Global Health Exam 1
Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF, aka Doctors without Borders) assisted in all of the following situations EXCEPT
(EXCEPT)Treaty negotiations and disarmament Treatment for marginalized groups (prisoners, homeless, sex workers) Natural disasters Disease epidemics
Despite important progress in improving human health globally, in 2013...
289,000 women were estimated to have died of maternity-related causes. There were over 6 million under 5 child deaths. Over half a million people died of malaria.
Neonatal Mortality Rate is calculated based on the number of deaths of infants under...
5 year of age
What is the infant mortality rate in the US
7 deaths per 1000 live births
When comparing health systems across countries, the US system is essentially:
A mix of taxation, employer contribution and privately purchased
Following development, this trend changes from a pattern of high fertility and high mortality to a pattern of low fertility and low mortality over time.
Demographic transition
According to the UNICEF: For Every Child video, what is NOT one of the 4 issues that UNICEF works towards?
Education (NOT) Liberation Health Protection
Global Health programs focus on many aspects, which of the following is NOT one of such aspects?
Eradication of all diseases
Compare the health system to the US to other European countries
European countries universal health care is based on the principle of social solidarity meaning health care is financed by individual and their ability to pay. All provide universal coverage for less money than US even though populations are older US spends more on health care and private out of pocket expense for families
Which of these is NOT a needed characteristic of a health service, as defined by the United States' Institute of Medicine (IOM)?
Expensive
True or False: According to the video Dr. Farmer's Remedy, Partners in Health provides modern medical care to poor communities ONLY in Haiti.
False
True or False: According to the video WHO: Health Action for Haiti Survivors, during the Haiti crisis, many actors such as civil societies, international organizations, and the Haitian government were NOT overwhelmed by the scale of the devastation.
False
True or False? The person performing surgery in Tanzania would be considered a nurse by American standards.
False
True or False? UNICEF is headquartered in Switzerland.
False. Answer is New York
Unitus: What the poor lack is motivation and drive. They don't lack opportunity. There are millions & millions & millions of poor people around the world who have access to financial services.
False. They are well motivated
Epidemiological transition
Following development, this trend changes the pattern of disease from communicable diseases to one dominated by non-communicable diseases as the population ages.
The government had a unique approach to this Millennium Villages program. What did it request that was unusual?
Full partnership
what are the 4 functions and 3 outcomes of a health system
Functions- Stewardship(person in charge) Creating resources(investment and training) Service delivery(personal and population-based) Financing(collecting, pooling and purchasing Outcomes- Health(level and equity) responsiveness(to people's non-medical expectations) Financial protection(and fair distribution of burden of funding)
This organization/program was founded in 2000 by a number of governments, foundations and individuals in order to make vaccines more accessible, affordable, and sustainable.
GAVI
Which country uses sickness funds and a social insurance scheme to fund its health system?
Germany
Advocacy organizations focus on advocating on behalf of _______.
Global health issues
The World Health Report 2000, produced by the World Health Organization, focused entirely on ________.
Health Systems
Which of the following is NOT a key determinant of health?
Healthy over-the-counter supplements
According to the textbook, all _____ countries, except for the United States, have some type of mandatory and universal health insurance system that is meant to ensure that access to health services is not dependent on income.
High income
Describe 3 Health Equity goals
Improve living conditions tackle inequitable distribution of power evaluate action and raise awareness about health
According to the video WHO: Health Action for Haiti Survivors, who was overwhelmed by the devastation from the earthquake in Haiti?
International organizations Civil society groups Haitian government
describe 5 problems that can occur in health delivery
Inverse care-benefits rich more than poor. impoverishing care- people that lack social protection largely pay out of pocket service fragmented care-narrowed focus of many disease control programs unsafe care- poor system unable to ensure safety and hygiene standards misdirected care-neglecting potential of primary prevention
6 Building blocks of Health (L.S.W.I.F.T.) to improve health,responsiveness,financial protection and improved efficiency
Leadership(seek maximized health for the money spent) Services(deliver safe effective interventions in efficient manner) Workforce(appropriate number of trained staff in the right fields) Information(delivers the information needed for monitoring health status) Financing(raises enough money to fund an agreed upon health program) Technologies(medical products, vaccines, and technologies that are safe and can be used in cost effective ways)
According to the lecture, the Human Development Index is calculated using the following variables, EXCEPT:
Life expectancy Education level Income ( EXCEPT )Development level
According to the lecture, what are the three measures of human development measured by the Human Development Index?
Living a long and healthy life, knowledge, and standard of living
What is critical to ensure the quality and continuity of Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF, aka Doctors without Borders) programs?
Local connections
What is an NGO? Name 3 examples of NGOs
MSF(doctors w/o borders)- violence and catastrophe Oxfam- reduce poverty and injustice, emergencies CARE-largest organization, vicroties over poverty
Describe 3 nutrient deficiencies and what is being down to solve the problem
Maramus-severe deficiency of calories and protien Kwashiorkor- premature abandonment of breastfeeding causing them to have lots of carbs but low on protien. Solving the problem with plumpy'nut
Started in 1998 by the WHO, UNICEF & the World Bank, this organization is committed to fighting malaria. Who am I?
