GML Chapter 26

In this 1986 Supreme Court decision, the Court upheld the constitutionality of state laws outlawing homosexual acts.

Bowers v. Hardwick

Nixon's Family Assistance Plan: a) proposed to guarantee a minimum income for all Americans. b) won approval by Congress. c) was seen as too radical by liberals. d) replaced Aid to Families with Dependent Children. e) was seen as inadequate by conservatives.

a) proposed to guarantee a minimum income for all Americans.

Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment, like Phyllis Schlafly, argued that the passage of the ERA would: a) relieve men of their responsibilities in terms of child support and alimony payments. b) finally make women truly equal citizens, a goal set forth at Seneca Falls over a century before. c) be amended so as to exclude women from being drafted into the armed forces. d) not change anything, and so its ratification would mean nothing. e) elevate women to a superior class, allowing women to outnumber men in politics, professional jobs, and higher education programs within a decade

a) relieve men of their responsibilities in terms of child support and alimony payments.

In response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Carter pursued all of the following policies EXCEPT: a) boycotted the Moscow Olympics. b) decreased military spending. c) placed an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union. d) funneled aid to fundamentalist Muslims in Afghanistan who fought a guerilla war against the Soviets. e) placed an embargo on grain exports to the Soviet Union

b) decreased military spending.

During the 1970s, conservatives: a) continued their overt opposition to the black struggle for racial justice. Correct Answer b) shifted their political rhetoric, insisting on more local control and resistance to the power of the federal government. c) employed the fiery rhetoric and direct confrontation tactics of Bull Connor and George Wallace. d) made little progress. e) appealed primarily to urban Americans

b) shifted their political rhetoric, insisting on more local control and resistance to the power of the federal government

In 1972, President Nixon took part in a historic reconfiguration of Cold War policy when he: a) became the first president to visit North Vietnam. b) signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreement. c) refused to sign the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. d) and Josef Stalin advocated détente. e) refused to visit China.

b) signed the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks agreement.

In 1972, Congress passed Title IX, which: a) was passed over President Nixon's veto. b) banned racial discrimination in higher education. c) banned gender discrimination in higher education. d) banned gender discrimination in the workplace. e) guaranteed women equal access to pay.

c) banned gender discrimination in higher education.

Richard Nixon's appointments to the Supreme Court were intended to: a) continue the liberal trend set by the Warren Court. b) be balanced with conservatives and liberals. c) lead the court in a conservative direction. d) break gender barriers by his appointment of the first female justice. e) appease the Democrats, since he had to work with them in Congress on other issues.

c) lead the court in a conservative direction.

Reagan's economic policies: a) expanded food stamps and school lunch programs. b) enlarged government revenue. c) decreased the national debt. d) strengthened labor unions. e) resulted in a rise in economic inequality.

e) resulted in a rise in economic inequality.

T or F: Hoping to burnish his conservative credentials, President Richard Nixon refused to expand the welfare state.

F

What was the 1979 organization created by Virginia minister Jerry Falwell, devoted to waging a "war against sin" and electing "pro-life, pro-family, pro-America" candidates?

Moral Majority

Which was not a reason that Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) rolls expanded rapidly during the 1960s?

The federal government tripled AFDC payments to individual recipients.

In foreign policy, Reagan: a) opposed "authoritarian" noncommunist regimes. b) embraced Carter's emphasis on civil rights. c) decreased military spending. d) called for a halt to the development of nuclear weapons. e) vigorously denounced the Soviet Union during his first term and initiated the largest military buildup in American history.

e) vigorously denounced the Soviet Union during his first term and initiated the largest military buildup in American history.

