GOV FINAL

What type of interest group forms in response to a perceived threat? a. Proactive b. Reactive c. Pluralist d. Grassroots

B

What type of primary is restricted to voters affiliated with a particular party? a. Blanket b. Closed c. Open d. Unopposed

B

A group formed to advance the financial status of its members is called a(n) a. economic interest group. b. ideological interest group. c. grassroots movement. d. citizens' group.

A

After Hwan picks up the phone, a computerized voice on the other end asks, "Regardless of how you are registered to vote, do you tend to think of yourself more as (1) a Republican, (2) a Democrat, or (3) an Independent voter?" Hwan answers the question by pressing #2 on his keypad. In which type of poll is Hwan participating? a. Automated b. Internet c. Call-in d. In-person

A

Although Barack Obama won reelection in 2012 by a margin of 51 to 47 percent, due to a Republican majority in the House, the country experienced a. little bipartisanship and divided government. b. a period of Democratic policy control. c. strong bipartisanship and responsible party government. d. a unique time of bipartisanship.

A

How did the Framers feel about the public's capacity to be politically informed and make good choices? a. They were concerned about the public's ability to make good political decisions. b. They were unsure about the public's ability but felt the public deserved a chance to participate in a true and complete democracy regardless. c. They completely trusted the public's ability to make political decisions. d. They felt that most of the public was trustworthy, although there were a few "bad eggs."

A

If a group lobbies for public goods or collective benefits that are so widespread that members and nonmembers alike receive them, incentives to join the group disappear. What is this collective action dilemma called? a. Free rider problem b. Iron triangle c. Issue network dilemma d. Revolving door problem

A

If your parents are Democrats, what is the likelihood that you will also identify yourself as a Democrat? a. About 67 percent b. About 88 percent c. About 33 percent d. About 95 percent

A

In the 1960s, members of underrepresented groups like women and black Americans objected to the Democratic Party's use of the unit rule to nominate presidents—which stated that whoever won the majority of primary or state nominating convention votes won the entire state's delegates. What's another name for the this rule? a. Winner-take-all b. Blanket primary c. Proportional representation d. Superdelegate

A

Liberals tend to be Democrats, and conservatives tend to be Republicans. a. True b. False

A

Mariella was a Democrat when she was young, but as she got older and began making more money, she became a Republican because she believed Republicans have pursued tax policies that protect individual wealth. In this case, Mariella is choosing a political ideology based upon a. self-interest. b. political trust. c. generational effect. d. civic interest.

A

One U.S. president read daily newspaper clippings, another held public meetings at the White House, and still another rode his horse into the countryside to talk to the people. Each of these presidents is attempting to influence a. public opinion. b. focus groups. c. popular vote. d. a random sample.

A

One way interest groups attract and keep members is by providing benefits exclusive to members, such as discounted travel or monthly magazines. This is otherwise known as a. selective benefits. b. bribes. c. public goods. d. factions.

A

Stephanie is running for a seat on the House of Representatives. She beats her opponents in the election but does not get 50 percent or more of the votes. In a single-member plurality system, what does this mean? a. She wins because only a plurality of votes is needed. b. She also needs to win the electoral college vote. c. She does not win because she needs a majority of votes. d. She gets a percentage of the representation based on the percentage of votes she won.

A

The Supreme Court ruled that if a campaign advertisement could be reasonably viewed as issue-based, it was protected under the guarantee of free speech. a. True b. False

A

The popularity of Americans who listen to the radio has remained unchanged in the past decade as a medium of communication. a. True b. False

A

The series of articles written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay to support the ratification of the Constitution are known as a. the Federalist Papers. b. Public Occurrences. c. the Articles of Confederation. d. the Sentiments of Democracy.

A

What theory suggests that leaders in any organization eventually behave in their own self-interest? a. Iron law of oligarchy b. Watchdog c. Iron triangle d. Free rider

A

What type of briefs may interest groups submit as a "friend of the court"? a. Amicus curiae b. Quid pro quo c. Concurring d. Dissenting

A

When the George W. Bush administration waged war in Afghanistan, the media emphasized the issue of fighting terrorism and presented war in a favorable light. This is an example of a. framing. b. priming. c. hard news. d. agenda setting.