Roll Back Malaria
What is cash on delivery (COD)?
Transfers made from payers to providers
Before 1960, Dengue fever was largely concentrated in Southeast Asia and the coast of South America.
True
True or False: Some NGOs are faith based.
True
Describe 3 United Nations special agencies devoted to health
UNICEF-children advocate(expansion of vaccines) WHO- highest level of health USAID-long range(social development/global health)
According to the lecture, which of the following is NOT an agency of the United Nations?
WHO UNAIDS UNDP (NOT) GAVI
4 core components of Primary Health care
adequate food supply/nutrition and water maternal and child health immunization/ sanitation and prevention of diseases
According to the lecture, what is the most common type of work for child labor worldwide?
agriculture
Health Systems defined by WHO
all actors, institutions and resources that under take health actions-- where a health action is one where the primary intent is to improve health.
France
best health care in the world established in 1945. Funded by tax revenues and social insurance contributions from employers and employees All legal residents are covered.
BRAC
largest NGO in the world involved in international development. Works to improve maternal, child health and vulnerability of communicable disease
What is the generational cycle of poverty?
lived in poverty for 2 years, can't get out of poverty because they grew up in it and had a disadvantage of getting an education, then getting a job, so when they have a family they struggle in supporting them which makes them fail to get out of poverty
Bilateral aid organizations support important health programs in ___ and ____ income countries.
low and middle
Human development index
measures life expectancy, school enrollment/knowledge, literacy and income/standard of living
Secondary Health Care
medical care provided by specialized physician (hospital for emergencies)
Cost-effective analysis
method to compare cost of investment with amount of health purchased (cheap+effective= best method) it depends on cost, reduced morbidity, mortality and disability, effectiveness.
What does 'NGO' stand for?
nongovernmental organization
According to the video African Families Beat Poverty with Beads, Beads for Life created a market for the beads made in Uganda by sending the beads and the stories of the women to _____________ where they are sold at home parties.
north America
Macro nutrients
nutrients such as carbs, fats, or proteins that are needed in relatively large amounts of the diet
micro nutrients
nutrients such as vitamins or minerals that is needed in relatively small amounts of the diet
Non-private sector
owned by non-governmental organizations and use in most low income countries
How do nutrition requirements change as we age
physiological demands for certain nutrients differ with age and also gender
Copenhagen Consenses
project prioritezed interventions ex. very good= control HIV/AIDS and malaria, provide micronutrients fair=improve infant and child nutrition lower barriers to migration for skilled workers
Germany
residents must have health insurance and quasi-public and private providers. Spends 10.4% of GDP on health care Oldest universal program 1883 sickest funds(90% covered) funded through social health insurance
How does infection increase malnutrition
roundworm causes malnutrition of fat, protein, carbs, and vitamins because it absorbs the nutrients for its own growth.
Public Sector
setting policies and enforcing the rules and is responsible for raising funds for the health system. It can own or operate its own facilities
Name 3 Diseases that are linked to overnutrition
diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart diesease
According to the lecture, who created MSF in France?
doctors and journalist
In the video African Families Beat Poverty with Beads, Torkin Wakefield made this statement "I like to think that Bead for Life is really about helping hard-working people become individuals who can sustain themselves long into the future..." Which term was defining when she made this statement?
empowerment
Define Malnutrition
failure to achieve nutrient requirements which can impair physical and or mental health
True or False: According to the lecture, as a country decreases its education level, its life expectancy almost always rises.
false
True or False: Consulting firms are ONLY not-for-profit.
false
True or False: Poverty is a very simple social issue and is linked only to money.
false
Primary Health Care
first contact, person-focused, problems too uncommon to maintain (clinics)
____ _____ increases longevity, the longer one can earn, and the higher one's lifetime earnings will be.
good health
Private Sector
health is for sale and health care services are in business to make profit, operates hospitals and health care services that are linked to insurance reimbursement.
According to the textbook, health is an important contributor to the productivity of people, and poor health can negatively influence the ability of people to accumulate the knowledge and skills to be productive. Healthy, productive people can be considered _________________.
human capital
What happened to Alma Ata convention
in 1970s they declared a new emphasis on health for both developed and developing countries. Main focus was achieving "health for all" and prevention of illness not just the cure.
According to the video UNITUS: Microfinance Microcredit Introduction, the majority of the UNITUS microloans are given to ____________ because they invest the profits into health and education.
women
According to the textbook, which of the following is the correct definition of Health Disparities?
A type of difference in health that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage.
How many people live on less than $1 per day? What regions have the most people in that category?
Approximately 1 billion live on less than $1 per day. Asia and Sub-saharen African regions have most people in that category
According to the video Doctors without Borders/Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF), in each country where Medecins Sans Frontiere is working, one or more of four events has taken place. Which of the following is NOT one of such events:
Armed conflict (NOT) International Presidential Summit Endemic or Epidemic disease Social violence
What region has the most hunger? What are 3 key factors underlying child nutrition
Asia has the most hunger Key factors- household food security, care for mother and children, health and environment
Which of the following is an example of an NGO involved in global health?