By the end of Reagan's second term in office, he viewed the Soviet Union: a) as an evil empire. b) with great disdain. c) as an expansionist power. d) as a strong ally. e) with much less suspicion

e) with much less suspicion

Both foreign policy "realists" and conservative Cold Warriors applauded President Jimmy Carter's emphasis on human rights

false

By the end of President Reagan's two terms in office, American conservatism was a spent force as all its goals had been completely fulfilled.

false

By the end of the 1970s, the civil rights and sexual revolutions produced resentments that promoted the Democratic coalition.

false

By the mid-1990s, the richest 1 percent of Americans owned only 10 percent of the nation's wealth, half their share twenty years earlier.

false

It is a myth that U.S. soldiers killed 350 South Vietnamese civilians in the My Lai massacre of 1968.

false

QUESTION 35 Like a strong majority of women across the United States, Phyllis Schlafly was an adamant supporter of the Equal Rights Amendment, which was designed to remove the legal ability to discriminate "on account of sex."

false

The Senate's Church Committee concluded that many of America's problems would be solved if people would attend church more frequently.

false

The economy of the 1970s moved from stagflation to affluence, increasing the appeal of the conservative argument that government regulation raised business costs and eliminated jobs.

false

Upon entering office, President Nixon surprised many people by calling a rapid halt to American military involvement in Vietnam.

false

The movement to reverse the 1973 Roe v. Wade decision was supported by all of the following except

feminists.

In August 1981, the union of air traffic controllers began a strike in violation of federal law, creating a potentially hazardous travel situation. Reagan's response was to

fire all the union strikers, replacing them with the military.

The Equal Rights Amendment: a) passed Congress but failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states. b) passed Congress and was ratified by the required 38 states. c) had the support of all American women. d) had little support from American men. e) was supported by Phyllis Schlafly

a) passed Congress but failed to achieve ratification by the required 38 states.

Reagan's economic program, known as "supply-side economics" relied on: a) tax cuts and high interest rates. b) tax increases. c) tax cuts specifically for low-income Americans. d) increased environmental regulations. e) increased regulation of workplace safety

a) tax cuts and high interest rates.

The handling of the Iranian hostage crisis: a) was a diplomatic achievement for President Carter. b) restored Americans' confidence in their nation. c) made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept. d) made Ronald Reagan appear weak and inept. e) ended with the signing of the Camp David Accords.

c) made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept.

Richard Nixon's New Federalism: a) proposed a decrease in funding for Social Security. b) called for a reduction in all government spending and a balanced budget. c) proposed that a system of block grants be assigned to states to spend as they saw fit. d) demanded that the federal government administer all aid, even on the local level. e) proposed that no new federal agencies be created.

c) proposed that a system of block grants be assigned to states to spend as they saw fit.

In Ford's "Whip Inflation Now" campaign,

inflation fell but joblessness continued to rise.

All of the following developments undermined the public faith in the effectiveness of the federal government except

the Camp David agreement.

In 1971, the New York Times began publishing this classified report prepared by the Defense Department that traced American involvement in Vietnam back to World War II and revealed how successive presidents had misled the American people about it.

the Pentagon Papers

During the second half of the 1960s and the 1970s, conservative Christianity increasingly aligned with

the Republican Party.

Carter's actions in Afghanistan had unforeseen consequences, including the rise to power by this group

the Taliban.

In 1973, long lines of cars appeared at American gas stations, which either ran out of fuel or limited how much a customer could buy as a result of

the oil embargo.

"Neoconservatives" came to believe that well-intentioned government social programs did more harm than good. In many cases, welfare, for example, not only failed to allevia

true

By 1970, African-Americans accounted for nearly 50 percent of all welfare recipients.

true

By the 1990s, public schools in the North were considerably more segregated than those in the South.

true

By the mid-1970s—in consequence of women's changing aspirations and the availability of birth control and legal abortions—the American birthrate declined dramatically.

true

Due to both Agnew and Nixon leaving office before their terms ended, Gerald Ford and Nelson Rockefeller together served as the only persons holding the office of president and vice president (respectively) for whom no one had actually voted.

true

During the 1970s, the divorce rate soared; by 1975, it was twice what it had been a decade earlier.

true

For the only time in the twentieth century, other than the 1930s, the average American ended the 1970s poorer than when the decade began.