A

Which amendment allowed for the direct election of U.S. senators? a. Seventeenth b. Tenth c. Twelfth d. Sixteenth

A

Which concept concerns the psychological attachment an individual has towards her political party? a. Party identification b. Self-interest c. Political trust d. Rationality

A

Which interest group is unaffiliated with government and works hard to preserve its neutrality so it can operate in as many parts of the world as possible? a. Nongovernmental organizations b. Foreign policy groups c. Single-issue groups d. Trade associations

A

Which phrase best defines political trust? a. The extent to which people believe the government acts in their best interests b. The extent to which people have attitudes or beliefs about certain issues c. The extent to which people believe their actions can affect public affairs d. The extent to which people evaluate the job of the president or Congress

A

Which statement accurately identifies party identification of Latinos and African Americans? a. African Americans are more likely to be Democrats than Republicans, and both parties compete for Latino support. b. Latinos are more likely to be Republicans, but African Americans are more likely to be independents. c. Latinos are roughly equally split among the parties, but African Americans are more likely to be Republicans. d. Latinos and African Americans are more likely to be Republicans than Democrats.

A

Which type of poll is conducted as voters are leaving the voting booth? a. Exit b. Tracking c. Push d. Absentee

A

Which was a result of the Pentagon Papers Supreme Court decision? a. The government had not met and would have needed to meet an extraordinary burden of proof for prior restraint. b. The media must submit controversial news stories to the courts prior to publication. c. The government can prevent news stories by claiming publication would be detrimental to national security. d. No federal agencies can regulate electronic media, but they can regulate print media.

A

AARP is a powerful political interest group that also maintains a lucrative business providing health and life insurance to its members. What does AARP's strategy suggest about an interest group's ability to secure financial stability? a. It is beneficial for an interest group to behave as a capitalist. b. It is worthwhile for an interest group to create a not-for-profit business. c. It is essential for an interest group to expand its membership. d. It is useful for an interest group to spread around its resources.

B

An interest group forms in order to tackle the environmental issue of fracking. The leaders decide to use social media sites and e-mail to ensure their members register and to provide updates on developments and legislation. What interest group activity does this represent? a. Contributing to campaign activities b. Informing c. Political assembly d. Lobbying

B

Antonia lives in a predominately Polish suburb of Toledo, Ohio. She and her two brothers attend public school, and her parents work at GM's car manufacturing plant. Antonia's cousin Dominik, who is also Polish, lives in a diverse neighborhood in downtown Boston. He and his sister attend a private school, and his same-sex parents are renowned surgeons in their fields. Although their ancestry is the same, Antonia and Dominik will likely have vastly different ideas about family, community, and politics because of their a. efficacy. b. socialization. c. polarization. d. ideology.

B

Hard to measure and predict, efficacy is the aggregate of individual attitudes or beliefs about certain issues or officials, and it is the foundation of any democracy. a. True b. False

B

How do college graduates differ in their perspective about immigration reform when compared with those who have a high school education or less? a. They are less likely to be knowledgeable about this issue and tend to have no opinion. b. They are more in favor of allowing illegal immigrants to become citizens. c. They feel similarly to those with a lower level of education about immigration reform. d. They are more opposed to allowing illegal immigrants to become citizens.

B

In the mid-1990s, virtually every form of media—TV news, magazines, newspapers, radio—covered O.J. Simpson's murder trial, a criminal court case involving the former football player and the suspicious deaths of his ex-wife and her friend. The O.J. trial captivated the nation for years. What is this effect called when the news covers an item so frequently that the audience begins to see the issue as immensely important? a. Soft news b. Agenda setting c. Muckraking d. Framing

B

Overall, Jews tend to be the most politically conservative religious group. a. True b. False

B

Selective exposure is the process whereby people secure information from sources that agree with them, reinforcing their beliefs. a. True b. False

B

Senator Jim DeMint, a Republican from South Carolina, resigned from office in 2013 to become the head of a conservative think tank called the Heritage Foundation. This demonstrates the concept of a(n) a. iron triangle. b. revolving door. c. grassroots organization. d. watchdog group.

