Government ch 5

In which year did the Supreme Court rule that forced busing violated student's constitutional right to equal protection under the law?

2007

According to United States government statistics, roughly ______ percent of black children live in poverty, compared to ______ percent of white children.

40; 10

Despite the Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, by the 1970s ______ percent of black children were still attending schools that were mostly or entirely black.

95

The Supreme Court decision in what case led many affirmative action opponents to believe that the Court may have been on its way to abolishing affirmative action completely?

Adarand v. Peña

Which groups have historically lacked equality in the United States?

Catholics Asian Americans women

Which amendment passed at the end of the war granted African American men the right to vote?

Fifteenth

How did Thomas Jefferson define the meaning of "all men are created equal"?

He did not believe there was a precise meaning.

What did the Voting Rights Act of 1965 entail?

It allowed federal intervention in voter registration in states with a history of discriminating against black voters. It banned discriminatory voter registration practices.

Which of the following statements about African American children in the United States is true?

More than half grow up in a single-parent family.

Which of the following statements about affirmative action are true?

Most Americans oppose programs that give preferential treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. Most Americans support programs to give equal treatment to groups that have been disadvantaged historically. Preference programs have greater support among African Americans than among whites.

Which landmark Supreme Court case declared affirmative action constitutional but invalidated the use of racial quotas?

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

Following the Supreme Court's ruling in Brown v. Board of Education, a number of southern congressmen wrote a letter titled the ______, urging state governments to "resist forced integration by any lawful means."

Southern Manifesto

The Supreme Court ruled that the forced busing of children for the purpose of achieving racially integrated schools was constitutional in

Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg County

In which case did the Supreme Court rule that the male only admissions policy at the Virginia Military Institute was unconstitutional?

United States v. Virginia

Which of the following are examples of de jure discrimination?

Women are not allowed to vote in federal elections. A state requires separate public bathrooms for black and white people.

Which of the following actions first made Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. a national symbol for the civil rights movement and earned him national media attention?

a year-long bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama

Which policy required the federal government to begin implementing measures aimed at reinforcing equal access to employment by mandating recruitment procedures that gave qualified minority workers an equal opportunity to gain government jobs?

affirmative action

In the case of Shelby v. Holder, the majority held that the formula for identifying states and counties subject to federal oversight was

based on obsolete statistics

Which of the following tactics were used by Martin Luther King Jr. in his leadership of the civil rights movement?

boycotts marches in nonviolent protest

Among the laws giving women greater equality in the workplace were laws prohibiting

certain employers from paying women less than men for doing the same job.

In order for an affirmative action program to be upheld as constitutional, the Supreme Court requires that government prove what kind of interest?

compelling

Serving the United States in the fight against Nazism in World War II led African American soldiers to

demand their civil rights.

The 1964 Civil Rights Act banned

discrimination in public accommodations.

Affirmative action policies have been used by ______ to expand opportunities for women and minority group members.

employers educational institutions

Which clause of the U.S. Constitution was at the center of the argument in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka?

equal-protection clause

In order to ensure equal employment opportunity for all, the federal government in the 1960s began to require agencies and businesses to

establish policies aimed at giving minority-group members equal opportunities to obtain jobs

The promise made by the phrase "all men are created equal" has done which of the following?

given moral strength to diverse movements inspired a hope for eventual equality been foundational in legal decisions

The law refers to the rights of individuals; however,

groups more often fight for civil rights.

In general, the Supreme Court has held that gender discrimination in law

is almost always unconstitutional

The Supreme Court has stated that in order for an affirmative action program to be upheld, the program must be

narrowly tailored.

The preclearance provision of the Voting Rights Act states that designated states and counties must

obtain federal permission before making changes that might adversely affect a minority group.

Southern states used a number of devices to prevent African Americans from voting, including which of the following?

poll taxes whites-only primaries literacy tests

Which legal test gives government considerable leeway in treating people differently, such as imposing a higher tax rate on upper-income Americans?

reasonable-basis test

At one time, banks engaged in a practice known as ______, refusing to grant mortgage loans to people who lived in certain neighborhoods, especially those neighborhoods with large black populations.

redlining

In a 1947 case, the Supreme Court ruled that because they had no law school for black students, the University of Oklahoma was ______ to admit Ada Sipuel to its law school.

required

Any law that treats individuals differently based on race is subject to the ______ test.

strict-scrutiny

According to the Supreme Court, laws that discriminate between people based on their race or ethnicity are laws that make use of

suspect classifications.

Rioting broke out in 1957 during

the desegregation of Little Rock Central High School.

Which of the following are included in the concept of equal rights, or civil rights?

the right of every person to equal protection under the law equal access to the opportunities society provides equal access to public facilities

Despite the persisting issues of institutional racism, one area in which African Americans have made significant gains is in

winning elective office