true

In 1960, only 20 percent of women with young children had been in the workforce; the figure reached 55 percent in 1990.

true

In 1968, a "backlash" among formerly Republican voters against both black assertiveness and antiwar demonstrations helped to propel Richard Nixon into the White House.

true

In 1978, California voters approved Proposition 13, which banned further increases in property taxes but reduced funds for schools, libraries, and other public services.

true

In the spring of 1970, more than 350 colleges and universities experienced student strikes, and troops occupied twenty-one campuses in protest over the Vietnam War.

true

President Nixon and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger continued President Lyndon Johnson's policy of attempting to undermine Third World governments deemed dangerous to American strategic or economic interests.

true

The Reagan administration conducted a massive expansion of military spending during the 1980s.

true

The controversy over Roe v. Wade was a political hotbed that affected a range of issues from battles over nominees to judicial positions, and led to demonstrations at family-planning and abortion clinics.

true

Upon entering office, President Nixon accepted and even expanded many elements of Lyndon Johnson's Great Society program.

true

​The "Second Gilded Age":

​a.​could describe the 1980s, a decade where making deals was more profitable for companies than making products.

Nixon's Family Assistance Plan:

​a.​proposed to guarantee a minimum income for all Americans.

​How did trickle-down economics claim to increase government tax revenues?

​b.​By lowering tax rates.

​What did events surrounding the Watergate break-in and cover-up suggest about Richard Nixon?

​b.​He was willing to condone illegal activity if it would silence his political enemies.

Why did the gay and lesbian movement become a major concern for members of the political right after the late 1960s?

​b.​Thousands of new civil rights movements encouraged gays and lesbians to "come out."

​In response to the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, President Carter pursued all of the following policies EXCEPT:

​b.​breaking off diplomatic relations with Pakistan.

​The Moral Majority:

​b.​feared family values were being undermined.

Mikhail Gorbachev:

​b.​inaugurated political openness and economic reform in the Soviet Union.

​During the 1970s, conservatives:

​b.​insisted on more local control and resisted the power of the federal government.

What did the Supreme Court rulings San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez and Milliken v. Bradley suggest?

​c.​The Court was willing to abandon the idea overturning local control of schools.

​What triggered the rise of the Khmer Rouge in Cambodia?

​c.​The invasion of U.S. troops in 1970.

​How did Phyllis Schlafly and her supporters invoke the principle of freedom in the battle over the ERA?

​c.​They argued it was the "free enterprise system" that truly liberated American women, because home appliances freed them from time-consuming labor.

​Why did President Carter cut off aid to Argentina in 1978?

​d.​A brutal military dictatorship had emerged there, waging a dirty war against its own citizens.

​Which of the following does NOT accurately describe the Iran Crisis?

​d.​After Carter refused the deposed shah entry for medical treatment in the United States, his exiled internal security force invaded the U.S. Embassy in Teheran and took American hostages.

​Why had it been premature for liberals to celebrate the downfall of their political adversary Richard Nixon?

​d.​Watergate undermined public confidence in the merits of the federal government.

Under the Nixon administration, the United States:

​d.​continued to undermine Third World governments.

​The election of 1980 reflected:

​d.​growing frustration over America's condition.

​The economic condition known as stagflation was caused by:

​d.​stagnant economic growth and high inflation.

​In order to protect U.S. interests, the Carter Doctrine declared that the United States would:

​d.​use military force, particularly in the Persian Gulf.

​What motivated the Sagebrush Rebellion?

​e.​A and C

​What led to the congressional discovery that the FBI had spied on millions of Americans in the 1960s?

​e.​The Church Committee investigations.

​What victory could cultural conservatives claim in 1986?

​e.​The Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of state laws banning homosexual acts.

Affirmative action was:

​e.​first pursued and then abandoned by the Nixon administration.

​President Carter's foreign policy emphasized:

​e.​human rights as a diplomatic priority.