B

Since the 1980s, the makeup company Mary Kay Inc. has been committed to ending domestic violence against women. In 2005, six sales directors drove to Washington D.C. to persuade Congress to renew the Violence Against Women Act. What democratic and legitimate form of petitioning did the Mary Kay employees perform? a. Campaigning b. Lobbying c. Boycotting d. Protesting

B

The National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) considers itself the voice for radio and TV broadcasters across the United States. Specifically, it "advances the interests of our members in federal government, industry and public affairs; improves the quality and profitability of broadcasting; encourages content and technology innovation; and spotlights the important and unique ways stations serve their communities." What type of interest group is the NAB? a. Nongovernmental organization b. Trade association c. Citizens' group d. Issue-oriented group

B

The mass media help ensure government accountability and responsiveness by performing three important tasks: informing, investigating, and modifying the news. a. True b. False

B

What economic interest group aims to protect workers through safer working conditions and better wages? a. Professional associations b. Unions c. Corporations d. Trade associations

B

What have preliminary studies of twins suggested about the formation of political attitudes? a. Early family socialization plays no role in the formation of political attitudes. b. Genetics may play a role in the formation of political attitudes. c. Genetics are irrelevant to the formation of political attitudes. d. Political attitudes are not influenced by either socialization or genetics.

B

What is the name for the small, divisive groups James Madison feared would divide the young nation? a. Cults b. Factions c. Fraternities d. Interest groups

B

What polling technique enabled George Gallup to predict correctly the outcome of the 1936 election? a. Confidence interval sample b. Random sample c. Restricted sample d. Biased sample

B

What was wrong with the 1936 Literary Digest poll conducted during the presidential campaign? a. The wording was biased. b. The poll's sampling was biased. c. It did not poll enough people. d. The poll was conducted too early in the campaign

B

Which Republican president attracted significant support from working-class, ethnic, northern voters, and southern white voters? a. George W. Bush b. Ronald Reagan c. Richard Nixon d. George H.W. Bush

B

Which issue ignited the formation of the Republican Party? a. Immigration b. Slavery c. Unemployment d. Education

B

Which members of a party will definitely be invited to a national convention because they are instrumental in turning out party voters in the general election? a. Lobbyists b. Superdelegates c. Delegates d. Justices

B

Which party established itself as the party for civil rights for African Americans in the 1960s? a. Whigs b. Democrats c. Republicans d. Federalists

B

Which political figure understood that democratic government must be responsive to the will of the people and once claimed, "Our government rests on public opinion"? a. Thomas Jefferson b. Abraham Lincoln c. Franklin Roosevelt d. George W. Bush

B

Which president started his own newspaper to get his message out regarding issues of the day? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. James K. Polk c. George Washington d. Thomas Jefferson

B

Which term refers to the extent to which people believe their actions affect the course of government? a. Conceptualization b. Efficacy c. Confidence interval d. Political trust

B

Which three major networks aired evening news broadcasts in the early 1960s? a. PBS, Fox, ABC b. ABC, NBC, CBS c. Fox, CBS, NBC d. Fox, ABC, NBC

B

Why do candidates who are elected from third parties like Ross Perot and Ralph Nader have little influence in legislatures? a. They are not allowed to speak in legislative sessions. b. They have no party organization to join in the legislature. c. They cannot be elected to the Senate. d. They cannot participate in legislative votes.

B

According to journalist David Broder, what is the main factor that contributes to bias in the media? a. The influence of large corporations b. The inability of journalists to recognize their own bias c. The speed with which journalists must act d. Pressure from the government

C

An electoral system that assigns party delegates according to vote share in a presidential primary election or that assigns seats in the legislature according to vote share in a general election is known what? a. Caucusing b. A winner-take-all system c. Proportional representation d. An open primary

C

Boing Boing, Techcrunch, Talking Points Memo, and Engadget: what do we call these forms of media that provide forums for commentary, video postings, and general conversation, and allow average citizens to express their opinions to a wider audience? a. Television b. Radio c. Blogs d. Newspapers

C

How has party polarization in Congress changed from the 1970s to present? a. It has declined steadily over this time period. b. It increased until the 1990s and has declined since. c. It has increased steadily over this period. d. It has remained stable over this time period.