BRAC
According to the video African Families Beat Poverty with Beads, before the involvement of Beads for Life in Uganda, the women were making less than $1/day doing what activity?
Breaking rocks
Human capital is the ability to be productive and ability to accumulate skills necessary to be productive. According the video African Families Beat Poverty with Beads, how did the Beads for Life program increase human capital for the women in the program?
By holding monthly sessions on how to market and finance businesses By holding vocational training classes and teaching life skills By requiring the women to take up another skill, like auto repair
This organization was founded in 1945, with headquarters in Atlanta. It aims to achieve lasting victories over poverty. Who am I?
CARE
According to the UNICEF: For Every Child video, what is the cornerstone of the UNICEF mission?
Child survival
According to the video WHO: Health Action for Haiti Survivors, which of the following are part of the 5 urgent actions identified by WHO?
Coordinating health sector response and conducting needs assessments Preventing and controlling disease outbreaks Providing safe water & water quality Ensure availability of essential drugs and medical supplies
According to the video WHO: Health Action for Haiti Survivors, the WHO mobilized to respond to the disaster. The magnitude of this event is immense and therefore the response must also be extraordinary. What do you risk when you have an extraordinary response in such a small location?
Creating chaos
Name 2 agencies that are federally funded by the united States government
PAHO-improve access to healthcare and living standards(erradicated polio) Peace Corps-promote rights for genders, people served and others
Who designed the health care "house call" program?
Partners in Health
According to the video WHO: Health Action for Haiti Survivors, in the long term, WHO will need to ensure continuity of ___________________.
Primary health care services
What sector is responsible for stewardship of a health system?
Public
What are the 6 elements of quality
Safe-(wrong medications, delay of abnormal results) Effective-(prevention, chronic, primary and hospital care, coordination) Patient-centered-(communication, patient engagement,choice and continuity, and responsiveness to patient preference Timely-(waited 6+ for appointment w/doctor,or getting care over the weekends) Efficient-test results failed to reach doctors office in time for appointments. Equitable-income negatively affected their ability to access care in the US
How is education linked to SES?Health?
Same with the generational cycle. The less educations the less opportunity to get a job and have money to support family and healthcare.
According to the UNICEF: For Every Child video, what did UNICEF develop to provide education to children in times of war and disaster?
School in a box
Canada
Spends 10.1% of GDP on health care publicly funded social insurance with private delivery Spends about half as much per person on health care compared to US. 100% coverage creating long wait times for serious conditions.
United Kingdom
Spends 8.4% of GDP on health care National Health service established in 1948 and largest publicly funded by taxpayers Primary care trust-oversee 80% of funding /spending Secondary- elective surgery and providing community care services
According to 2008 data provided by the World Bank, which region has the highest infant mortality rate?
Sub-Saharan Africa
According to the figure, in which of the following world regions there are countries with less than 50% primary school enrollment?
Sub-Saharan Africa
According to the text, what is "human capital"?
The ability to be productive and ability to accumulate skills necessary to be productive
What happens if fertility stays at the current rate in Japan?
The population will shrink in half
Stewardship is...
The wide range of functions carried out by government as they seek to achieve national health policy objectives.
According to the textbook, which of the following is NOT an example of how education and health are connected?
There are intergenerational links, meaning that parental health and education affect the health of offspring. Cognitive development and school performance can be negatively impacted by malnutrition and disease. (NOT) Poor health is the only result of low education level. Education enables people to better prevent and manage poor health.
Identify 6 classes of nutrients
carbs, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals and water
The core of BRAC's health programs in Bangladesh is a ____________ approach to primary health care, called "___________"
community-based; Essential Health Care (EHC)
Tertiary Health Care
specialized hospitals for advanced emergencies and complicated illnesses
What is brain drain? Why is there a global shortage of health care workers
the migration of health personnel in search of the better standard of living and quality of life, higher salaries, access to advanced technology and more stable political conditions in different places worldwide poor working condition's and high salaries drive health workers into better options in different places worldwide
Gross Domestic Product(GDP)
the total value of goods produced and services provided in a country during one year. a number of lower- and middle income countries spend about 4-7 percent of their GDP on health
What is the nutrition transition
transition occurs with human and economic development, increases of high fat diets, transition from unprocessed foods to processed
Cassava is a root crop that provides Ugandans with 30-50% of their caloric intake. However, by 1988, African Cassava Mosaic Disease was killing the plants. In 1992, new cassava plants were engineered that were resistant to the disease and women farmers quickly disseminated the plants to those in need.
true
True or False: According to the textbook, an important example of the use of cost-effectiveness analysis is to set priorities among different ways of achieving the same health goal.
true
True or False: According to the textbook, research shows that a mother's education has a powerful impact on child survival.
true
True or False: According to the video, In Mexico, a Plan to Beat Poverty with Health Care and Education, in the Oportunidades program, girls are worth more financial assistance than boys.
true