In 1972, Congress cut down Title IX, which attempted to ban gender discrimination in higher education.

false

The number of workers employed in the manufacturing sector of the U.S. economy rose sharply during the 1970s.

false

President Nixon resigned the office of the presidency in 1974, in the wake of the Watergate scandal and cover-up.

true

​Which of the following statements is NOT true of Proposition 13?

​a.​It did not result in fewer funds for libraries and schools, as opponents claimed it would.

How did the experience of the 1960s shape America's neoconservatives?

​a.​Neoconservatives came to believe that even the best-intentioned social programs did more harm than good.

​What contradiction did the Reagan presidency reveal about modern conservatism?

​a.​Reagan's policies enriched investors and CEOs but eviscerated the economies and communities of the industrial heartland.

​Why did the CIA seek to destabilize the government of Chile after 1970?

​a.​The country had elected socialist Salvador Allende into office.

​The Nixon Administration:

​a.​created the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB).

​In 1976, Jimmy Carter won the presidential race in part because he:

​a.​promised never to lie to Americans.

Opponents of the Equal Rights Amendment, like Phyllis Schlafly, argued that the passage of the ERA would:

​a.​take away a woman's right to be a housewife.

​The Church Committee revealed that since the beginning of the Cold War:

​a.​the CIA and FBI had engaged in abusive actions.

Geraldine Ferraro is best known as:

​a.​the first female candidate on a major-party presidential ticket.

​Bowers v. Hardwick:

​a.​upheld the constitutionality of state laws outlawing homosexual acts.

​Determined to overturn the Vietnam syndrome, President Reagan:

​b.​sent troops to Grenada and Lebanon.

During the 1970s, evangelical Christians:

​b.​significantly increased in number, as they became more vocal.

​Which of the following best describes Nixon's foreign policy of "détente"?

​c.​As demonstrated by diplomatic visits to both China and the Soviet Union, Nixon sought a peaceful coexistence with communist nations.

What was Reagan's reaction to the air traffic controllers' strike?

​c.​He fired all of the air traffic controllers on strike.

​"Vietnamization" was:

​c.​Nixon's Vietnam strategy to have American troops gradually withdraw and South Vietnamese troops assume more of the fighting.

​What were the results of the U.S. invasion of neutral Cambodia in 1970?

​c.​The invasion destabilized the nation and ushered in a murderous regime.

​The Three Mile Island nuclear plant:

​c.​brought a halt to the nuclear energy industry's expansion.

​In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, the Supreme Court ruled that:

​c.​fixed affirmative action quotas were unconstitutional.

Richard Nixon's appointments to the Supreme Court were intended to:

​c.​lead the Court in a conservative direction.

​The handling of the Iranian hostage crisis:

​c.​made Jimmy Carter appear weak and inept.

Richard Nixon's New Federalism:

​c.​proposed that a system of block grants be assigned to states to spend as they saw fit.

​The Iran-Contra affair:

​c.​was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration.

The Equal Rights Amendment:

​d.​A and C

​Why did the fight over busing become so violent in Boston in the mid-1970s?

​d.​Boston's tightly knit Irish-American community in South Boston fought integration violently.

Which of the following assessments of the Carter administration in 1980 is accurate?

​d.​Carter's approval ratings in 1980 had fallen lower than Nixon's at the time of his resignation.

​Which of the following statements is NOT true of the impact of the sexual revolution?

​d.​Divorce rates actually declined during the 1970s, but the number of American women who had never been married went up.

Which of the following statements correctly describes the outcome of the My Lai Massacre?

​d.​One person was found guilty in this killing of 350 civilians, but was released in 1974.

​Which of the following comparisons of wage trends for 1953 to 1973 and 1973 to 1993 is accurate?

​d.​Wages increased significantly in the first period but stagnated in the second.

All of the following are evidence that freedom for women expanded in the 1970s EXCEPT:

​e.​Regents of the University of California v. Bakke.

​Domestically, President Gerald Ford:

​e.​failed to revive the economy.

​In foreign policy, Reagan:

​e.​initiated the largest military buildup in American history.