C

In what type of society do battles over public policy by varied interest groups produce a consensus that serves the public's common interest? a. Socialist b. Elitist c. Pluralist d. Iron triangle

C

Jake, a freshman in college, gets most of his news online from sources such as the Huffington Post and Daily Kos while his grandfather Joe reads a print version of the Wall Street Journal from cover to cover. Some would argue that because he's reading a traditional printed newspaper, Joe is exposed to more a. soft news. b. classified listings. c. hard news. d. yellow journalism.

C

Janice is voting in a primary but does not announce an affiliation with either party. She is given ballots with each party's list of candidates; she chooses which ballot to use and is restricted to voting for only one party's nominees. In which type of primary is Janice participating? a. Blanket b. Transparent c. Open d. Closed

C

Party machines of the late nineteenth century were fueled by what group of individuals? a. Wealthy aristocrats b. Republicans c. Immigrants d. Rural voters

C

Since the 1990s, what has happened to newspaper readership? a. It has risen for older age groups, but it has declined for younger age groups. b. It has declined for younger age groups, but it has remained stable for older age groups. c. It has declined for both younger and older age groups. d. It has remained stable for both younger and older age groups.

C

Teddy Roosevelt ran for president under which third party label? a. Whig b. Democrat c. Progressive d. Federalist

C

The internal structure that guides how a party operates at the federal, state, and local levels is called the party a. platform. b. in the electorate. c. organization. d. in government

C

The press concealed the health of which president, thereby preserving his public image? a. Theodore Roosevelt b. George Washington c. Franklin Delano Roosevelt d. Thomas Jefferson

C

The terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, were a defining event that caused Americans to change their views on national security and express a willingness to give up some personal freedom to reduce the threat of terrorism. This is an example of a. a non-attitude. b. polarization. c. a generational effect. d. a level of conceptualization.

C

What did the Framers who favored ratification of the Constitution call themselves? a. Antifederalists b. Republicans c. Federalists d. Democrats

C

What does the First Amendment state Americans have the right to do? a. Overthrow government b. Refuse military service c. Peaceably assemble d. Protest without restriction

C

Which Supreme Court decision that upheld limits on donations to congressional campaigns resulted in the expansion of political action committee (PACs)? a. Griswold v. Connecticut b. Marbury v. Madison c. Buckley v. Valeo d. New York Times v. Sullivan

C

Which amendment governs freedom of press? a. Tenth b. Eighth c. First d. Fourth

C

Which assessment of the 1960 debate between Richard Nixon and John F. Kennedy is considered correct? a. Most television watchers thought Nixon won, and most radio listeners thought Kennedy won. b. Most people watching on television or listening on the radio thought Kennedy won. c. Most television watchers thought Kennedy won, and most radio listeners thought Nixon won. d. Most people watching on television or listening on the radio thought Nixon won.

C

Which factor poses the biggest threat to the television evening news? a. A lack of qualified journalists b. A lack of hard news c. An aging audience d. The prominence of "technical difficulties"

C

Which model for interpreting public opinion asserts that the news media does not have a lot of influence on the public's thinking about politics? a. Not-so-minimal effects b. Propaganda c. Minimal effects d. Agenda setting

C

Which state has the most electoral votes? a. Florida b. Oklahoma c. California d. Texas

C

Which system awards government programs and benefits based on political loyalty to a party? a. Socialist b. Merit c. Patronage d. Nonpartisan

C

Which term refers to the general patterns of voters' party identification and their behavior on Election Day? a. Party as an organization b. Party machinations c. Party in the electorate d. Party in government

C

Which theory asserts that, in a two-party race, if voters select candidates on the basis of ideology and everyone participates equally, the party closer to the middle will win? a. Party organization b. Winner-take-all c. Median voter d. Single-member plurality

C

Who is the only president to receive an approval rating higher than 90 percent? a. Ronald Reagan b. Franklin Roosevelt c. George W. Bush d. John Kennedy

C

Who uncovered the Watergate scandal? a. Chet Huntley and David Brinkley b. Abbie Hoffman c. Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein d. Walter Cronkite

C

"Fireside chats" were most associated with which president? a. Ronald Reagan b. John Kennedy c. Abraham Lincoln d. Franklin Roosevelt

D

A group of citizens with common interests who try to influence public policy to benefit its members is called a(n) a. iron triangle. b. caucus. c. lobby. d. interest group

D

A long-term shift in voter allegiance from one party to the other is called a a. party caucus. b. party renewal. c. dealignment. d. party realignment.

