped Britain lead the process of Industrialization, largely through private initiative.
Analyze the role of economic institutions and human capital that helped Britain lead the process of industrialization.
advocates of suffrage
Chartists, Flora Tristan
Conservatives
Edmund Burke, Joseph de Maistre, Klemens von Metternich
Large groups moving out of agricultural places to large cities for factory jobs Factory jobs that made clothing, textiles and wood products were outselling those made by farmers Spike in population: not able to keep crops up with rising amnt of people
Explain how people in rural communities suffered during industrialization.
Class identity developed and was reinforced through participation in philanthropic, political, and social associations among the middle classes, and in mutual aid societies and trade unions among the working classes. Bourgeois families became focused on the nuclear family and the cult of domesticity, with distinct gender roles for men and women.
Explain how people in urban areas developed a class identity during industrialization.
In Russia, autocratic leaders pushed through a program of reform and modernization, including the emancipation of the serfs, which gave rise to revolutionary movements and eventually the Russian Revolution of 1905.
Explain the impact of Russian reform and modernization after the Crimean War (1856).
Marxists
Friedrich Engels, Clara Zetkin, Rosa Luxemburg
Utopian Socialists
Henri de Saint-Simon, Charles Fourier, Robert Owen
Liberals emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance. Liberals: Jeremy Bentham Anti-Corn Law League John Stuart Mill
Identify LIBERALS (that emphasized popular sovereignty, individual rights, and enlightened self-interest but debated the extent to which all groups in society should actively participate in its governance).
Marx's scientific socialism provided a systematic critique of capitalism and a deterministic analysis of society and historical evolution. Marxists: Friedrich Engels Clara Zetkin Rosa Luxemburg
Identify a few Marxists (besides Karl)
Socialists called for the redistribution of society's resources and wealth and evolved from a utopian to a Marxist scientific critique of capitalism. Utopian socialists: Henri de Saint-Simon Charles Fourier Robert Owen
Identify a few Utopian socialists.
Radicals in Britain and republicans on the continent demanded universal male suffrage and full citizenship without regard to wealth and property ownership; some argued that such rights should be extended to women. Advocates of suffrage: Chartists Flora Tristan
Identify a group and individual that Fought to give more men the right to vote Fought to give women the right to vote
The Concert of Europe (or Congress System) sought to maintain the status quo through collective action and adherence to conservatism. Metternich, architect of the Concert of Europe, used it to suppress nationalist and liberal revolutions. Conservatives re-established control in many European states and attempted to suppress movements for change and, in some areas, to strengthen adherence to religious authorities.
Identify actions taken at/after the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815) to maintain and gain conservative political power in the first ½ of the 1800s.
Because of the continued existence of more primitive agricultural practices and land-owning patterns, some areas of Europe lagged in industrialization while facing famine, debt, and land shortages. Primitive agricultural practices and famines: The "Hungry '40s" Irish potato famine Russian serfdom
Identify and explain reasons for primitive agricultural practices and famines in the mid 19th century.
Marriage: Economic motivations for marriage, while still important for all classes, diminished as the middle-class notion of companionate marriage began to be adopted by the working classes. Leisure time centered increasingly on the family or small groups, concurrent with the development of activities and spaces to use that time. Leisure time activities and spaces: Parks Sports clubs and arenas Beaches Department stores Museums Theaters Opera houses
Identify changes in regard to: Marriage (middle class) and Leisure time activities (all classes).
Conservatives developed a new ideology in support of traditional political and religious authorities, which was based on the idea that human nature was not perfectible.Influential conservative influences: Edmund Burke Joseph de Maistre Klemens von Metternich
Identify leading conservative thinkers of the late 1700s & early 1800s.
In industrialized areas of Europe (i.e., western and northern Europe), socioeconomic changes created divisions of labor that led to the development of self-conscious classes, including the proletariat and the bourgeoisie.
Identify new self-conscious social classes that developed as a result of the Industrial Revolution.
Anarchists asserted that all forms of governmental authority were unnecessary and should be overthrown and replaced with a society based on voluntary cooperation. Anarchists: Mikhail Bakunin Georges Sorel
Identify one or two anarchists.
The revolutions of 1848, triggered by economic hardship and discontent with the political status quo, challenged conservative politicians and governments and led to the breakdown of the Concert of Europe.
In regards to the left wing revolts of 1830 & 1848... What were the causes? What were the effects?
Liberals
Jeremy Bentham, Anti-Corn Law League, John Stuart Mill