T or F: ​As a Washington insider who had served three terms in the Senate, Jimmy Carter was well educated in domestic and foreign policies before becoming president.

F

T or F: ​Despite efforts by the Supreme Court, the South's public schools were still more segregated by 1990 than the North's.

F

T or F: ​Immediately after the end of the Vietnam War, Ford issued an unconditional pardon to all of the draft resisters.

F

QUESTION 57 What was the 1978 Supreme Court decision that rejected the idea of fixed affirmative action quotas, but allowed that race could be used as one factor among many in admissions decisions?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

The first divorced man to run for president was

Ronald Reagan.

This Reagan-appointed Supreme Court justice was the first female member of the Court.

Sandra Day O'Connor

Nixon was the first American president to visit the Soviet Union, wherein he engaged in negotiations for increased trade and arms-control treaties called

Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT).

As a result of this 1971 Supreme Court case, judges throughout the country ordered the use of busing as a tool to achieve school integration.

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education

T or F: ​Richard Nixon and Henry Kissinger had an unconventional approach to the Cold War through the policy of détente, which lessened tensions between the United States and the Soviet Union.

T

This piece of legislation reduced the tax rate on the wealthiest Americans to 28 percent, a sharp retreat from the idea that the wealthy should pay a higher percentage of their income in taxes than other citizens.

Tax Reform Act

What was the name for the plan by which President Nixon gradually drew down the number of American troops in Vietnam, saying they would be replaced by South Vietnamese soldiers?

"Vietnamization"

Prior to taking office, Jimmy Carter achieved all of the following except

. holding a federal office.

Tom Wolfe dubbed the 1970s, a time in which "lifestyle" emerged in depoliticized form, the

"Me Decade."

Proposition 13

c. ban on raising property taxes

____________ has been called "the concept of the 1990s." a) Liberty b) Money c) Technology Correct Answer d) Globalization e) Liberalism

d) Globalization

​Jimmy Carter

d. Camp David Accords

​stagflation

e. slow economic growth and high inflation

Church Committee

investigated the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and CIA

In Nixon's first three years in office, the proportion of southern black students attending integrated schools

more than doubled.

"Stagflation" refers to

stagnant economic growth and high inflation.

By 1979, there were thousands of local gay rights groups across the United States. True

true

Many whites came to view affirmative action programs as a form of reverse discrimination.

true

​The Reagan Revolution:

​d.​included cuts to government programs.

​Reagan's economic policies:

​e.​resulted in a rise in economic inequality.

The first woman nominated for vice president by a major party was

Geraldine Ferraro.

Which of the following was not a major theme raised by critics of Reagan's presidency?

He appeared more interested in safeguarding the environment than in safeguarding the nation from communism.

A major initiative of the Carter administration was the

Panama Canal treaty.

T or F: After Nixon left office, the Senate held hearings that revealed the FBI had spied on millions of Americans and had tried to disrupt the civil rights movement.

T

T or F: The morale in the army during the later years of the Vietnam conflict mirrored the social changes sweeping America at home.

T

T or F: ​Before the 1970s, the American Psychiatric Association listed homosexuality as a psychiatric disorder.

T

T or F: ​In 1971, for the first time in the twentieth century, the United States experienced a merchandise trade deficit.

T

T or F: ​In 1973, Congress passed the War Powers Act, which required the president to seek congressional approval for the commitment of American troops overseas.

T

The 1971 ruling Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education led to the: a) use of busing as a tool to achieve school integration. b) implementation of affirmative action in higher education. c) first female students admitted into Yale and Harvard. d) reversal of the Brown v. Board of Education decision. e) firing of suspected communist professors in universities.

a) use of busing as a tool to achieve school integration.

Oliver North

a. Iran-Contra affair

In a historic move, in 1972 President Nixon opened diplomatic relations with: a) Taiwan. b) China. c) the Soviet Union. d) Cuba. e) North Vietnam.

b) China.