D

Coined by Hugh Heclo, which term describes the fluid and open relationship between interest groups and government? a. Grassroots b. Iron triangle c. Free rider d. Issue networks

D

Established in 1974, the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust "engages the public in educational and aesthetic experiences to foster an appreciation of architecture, design, and the legacy of Frank Lloyd Wright." Because it is a 501(c)(3) organization with tax-exempt status, the Frank Lloyd Wright Trust is forbidden from a. producing voter education guides. b. counseling citizens on election procedures. c. explaining issues to the public that might be brought up during the election. d. campaigning for a candidate or party.

D

In 2016, voters gave the Republican party control of the White House and Congress. Now, voters have high expectations and will hold the Republican party accountable for policy outcomes in the next election. This demonstrates the concept of a. proportional representation. b. party alignment. c. a party caucus. d. the responsible party.

D

In the case of the U.S., the party in government is made up of the a. number of registered Democratic and Republican voters. b. state or national political parties (e.g. Republican National Committee). c. Democratic primary election, in which only Democrats may participate. d. number of Democrats and Republicans in Congress.

D

In what election do voters choose candidates who will run on the party label in a general election? a. Ballot b. Party c. Caucus d. Primary

D

In which Supreme Court case did the court require proof of actual malice in order to convict of libel? a. Gibbons v. Ogden b. Near v. Minnesota c. Loving v. Virginia d. New York Times v. Sullivan

D

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that blanket primaries were unconstitutional? a. Marbury v. Madison b. Buckley v. Valeo c. Griswold v. Connecticut d. California Democratic Party v. Jones

D

The organization MoveOn.org explains its purpose as "Over the past 20 years, [our members] have...worked together to play a leading role in ending the war in Iraq, passing landmark legislation such as healthcare reform, and advancing the cause of economic fairness." What type of interest group is MoveOn.org? a. Concept-based b. Union c. Nongovernmental organization d. Ideological interest group

D

What lobbying strategy keeps policy requests narrowly tailored to the group's needs and tries to influence legislators directly? a. Campaign activity b. Coalition formation c. Outside strategy d. Inside strategy

D

What type of interest group is created in response to an opening or opportunity for social, political, or economic changes? a. Reactive b. Nonpartisan c. Pluralist d. Proactive

D

What was the Supreme Court's ruling in McCutcheon et al. v. Federal Election Commission? a. It decided that unions can spend as much money as they want on issue ads. b. It ruled that an individual cannot contribute to every single candidate running for federal office. c. It removed limits on how much money can be given to one candidate. d. It removed limits on the amount of money one individual could contribute to all federal elections.

D

Which Supreme Court case limited the government's ability to suppress a news story? a. Loving v. Virginia b. Gibbons v. Ogden c. McCulloch v. Maryland d. Near v. Minnesota

D

Which federal agency oversees the regulation of electronic media? a. Consumer Financial Protections Bureau b. Federal Bureau of Investigations c. Department of the Interior d. Federal Communications Commission

D

Which newspaper, headed by Benjamin Franklin and often considered the foundation for modern American news coverage, included sensationalist stories? a. New York Sun b. New York Weekly Journal c. Public Occurrences d. Philadelphia Gazette

D

Which piece of legislation was passed to reform the civil service by requiring that government jobs be filled based on qualifications rather than political connections? a. McCain/Feingold Act b. Emancipation Proclamation c. Stamp Act d. Pendleton Act

D

Which problem is most specific to Internet polling? a. It lacks security and is more likely to be tampered with by political campaigns. b. It tends to have older sample populations because seniors are more likely to be retired and therefore available. c. It may be biased against younger Americans who are more likely to move around frequently. d. It may be biased against older and poor Americans who are less likely to have Internet access.

D

Which term does the text use to describe the differences in political attitudes among men and women? a. Polarization b. Quid pro quo c. Glass ceiling d. Gender gap

D

Working-class people who support the Republican party because they believe in a conservative social agenda and a decreased role for government welfare-based programs are known as a. Bush Republicans. b. Nixon Republicans. c. Yellow Dog Democrats. d. Reagan Democrats.

D