The legacies of the 1960s include: a) fewer personal freedoms. b) a transformation in the status of women. c) the return of school prayer. d) an end to the welfare state. e) mass conformity.

b) a transformation in the status of women.

Pentagon Papers

b. presidential involvement in Vietnam

Phyllis Schlafly

b. staunch opponent of the ERA

Under the policy of Vietnamization, the U.S. military: a) ceased bombings in Vietnam. b) successfully cut North Vietnamese supply routes. c) attempted to shift the burden of fighting to South Vietnamese soldiers. d) brought an immediate end to the war. e) brought an end to antiwar protest.

c) attempted to shift the burden of fighting to South Vietnamese soldiers.

When they were arrested, the burglars at the Watergate apartment complex were breaking into: a) the psychiatrist Daniel Ellsburg's office. b) the Washington Post's headquarters. c) the Democratic Party headquarters. d) George McGovern's apartment. e) the Committee to Reelect the President's (CREEP's) headquarters.

c) the Democratic Party headquarters

In 1978, California's Proposition 13: a) banned discrimination in housing. b) ended affirmative action within higher education. Correct Answer c) was part of a nationwide tax revolt. d) raised taxes to cover budget deficits. e) banned Mexican immigration

c) was part of a nationwide tax revolt.

The Iran-Contra affair: a) had the approval of Congress and the American public. b) was the greatest achievement of the Reagan administration. c) was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration. d) resulted in impeachment charges against Ronald Reagan. e) refers to the U.S. efforts to overthrow the shah of Iran.

c) was the greatest scandal of the Reagan administration.

​Henry Kissinger

c. national security adviser

Which nation held fifty-three Americans hostage from November 1979 until January 1981? a) Saudi Arabia b) Nicaragua c) El Salvador d) Iran e) Libya

d) Iran

The election of 1980 reflected: a) the end of conservatism. b) the validation of big government. c) a return to progressivism. d) growing frustration over America's condition. e) a referendum for the ERA

d) growing frustration over America's condition.

The Reagan Revolution: a) included an emphasis on global human rights. b) introduced an expanded welfare state. c) strengthened the labor movement. d) included cuts to government programs and regulation e) had little appeal for most Americans.

d) included cuts to government programs and regulation

Philadelphia Plan

d. affirmative action

President Richard Nixon sought to replace the polarized and hostile relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union with a new era of "peaceful coexistence" called

détente.

Domestically, President Gerald Ford: a) was successful at reviving the American economy. b) introduced programs that encouraged growth in the manufacturing sector. c) reversed the economic policies of his predecessor. d) restored Americans' confidence in their nation, as business boomed. e) failed to revive the economy.

e) failed to revive the economy.

President Carter's foreign policy emphasized: a) the need to fight communism around the world. b) the policy of containment. c) the right of the United States to intervene in Latin America. d) an increased military presence in Southeast Asia. e) human rights as a diplomatic priority

e) human rights as a diplomatic priority

​George Bush

e. Reagan's vice president

​What setback did the advocates of the Roe v. Wade decision of 1973 suffer in 1976?

e.​Congress overrode Ford's veto and ended federal funding for abortion in the Medicaid program.

From 1973 to 1993, real wages

essentially did not rise.

As president, Carter appointed fewer blacks to important positions than had Nixon. True

false

The Iranian revolution deeply impacted the public's view of Carter's administration. After hostages were taken captive in Tehran, they were finally released

on Carter's last day as president.

In Reagan's second term, his relationship with Soviet premier Mikhail Gorbachev

softened, creating a close relationship.

The Vietnam War was a military, political, and social disaster, and the only war the United States has ever lost.

true

​In 1975, the Vietnam War ended:

​a.​as the only war lost by the United States.

​When they were arrested, the burglars at the Watergate apartment complex were breaking into:

​c.​the Democratic Party headquarters.

In 1979 there was a near-fatal accident at a nuclear power plant, which released a large amount of radioactive steam into the atmosphere at

Three Mile Island.